【www.guakaob.com--经济师考试】
与经相关的词语(一)
《经济的相关词汇和文章》
经济衰退：
1. economic recession
2. economic slump
3. economic downturn
4. U型经济衰退 U-shaped global recession
请看《中国日报》的报道：
"The entire global economy will contract in a severe and protracted U-shaped global recession that started a year ago," Roubini said. "A hard landing for emerging-market economies may also be at hand."
鲁比尼说：―全球经济将陷入一场较为严重且长期持续的U型经济衰退，而这种衰退早在一年前就开始了。新兴市场经济体制的硬着陆也即将到来。‖
上面的报道中，U-shaped recession就是―U型衰退‖。经济学领域常用U型、V型、W型、L型来描述经济衰退的形势。其中，U型衰退比V型衰退处于底部的时间较长，但不会出现W型衰退的反复。最可怕的是L型衰退，也就是说原有经济增长模式无法延续，而内需无法得到激发，导致国内生产能找不到出路，从而陷入长期低迷。目前经济界普遍认为此次经济衰退趋向于U型衰退。
hard landing，―硬着陆‖（采用强力的财政货币政策一次性在较短的时间内通过牺牲较多的国民收入将通胀率降到正常水平）
soft landing―软着陆‖（国民经济的运行经过一段过度扩张之后，平稳地回落到适度增长区间）。
5. V-shaped recession
6. W-shaped recession
7. （经济的二次探底）double dip a recessionary relapse
8. 希腊债务危机 Greece's debt crisis
经济复苏：
1. economic revival
2. economic recovery
3. green shoots经济复苏的迹象（early signs of economic recovery）
请看相关报道：
"We have agreed that green shoots have emerged in the international economy and financial markets," said Zhu. However, the economic foundation is far from being sound, and the current situation remains severe, Zhu warned.
朱光耀说："我们（中国和美国）一致认为在国际经济和金融市场上复苏的绿芽已经在萌生。"但是，他指出，经济基础还很不稳固，目前的形势依然严峻。
在经济领域中和颜色有关的形象表达还有很多，如red ink（赤字），black money（来源不正当而且没有向政府报税的钱），pink slip（解雇通知单），以及yellow pages（分类电话簿/黄页）等。
4. 其他
世界银行The World Bank
经济发展潜力 economic potential
扩大内需策略the strategy to expand domestic demand
抵抗全球经济衰退to combat the global economic slump.
点子公司consultancy company
最新阅读材料（请仔细研读）：
全球面临双底型经济衰退
THE RISK OF A DOUBLE-DIP RECESSION IS RISING
全球经济正开始从自大萧条(Great Depression)以来最严重的衰退和金融危机中见底回升。2008年第四季度和2009年第一季度，多数发达经济体经济萎缩的速度，与大萧条初期国内生产总值(GDP)直线下降的速度相当。因此，去年年底，政策上一直滞后的政策制定者终于开始动用手头的大多数武器。
The global economy is starting to bottom out from the worst recession and financial crisis since the Great Depression. In the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 the rate at which most advanced economies were contracting was similar to the gross domestic product free-fall in the early stage of the Depression. Then, late last year, policymakers who had been behind the curve finally started to use most of the weapons in their arsenal.
此番努力已见成效，经济活动直线下降的趋势有所缓解。目前来看，在经济前景方面有三个问题尚无定论：全球经济衰退将何时结束？经济复苏的轨迹如何？经济是否有再度恶化的风险？
That effort worked and the free-fall of economic activity eased. There are three open questions now on the outlook. When will the global recession be over? What will be the shape of the economic recovery? Are there risks of a relapse?
关于第一个问题，看起来全球经济将在2009年下半年见底回升。由于萌芽仍与莠草混杂丛生，许多发达经济体（美国、英国、西班牙、意大利及其它欧元区成员国）和一些新兴市场经济体（多数在欧洲）的经济衰退不会在年底之前正式终结。而在其它一些发达经济体（澳大利亚、德国、法国和日本）及多数新兴市场（中国、印度、巴西、以及亚洲及拉美其它地区），复苏已经开始。
On the first question it looks like the global economy will bottom out in the second half of 2009. In many advanced economies (the US, UK, Spain, Italy and other eurozone members) and some emerging market economies (mostly in Europe) the recession will not be formally over before the end of the year, as green shoots are still mixed with weeds. In some other advanced economies (Australia, Germany, France and Japan) and most emerging markets (China, India, Brazil and other parts of Asia and Latin America) the recovery has already started.
在第二个问题上，辩论的一方预计，经济将出现V型复苏，迅速恢复增长——这也是经济界大多数人的共识；而另一方（例如我本人）则认为，最初几个季度，经济会在重新补充库存和产出从接近大萧条水平回升的拉动下快速增长，之后，经济将出现U型复苏，至少在几年内活力不足，增长低于趋势水平。
On the second issue the debate is between those – most of the economic consensus – who expect a V-shaped recovery with a rapid return to growth and those – like myself – who believe it will be U-shaped, anaemic and below trend for at least a couple of years, after a couple of quarters of rapid growth driven by the restocking of inventories and a recovery of production from near Depression levels.
说经济将出现疲弱的U型复苏，有以下几个理由。美国及其它地区的就业率仍在急剧下降——到2010年，发达经济体的失业率将突破10%。这不仅对于需求和银行亏损来说是个坏消息，对于劳动者技能而言亦是如此——劳动者技能是长期劳动生产率增长的一个关键因素。
There are several arguments for a weak U-shaped recovery. Employment is still falling sharply in the US and elsewhere – in advanced economies, unemployment will be above 10 per
cent by 2010. This is bad news for demand and bank losses, but also for workers' skills, a key factor behind long-term labour productivity growth.
其次，本轮危机不仅是一场流动性危机，也是偿付能力危机，但由于金融机构的损失已经由整个社会承担，并被纳入了政府的资产负债表，真正的去杠杆化过程尚未开始。这将限制银行放贷、家庭消费和企业投资的能力。
Second, this is a crisis of solvency, not just liquidity, but true deleveraging has not begun yet because the losses of financial institutions have been socialised and put on government balance sheets. This limits the ability of banks to lend, households to spend and companies to invest.
第三，在经常账户赤字国家，消费者必须削减支出、增加储蓄，但由于房价和股价不断下跌，收入下降，就业市场日渐萎缩，债台高筑的消费者面临着财富大幅缩水的境地。 Third, in countries running current account deficits, consumers need to cut spending and save much more, yet debt-burdened consumers face a wealth shock from falling home prices and stock markets and shrinking incomes and employment.
第四，尽管得到了政策扶持，金融体系仍严重受损。影子银行业体系大部分业已消失，传统银行背负着数万亿美元的贷款及证券业务预期亏损，同时资本仍严重不足。
Fourth, the financial system – despite the policy support – is still severely damaged. Most of the shadow banking system has disappeared, and traditional banks are saddled with trillions of dollars in expected losses on loans and securities while still being seriously undercapitalised.
第五，由于债务和违约风险高企、增长率低下，以及企业利润面临持续的通缩压力，疲弱的盈利能力将抑制企业生产、雇佣员工和投资的意愿。
Fifth, weak profitability – owing to high debts and default risks, low growth and persistent deflationary pressures on corporate margins – will constrain companies' willingness to produce, hire workers and invest.
第六，公共部门通过累积巨额财政赤字进行再杠杆化，有可能会挤占掉私营部门的支出复苏。此外，政策的刺激效用将在明年年初消失，要支撑经济持续增长，就需要进一步推升私人需求。
Sixth, the releveraging of the public sector through its build-up of large fiscal deficits risks crowding out a recovery in private sector spending. The effects of the policy stimulus, moreover, will fizzle out by early next year, requiring greater private demand to support continued growth. 第七，全球失衡状况有所改善，意味着美国等大肆挥霍的经济体的经常账户赤字，将使得那些过度储蓄国家（中国及其它新兴市场、德国和日本）的盈余收窄。但如果盈余国家国内需求的增长不够迅速，将导致全球增长复苏更加乏力。
Seventh, the reduction of global imbalances implies that the current account deficits of profligate economies, such as the US, will narrow the surpluses of countries that over-save (China and other emerging markets, Germany and Japan). But if domestic demand does not grow fast enough in surplus countries, this will lead to a weaker recovery in global growth.
目前，还有两点原因能够说明，为何出现双底W型衰退的可能性正逐渐加大。首先，大规模货币及财政宽松政策的退出战略会引发风险：无论政策制定者是否决定退出，都会遭到指责。如果他们马上认真对待高额财政赤字，提高税收，削减支出，消除过剩的流动性，他们会破坏复苏，将经济拖回到―滞缩‖（stag-deflation，衰退和通缩交织在一起）状态。 There are also now two reasons why there is a rising risk of a double-dip W-shaped recession. For a start, there are risks associated with exit strategies from the massive monetary and fiscal easing: policymakers are damned if they do and damned if they don't. If they take large fiscal deficits seriously and raise taxes, cut spending and mop up excess liquidity soon, they would
undermine recovery and tip the economy back into stag- deflation (recession and deflation).
但如果政策制定者维持庞大的预算赤字，债券市场的―义务警察‖（指在通胀担忧出现时通过出售债券推高债券收益率的投资者——译者注）将对其予以惩罚。接下来，通胀预期将增强，长期政府债券收益率将上升，借款利率将急遽攀高，最终导致滞胀局面。
But if they maintain large budget deficits, bond market vigilantes will punish policymakers. Then, inflationary expectations will increase, long-term government bond yields would rise and borrowing rates will go up sharply, leading to stagflation.
担心出现双底型衰退的另一个原因在于，目前石油、能源和食品价格的上涨速度，要快于经济基本面所支持的合理水平，而且，在追逐资产的过剩流动性及投机性需求的推动下，还可能进一步上涨。去年，每桶145美元的油价正是全球经济的引爆点，因为这给石油进口经济体造成了贸易负项，令它们可支配收入骤减。如果类似的投机行为推动油价迅速冲向每桶100美元，全球经济将无法承受另一次紧缩冲击。
Another reason to fear a double-dip recession is that oil, energy and food prices are now rising faster than economic fundamentals warrant, and could be driven higher by excessive liquidity chasing assets and by speculative demand. Last year, oil at $145 a barrel was a tipping point for the global economy, as it created negative terms of trade and a disposable income shock for oil importing economies. The global economy could not withstand another contractionary shock if similar speculation drives oil rapidly towards $100 a barrel.
总而言之，发达经济体的复苏很可能疲弱乏力，并低于趋势水平，全球经济面临遭遇双底型衰退的巨大风险。
In summary, the recovery is likely to be anemic and below trend in advanced economies and there is a big risk of a double-dip recession.
希腊债务危机恶化 银行流动性吃紧
Concern over a potential liquidity shortage at Greece's private-sector banks fueled a sharp selloff in Greek debt and equity markets Thursday, suggesting that the European Union's efforts to defuse the crisis with a vague promise for an International Monetary Fund-backed rescue have all but failed.
周四，由于市场担心希腊私营银行可能存在流动性短缺，希腊债市和股市大幅下挫。这说明，欧盟通过含糊承诺将在国际货币基金组织（IMF）支持下提供救援、以此化解危机的努力，差不多已经失败。
Markets signaled fresh worries that Greek banks are having trouble meeting immediate funding needs, after the country's top four banks on Wednesday asked Athens for access to an emergency government liquidity facility. Greece's banks have been widely viewed as one of the few bright spots in the country's financial infrastructure.
市场走势说明，投资者又在担心希腊银行业难以应付短期融资需求。周三，希腊四大银行请求雅典方面允许它们使用政府的一项应急流动性工具。希腊的银行被普遍视为该国金融体系中为数不多的几个亮点之一。
'This is clearly a sign that the Greek authorities have reached the end of the line and need to make a phone call to the IMF,' BNP Paribas analysts wrote in a note Thursday morning.
巴黎银行(BNP Paribas)分析师在周四上午的一份简报中表示，这明显说明，希腊当局已经走到穷途末路，需要给IMF打电话了。
Greek bonds fell for the seventh straight session on Thursday and the Greece's benchmark
stock index tumbled. The yield on Greece's 10-year bond, a reflection of both the country's borrowing costs and the risk investors associate with its debt, hit its highest level since the introduction of the euro.
周四，希腊债市连续第七个交易日走低，基准股指也大幅下跌。10年期希腊国债收益率达到了欧元问世以来的最高水平。这反映了希腊的借款成本，也反映了投资者眼中希腊债务的风险。
More alarmingly, in a sign Greece may have difficulty finding money in the nearer term, investors drove the interest rate of the Greek two-year bond to 7.45% Thursday, 6.51 percentage points more than what Germany pays. That gap was 5.68 percentage points just a day earlier.
更让人警醒的是，希腊更近期的融资可能会出现困难：两年期希腊国债收益率在周四已经达到7.45%，较德国国债收益率多出6.51个百分点。一天以前，这一息差仅为5.68个百分点。
The euro slumped early in the day, though it rose after Jean-Claude Trichet, the European Central Bank president, said Greece wouldn't default.
欧元在周四上午急跌，不过后来出现回升，原因是欧洲中央银行(European Central Bank)行长特里谢(Jean-Claude Trichet)表示希腊不会违约。
The latest turmoil comes despite the EU's much-touted promise late last month to team with the IMF to intervene to save Greece from default if 'market financing is insufficient.'
欧盟上月下旬还信誓旦旦地承诺，如果希腊不能从市场获得足够融资，欧盟将同IMF一起出手救援，使之免于违约。
Germany and France believed that the assurance would be enough to persuade jittery markets that the EU wouldn't allow Greece to default.
德国和法国曾经认为这一保证将足以使不安的市场相信欧盟将不会允许希腊违约。 Yet many investors expressed disappointment that the EU didn't offer a more detail on terms of the potential loans. Greece's equity and bond markets have been in a steady decline ever since. 但欧盟未就其可能提供贷款的条件提供更多细节，许多投资者对此表示失望，希腊的股票和债券市场从那时到现在一直稳步下滑。
In a sign of crisis's vicious-cycle nature, Thursday's bank worries helped sink the price of Greek government debt, which means the interest rate Greece must pay to attract borrowers was knocked higher. The yield on Greece's 10-year bond hit 7.38%. Bank stocks slumped 6% in Athens, dragging down the broader market 3%.
危机已出现恶性循环的迹象，周四外界对银行的担忧导致希腊政府债券价格下滑，意味着希腊必须支付更高的利率以吸引借款人。希腊10年期债券的收益率达到7.38%。雅典的银行股暴跌6%，受其拖累，整体市场下跌3%。
That reality may lead the EU to either offer Athens a bailout or force Greece to restructure its debt. The latter step would mean debt investors would have to accept painful losses on their investments, an outcome many in Europe have hoped to avoid for fear that it would undermine confidence in the euro.
这一现实情况或许将致使欧盟要么向希腊提供紧急援助，要么迫使希腊进行债务重组。后者意味着债券投资者将不得不承受痛苦的损失。欧洲的许多人一直希望避免出现这一结果，担心这将损害人们对欧元的信心。
ECB president Mr. Trichet offered a mix of verbal and concrete support Thursday for Greece and its banks. A Greek default 'is not an issue,' he said at his monthly news conference. He also confirmed the ECB would maintain its relaxed collateral rules into next year, removing a source of
与经相关的词语(二)
《辨别经济的词语》
政治经济学研究出发点——物质资料生产（人类社会生存和发展的基础，最基本的实践活动）
政治经济学研究的对象——生产关系（经济制度；经济体制）
政治经济学研究的任务——揭示经济规律
政治经济学研究生产关系必须联系该社会的——生产力、上层建筑（注意：不联系经济基础）
劳动对象：是人们把自己的劳动加在其上的一切物质资料。分为两类：一是没有经过人们加工的自然界物质，如矿藏；另一类是经过人们加工的原材料，如棉花、钢铁等。
劳动价值论：（1）、价值是商品的社会属性，反映了商品生产者之间的社会关系；（2）、创造价值的唯一要素是劳动，其他任何生产要素都不是价值的源泉；（3）、形成价值的劳动是抽象劳动，即无差别的人类劳动。具体劳动创造商品的使用价值，但具体劳动不是价值的源泉；（4）、创造价值的劳动是活劳动，即正在进行的生产过程中耗费的抽象劳动。物化劳动即死劳动，只是作为过去劳动的凝结物，在新的商品生产过程中只转移自身的价值，而不能创造价值。
生产方式：包括生产力和生产关系两个方面，指人们谋取物质资料的方式。生产力是生产方式的物质内容，生产关系是生产方式的社会形式。
生产力：人们在生产过程中征服自然、改造自然，从自然界中获取物质资料的能力，生产力反映生产过程中人与自然的关系。是最活跃、最革命的因素，是社会历史发展的最终决定力量。
生产关系：人们在物质资料生产过程中结成的相互关系，生产资料所有制是生产关系的基础，决定着生产关系的性质和特点。生产关系包括三方面的内容：1、生产资料的所有制形式；2、人们在生产中的地位和他们的相互关系；3、产品分配形式。
客观经济条件：指一定的社会生产力和生产关系的状况。
劳动生产率：是指劳动的生产效率，常用同一劳动在单位时间内生产某种产品的数量来表示。
经济制度：在一个社会中经法律确认的、占统治地位的生产关系的总和，它构成该社会上层建筑赖以存在的经济基础。一个社会的经济制度。又被称为这个社会的基本制度或基本经济制度，它规定着这个社会经济活动的总体方向和基本性质。
经济体制：社会经济制度或生产关系所采取的具体经济运行组织形式和经济管理体制。它决定着人们在一定的社会经济制度基础上应该怎样从事经济活动和在怎样的相互关系下从事经济活动。
生产资料所有制：人们对生产资料的占有形式，是生产关系的基础，决定着生产关系的性质和特点。
经济基础：同生产力的一定发展阶段相联系的占统治地位的生产关系的总和。经济基础不包括生产力，经济基础一般情况下又可以称为生产关系。相对于生产力而言称生产关系，相对于上层建筑而言称经济基础。
上层建筑：建立在一定社会经济基础之上的社会意识形态和政治、法律制度等。上层建筑包括政治上层建筑和思想上层建筑。其中政治上层建筑中的国家政权是上层建筑的核心。
社会形态：同生产力发展的一定阶段相适应的经济基础和上层建筑的统一体，是社会经济形态、社会政治形态、和社会观念形态的统一体。
商品：用来交换的劳动产品，以W表示。是使用价值和价值的统一体，它体现一定的社会生产关系。
商品拜物教：在私有制社会中，商品生产者把商品神秘化，把商品当做神一样来进行崇拜。
使用价值：物品满足人们某种需要的效用，是商品的自然属性，是社会财富的物质内容，使用价值是价值的物质承担者。
价值：凝结在商品中的一般的无差别的人类劳动。是商品的社会属性，反映了商品生产者之间的生产关系。价值是商品经济的特有范畴。
商品经济：直接以交换为目的的社会生产的经济形式，包括商品生产和商品交换。商品经济是一个历史范畴，到共产主义阶段，其会消亡。
简单商品经济：又称为小商品经济，以生产资料个体所有制和个体劳动为基础。
资本主义商品经济：即高度发达的商品经济，以资本家私人占有生产资料和雇佣劳动为基础。
产品经济：共产主义社会的经济形式。整个社会是一个生产单位和分配单位，生产不再借助交换来进行。
自然经济：自给自足的经济形式，生产是为了直接满足生产者本身的需要。在原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会中，自然经济占统治地位。
货币流通速度：单位货币在一定时期内的平均周转次数。如：1元货币1月内平均执行4次流通手段或支付手段的职能，就起了4元货币的作用。货币流通速度越快。流通中所需要的货币量越少，反之则越多。
价值实体：商品中凝结的人类抽象劳动。作为价值实体的抽象劳动，对于任何劳动支出来说都是同质的，它们不存在差别。
价值形成过程：抽象劳动同劳动对象相结合而凝结成价值的过程。既是活劳动创造新价值的过程，又是物化劳动即生产资料的旧价值的转移过程。
市场机制：市场的各种要素，包括价格、竞争、供求等要素之间，相互联系、相互制约，各自发挥功能，由共同发挥作用的有机联系。
价值形式：商品价值的表现形式，即交换价值。一种商品的价值不能由该商品自身来表现，而是在同另一种商品交换时，在所交换的商品上表现出来。随着商品生产和交换的的发展而发展，在历史上曾依次出现过四种形式：（1）简单价值形式；（2）扩大价值形式；（3）（一般价值形式）；（4）货币价值形式。
价值增殖过程：即剩余价值的生产过程，指超过劳动力价值的那部分价值的形成过程。在资本主义生产中，价值的形成过程就是价值的增殖过程。
交换价值：一种商品和另一种商品相交换的量的关系或比例，是价值的表现形式，价值是交换价值背后的本质内容。
资本积聚：是资本积累的结果。由资本积累而引起的生产资料和劳动力的增加，更侧重于生产资料的扩大。
相对过剩人口：指劳动力的供给超过了资本对它的需求，这部分劳动力的使用不能给资本带来平均的剩余价值。
价值规律：商品生产和商品交换的基本规律，它的基本要求是，商品的价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定，商品按价值量进行等价交换。
超额剩余价值：也称“额外剩余价值”。因个别商品价值低于社会价值而获得的剩余价值。最先采用先进技术的个别企业，劳动生产率高于生产同种商品的其他企业，商品的个别价值低于社会价值，商品按照社会价值出售，资本家就获得超额剩余价值。但当企业普遍都采用先进技术时，超额剩余价值也随之消失。另一些使用最新生产技术和方法的资本家，又会获得超额剩余价值。超额剩余价值实质上就是相对剩余价值。
帝国主义：也称“垄断资本主义”。资本主义发展历史的第二个阶段（第一阶段是自由资本主义阶段）。帝国主义的基本特征是，生产和资本集中高度发展的基础上形成的垄断统治。
纯粹流通费用：由商品的价值运动所引起的费用，即纯粹由商品买卖引起的费用，包括广告、通信、店员工资和商业机构的日常开支等。这种非生产性费用不增加商品的价值。在商品流通中的必要的运输、保管和包装支出，不属于纯粹流通费用的范畴，它们能增加商品的价值。如果纯粹流通费用的增长超过正常需要，会造成社会财富的巨大浪费。
生产性流通费用：是由商品的使用价值运动所引起的费用，如商品的分类、包装、保管、运输等费用，作为生产过程在流通中的继续而支付的费用。
跨国公司：又称“多国公司”。以本国总公司为基点，通过在其他国家或地区设立分支机构，从事跨越国界的生产、销售或其他经营的企业。
股份合作制：劳动者的联合和劳动者的资本联合为主的集体经济。一般具有以下特点：企业的劳动者同时也是所有者；资金用股份制形式筹集，企业分配实行按劳分配和按资分配相结合；企业由职工民主管理，厂长、经理由民主选举产生。
一般等价物：从商品中分离出来的充当其它一切商品的统一价值表现材料的商品，它的出现，是商品生产和交换发展的必然结果。历史上，一般等价物曾由一些特殊的商品承担，随着社会的进步，黄金和白银成了最适合执行一般等价物职能的货币。货币是从商品中分离出来固定充当一般等价物的特殊商品。
货币：在长期的商品交换中，从商品中分离出来的固定地充当一般等价物的商品，以G表示。
价格：商品价值的货币表现。
价格标准：货币的单位及其等份。
通货膨胀：流通中的货币量（纸币）超过了商品流通所实际需要的货币量而引起的纸币贬值、物价上涨的经济现象。通货膨胀的程度用通货膨胀率来表示。在一定时期内通货膨胀可以增加一部分需求，从而刺激生产，出现经济的虚假繁荣，但通过增发货币所增加的需求不是真正的需求，没有相应的商品保证，不能根本解决生产和需要的矛盾。高通货膨胀率不仅会打乱经济秩序，而且会危害社会安定。
通货紧缩：流通中的货币量（纸币）少于商品流通所实际需要的货币量而引起的物价下跌、纸币增值的经济现象。主要表现在总供给大于总需求的宏观经济形势下。
货币的支付手段：是随着商业信用的发展而产生的，卖者先向买者提供商品，卖者在经过一段时间后再向卖者支付所购商品的货款。这一职能的出现，一方面促进了商品生产和交换的发展，另一方面，增加了商品经济中危机产生的可能性。
物化劳动：指生产过程中生产资料（劳动对象和劳动资料）的消耗，生产资料是过去劳动的产物，在其中有人类劳动的凝结，这种劳动同物（产品）结合在一起，故称为物化劳动。
活劳动：指劳动过程中劳动力的 脑力和体力的耗费。
剩余价值率：指剩余价值与可变资本的比率，它表示雇佣工人受剥削的程度。
年剩余价值率：一年内生产的剩余价值总量同一年内预付的可变资本的比率，年剩余价值率表示预付可变资本的增殖程度。用公式表示为M’=M/v=m’n（n为资本的年周转次数）。
固定资本磨损：固定资本的磨损分为有形磨损和无形磨损。有形磨损也称物质磨损，是指固定资本的物质要素由于使用及自然力作用而形成的磨损。有形磨损与价值规律无关，而与自然规律有关。无形磨损也称精神磨损，是指固定资本在其有效使用期内，由于技术进步而引起的价值上的损失，包括由于提高劳动生产率和发明高性能新设备而使原固定资本贬值。固定资本的精神磨损与价值规律有关。
利润率：剩余价值同预付总资本的比率，即P’==m/c+v。利润率表示预付资本的增殖程度。掩盖了资本家对工人的剥削程度。利润率在数值上绝对小于剩余价值率。
资本：能够在运动中增殖的价值。在资本主义条件下，这种增殖表现为获取剩余价值。它是通过物的形式表现出来的资本家剥削工人的资本主义生产关系。在运动中使其自身的价值不断增殖，构成了资本最一般的属性和特征。
价格标准：为了计量和比较各种商品的价格，货币必须以固定的计量单位作为标准。由国家规定的用以衡量货币本身的计量单位及其等分，称为价格标准。
名义工资与实际工资：以货币来表现的工资叫做名义工资，以这些货币所能实际买到的生活资料的数量来计算的工资，叫做实际工资。名义工资与实际工资，并不是两种不同的工资，而是同一工资的两个侧面。
不变资本：资本家用于购买生产资料的那一部分资本。生产资料在生产过程中，只是将其价值转移到产品中去，不改变原有的价值量，故购买生产资料的那部分资本称为不变资本。
可变资本：资本家用于购买劳动力的那一部分资本。劳动力在使用过程中，不仅能够创造出补偿劳动力价值的价值，而且能创造出剩余价值，使资本增殖。
劳动强度：劳动的繁重和紧张程度。劳动强度不同，单位时间内的劳动消耗也就有差别，劳动强度高，单位时间内劳动消耗多，反之，则少。
与经相关的词语(三)
《考研必备经济与生活类词汇及短语汇总》
A.
AA制 Dutch treatment; go Dutch
艾滋病(获得性免疫缺损综合征) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 爱丽舍宫 Elysée Palace
安居工程 Housing Project for low-income families
按成本要素计算的国民经济总值 GNP at factor cost
按揭贷款 mortgage loan
按劳分配 distribution according to one's performance
暗恋 unrequited love; fall in love with someone secretly
暗亏 hidden loss
澳门大三巴牌坊 Ruins of St. Paul
奥姆真理教 Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult
B.
巴黎证券交易所 Paris Bourse
把握大局 grasp the overall situation
白马王子 Prince Charming
白色行情表 white sheet
白色农业 white agriculture (also called white engineering agriculture; It refers to microbiological agriculture and biological cell agriculture.) 白手起家 starting from scratch
白条IOU note 注：IOU，债款、债务，由I owe you的读音缩略转义而来白雪公主Snow White
摆架子 put on airs
摆谱儿 put on airs; show off; keep up appearances
拜把兄弟 sworn brothers
拜年 pay New Year call
搬迁户 relocated families
半拉子工程 uncompleted project
棒球运动记者 scribe
傍大款 (of a girl) find a sugar daddy; be a mistress for a rich man; lean on a moneybags
包干到户 work contracted to households
包干制 overall rationing system; scheme of payment partly in kind and partly in cash
包工包料 contract for labor and materials
保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy
保持国有股 keep the State-held shares
保健食品 health-care food
保理业务 factoring business
保护性关税 protective tariffs
保税区 the low-tax, tariff-free zone; bonded area
保证重点支出 ensure funding for priority areas
保值储蓄 inflation-proof bank savings
报国计划的实施 implementation of Dedicator's Project
北欧投资银行 Nordic Investment Bank
本本主义 bookishness
《本草纲目》 Compendium of Materia Medica
本垒打 circuit clout, four-master, round trip
本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches
奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life
笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start.
蹦极 bungee, bungee jumping
避免大而全的重复建设 avoid duplicate (duplicated, overlapping) construction of small and all inclusive projects
逼上梁山 be driven to drastic alternatives
比较经济学 comparative economics
比上不足，比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst
闭门羹 given cold-shoulder
边际报酬 marginal return
边缘科学 boundary science
变相涨价 disguised inflation
便携式电脑 portable computer; laptop; notebook computer
标书 bidding documents
表演赛 demonstration match
剥夺冠军 strip the gold medal of somebody
博彩(业) lottery industry
博士生 Ph.D candidate
补缺选举 by-election
补贴与反补贴措施 subsidies and countervailing measures
布达拉宫 Potala Palace
布雷顿森林体系 Bretton Woods system
不败记录 clean record, spotless record
不承诺放弃使用武器 not undertake to renounce the use of force
不打不成交 No discord, no concord.
不到长城非好汉 He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man. 不分上下的总统选举结果 the neck-and-neck presidential election result 《不见不散》 Be there or be square.
不可再生资源 non-renewable resources
不良贷款 non-performing loan
不夜城 sleepless city, ever-bright city
不正之风bad (harmful) practice; unhealthy tendency
不准打白条 No illegitimate promissory notes (IOUs)
步行天桥 foot bridge
C.
擦边球 edge ball, touch ball
擦网球 net ball
采取高姿态 show magnanimity
采取市场多元化战略 adopt the strategy of a multi-outlet market
菜篮子工程 the shopping basket's project (program)
参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs
沧海桑田 Seas change into mulberry fields and mulberry fields change into seas——time brings great changes to the world.
What was once the sea has now changed into mulberry fields——the world is changing all the time.
仓储式超市 stockroom-style supermarket
草根工业 grass root industry (refers to village and township enterprises which take root among farmers and grow like wold grass)
层层转包和违法分保 multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting
差额投票 differential voting
差额选举 competitive election
茶道 sado
查房 make/go the rounds of the wards
拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul
拆迁户 households or units relocated due to building demolition
搀水股票 water-down stocks (ordinary stocks that can be bought by persons inside a stock company or a business at a cost lower that their face value)
禅 dhyana
产粮大省 granary province
产量比1997年增加了2倍 the output has increased 3 times (registered a 3-fold increase; increased 200%)compared with 1997
产品结构 product mix
产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理 clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management
产权制度、产权关系 property relations; property order
产销直接挂钩 directly link production with marketing
产业的升级换代 upgrading of industies
产业结构升级 upgrading of an industrial structure
长江三角洲 Yangtze River delta
长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 long-term coexistence, mutual
supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe 长线产品 product in excessive supply
厂长经理负责制 the factory director (manager) responsibility system 畅通工程 Smooth Traffic Project
与经相关的词语(四)
《汉英经济词语》
汉英经济词语选
汉英新难词汇选
与经相关的词语(五)
《汉英经济词语》
汉英经济词语
保险业 The insurance industry
保证重点支出 Ensure funding for priority areas
补发拖欠的养老金 Clear up pension payments in arrears
不良贷款 Non—performing loan
层层转包和违法分保 Multi-level contracting and illegal subcontracting
城乡信用社 Credit Cooperative in both urban and rural areas
城镇居民最低生活保障 A minimum standard of living for city residents
城镇职工医疗保险制度 The system of medical insurance for urban workers
出口信贷 Export credit
贷款质量 Loan quality
贷款质量五级分类办法 The five-category assets classification for bank loans
防范和化解金融风险 Take precautions against and reduce financial risks
防洪工程 Flood-prevention project
非法外汇交易 Illegal foreign exchange transaction
非贸易收汇 Foreign exchange earnings through non trade channels
非银行金融机构 Non-bank financial institutions
费改税 Transform administrative fees into taxes
跟踪审计 Follow-up auditing
工程监理制度 The monitoring system for projects
国有资产安全 The safety of state-owned assets
过度开垦 Excess reclamation
合同管理制度 The contract system for governing projects
机电产品 Electromechanical products
积极的财政政策 Pro-active fiscal policy
基本生活费 Basic allowances
结售汇制度 The system of exchange settlement and sales
解除劳动关系 Sever labor relations
金融监管责任制 The responsibility system for financial supervision
经济安全 Economic security
靠扩大财政赤字搞建设 To increase the deficit to spend more on development
扩大国内需求 The expansion of domestic demand
拉动经济增长 Fuel economic growth
粮食仓库 Grain depot
粮食收储企业 Grain Collection and storage enterprise
粮食收购资金实行封闭运行 Closed operation of grain purchase funds
粮食销售市场 Grain sales market
劣质工程 Shoddy engineering
乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款 Arbitrary charges,fund-raising,quotas and fines
骗汇、逃汇、套汇
Obtain foreign currency under false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage
融资渠道 Financing channels
商业信贷原则 The principles for commercial credit
社会保险机构 Social security institution
失业保险金 Unemployment insurance benefits
偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税 Tax evasion, tax fraud and refusal pay taxes 外汇收支 Foreign exchange revenue and spending
与经相关的词语(六)
《经典词语句式总结》
语言最直接给阅卷者留下印象;不要用过于文学化、情绪化的语言，要用正规化、规范化的语言;用语要规范 多用一些官方语言点缀;格式要规范
1.多用几个词转变你的语言风格
时间：近几年来，这些年来，改革开放以来
称呼百姓：公众、百姓、人民群众、群众、进城务工人员
称呼政府：国务院和地方各级政府、各级政府和有关部门、相关地区和部门
申论副词：大力，逐步，坚决，严厉，高度，切实，扎实，着力，强化，突出抓好，加快，着重，严格，继续，积极，要进一步，深入
申论动词：确保，提高，推进，增强，加大，制止，坚持，杜绝，提倡，加快推进，大力开展，夯实(接基础)，严格执行，着力推进，重点突破，推动，建设，完善，促进，建立，着力加强，强化，健全，落实，高度重视，建立机制，抓好
意义和必要性：重要举措，必然要求，对于……有重要意义，重要内容，事关……大局，关系……，基本要求，强大动力(一般指改革)，有效途径，有效举措，有力举措，重大任务，迫切需要
成就：重大突破，不断得到加强，重大进展，取得卓有成效的进展，初步建立(体制)，显著改善，显著成就，成效显著，积极进展，取得突破性进展
坏的动词：危害，损害，破坏，形势严峻
2.句式
把……放在重要的位置，常抓不懈
加强国家对企业……的调控和指导，(当要企业做主语时用)
(根本性解决)只有搞好……，才能对……问题起到釜底抽薪的作用。
……建设取得重大进展，……建设不断得到加强，不断推进
我们必须进一步增强……的责任感和紧迫感，把节能降耗和污染减排放在更加突出的地位，尽快形成以政府为主导、企业为主体、全社会共同推进的工作格局。
各地政府和有关部门要把思想和行动统一到中央的决策和部署上来
实现好、维护好、发展好广大人民……的权利。
我国有13亿人口，……问题比任何一个国家都繁重，都复杂，都紧迫
各地及各有关部门要以人民利益为重，不能推卸责任，执行政策不能打折扣，更不能只顾部门地方的利益、只打自己的小算盘。
切实把……的各项任务落到实处。
各级政府要坚持以人为本，切实解决人民群众最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题。 ……工作任重而道远。
随着改革开放和经济建设的不断深入
以科学发展观为指导，确立正确的政绩观
诚信是市场经济的基石，是现代社会经济契约关系的基础
把资源优势转化为资本优势，转化为发展和竞争优势
将庞大的人力资源优势转化为人力资本优势
促成科技优势向经济优势的转化
以市场配置资源取代权力配置资源
努力把领导班子配备改革后形成的体制优势转化为工作优势
努力形成齐心协力谋发展、群策群力促和谐、团结一心干事业的生动局面
把思想建设、组织建设和作风建设有机结合起来，用制度建设贯穿其中，既立足经常性工作，又抓紧解决存在的突出问题。
对出现的问题冷静对待，正确认识，全面安排，妥善处理。
大力发展……产业，努力催生新的经济形态，形成……型的产业格局。
要把教育引导、利益调节和制度约束有机结合起来
形成以政府为主导、企业为主体、全社会共同推进的……产业格局。
制定专项规划，明确目标，分解任务，落实责任，坚持不懈地抓紧抓好。
强化试点的示范作用，强化规划的指导作用，强化政策的支撑作用。
形成……的整体合力(或制度合力)
主动承接产业梯度转移，打造产业延伸链，加快配套产业发展，形成“资源共享、优势互补、联动发展”的良好格局。
当前很多问题的原因都可归结为“道德失范，监督乏力，制度缺位”
3.申论写作中的排比
层面一 ：句子中用排比句式
第一，同词排比加强
把完善惩治和预防****体系为重点的反腐倡廉建设放在更加突出的位置，就是要按照党的十七大报告的要求，在坚决惩治****的同时，更加注重治本，更加注重预防，更加注重制度建设。
第二，不同动词排比加强
要坚持标本兼治、综合治理、惩防并举、注重预防的方针，扎实推进惩治和预防****体系建设，拓展从源头上防治****工作领域，努力形成拒腐防变教育长效机制、反腐倡廉制度体系、权力运行监控机制，努力把****现象遏制在最低程度。
第三，同词+不同动词 排比加强
今后将更多地用现代物质条件装备农业，用现代科学技术改造农业，用现代产业体系提升农业，用现代经营形式推进农业，用现代发展理念引领农业，用培养新型农民发展农业，提高农业水利化、机械化和信息化水平，提高土地产出率和农业劳动生产率。
层面二：排比句式统领全文，一个句子引领一段内容
例1：……是……的根本/关键/前提/动力/保障/重点/核心/基础
一、结构调整是建设节约型社会的根本。
二、科技创新是建设节约型社会的关键。
三、保护环境是建设节约型社会的前提。
四、深化改革是建设节约型社会的动力。
五、加强监管是建设节约型社会的保障。
六、政府表率是建设节约型社会的重点。
例2：
要加强反腐倡廉教育，着力构建“不愿为”的自律机制。
要加强制度建设和监督制约，努力构建“不能为”的防范机制。 要加大惩治****的力度，进一步强化“不敢为”的惩治机制。
要切实保障公务员的工作待遇，积极探索“不必为”的保障机制。
与经相关的词语(七)
《汉英经济词语选》
汉英筳席菜名大全 A
鹌鹑蛋鲍鱼 Abalone and quail eggs 鹌鹑松 Minced quai B
八宝冬瓜汤 “Eight-treasures” winter melon(white gourd)sou
八宝饭 “Eight-treasures”rice pudding
八宝鸡 Chicken stuffed with “eight-treasures” 八宝扒鸭 Braised duck with “eight-treasures” 八宝全鸡 Roast chicken with “eighit-treasures” 八宝全鸭 Roast duck with “eight-treasures” 八宝鸭 Duck stuffed with“eight-treasures” 八个冷盘 Eight cold hors d′oeuvres
八珍冬瓜粒 Soup With Winter melon and minced pork 八珍扒大鸭 Braised duck with “eight-treasures” 巴东牛肉 Spiced beef
拔丝莲子 Lotus Seeds in hot toffee 拔丝苹果 Apple in hot toffee
拔丝山药 Chinese yam in hot toffee 拔丝香蕉 Banana in hot toffee 霸王肥鸡 Bawang chicken
白爆鱼丁 Fish cubes in white sauce
白菜粉丝 Chinese vermicelli with cabbage 白菜汤 Chinese cabbage soup
白豆焖*排 Stewed pork with white beans 白豆汤 White bean soup 白饭 Steamed rice
白果芋泥 Sweet taro with gingko 白烩大虾 King prawn in white Sauce
白烩鸡饭 Chicken in white sauce with rice 白烩蟹肉 Crab meat in white sauce 白烩虾子 Shrimp roe in white sauce 白鸡 Cold boiled chicken
白酒汁烩鸡 Chicken in white wine sauce
白酒汁蒸鱼 Steamed fish in white wine Sauce 白菌鲍脯 Braised abalone with fresh mushroom 白菌炒面 Fried noodles with mushroom 白菌鸽片 Sliced pigeon with mushroom 白菌龙虾王 King lobster with mushroom 白扒鲍鱼 Braised abalone in cream sauce 白扒鸭条 Braised sliced duck in cream sauce 白扒鱼翅 Braised shark′s fin in cream sauce 白扒鱼肚 Braised fish maw in cream sauce
白扒鱼肚菜心 Braised fish maw and heart of cabbage 白片鸡 Chicken slices
白切肥鸡 Cold steamd chicken 白切鸡 Boiled sliced chicken 白切肉 Boiled pork Slices
白切*肚 Boiled sliced pig′s stomach 白肉火锅 Pork cooked in hot pot 白煨鸡 Stewed chicken
白椰肉冰 Iced coconut with pork 白油鸡 Cold chicken with pork 白斩鸡 Sliced cold ckicken
白汁鲍鱼 Saute abalone with cream sauce 白汁鳜鱼 Mandarin fish with cream sauce 白汁鸡饭 Chicken with cream sauce and rice
白汁口蘑煎鱼 Fried fish with white sauce and mushrooms 白汁鱿鱼 Saute Squid with white Sauce 白汁鱼唇 Fish lip in cream sauce
白汁鱼肚 Fish maw with white Sauce 白煮蛋 Hard boiled eggs 白煮鱼 Boiled fish 白灼活肥蚝 Fried oyster with shrimp sauce 白灼螺片 Fried sliced whelk
白灼螺盏 Fried sliced whelk in a bowl 白灼中虾 Fried prawn
百花採鸡 “Hundred flower”steamed sliced chicken with shrimp sauce
百花煎瓤鸭掌 “Hundred flower”fried duck webs stuffed with shrimp
百花瓤北菇 “Hundred flower”mushrooms stuffed with shrimps
百花香酥鸭 “Hundred flower”crisp fried duck
百叶包肉 Leaf shaped bean curd stuffed with minced pork 百叶肉丝 Shredded pork with leaf shaped bean curd 拌海蛰 Jellyfish in mixed sauce 拌芹菜 Celery in mixed sauce
拌虾片 Shredded（sliced）prawn in mixed sauce 拌鲜坩 Scallops in mixed sauce
拌鸭掌 Duck′s webs in mixed sauce
瓣酱妙肉丁 Stir-fried diced pork in chili sauce 棒棒鸡 Bonbon chicken 炮糊 Stir-fried mutton 薄饼 Pancake 薄饼干 Crackers
宝宝全鸭 “Winter garden”duck 鲍鱼龙须 Abalone with asparagus 鲍鱼沙拉 Abalone salad 鲍鱼汤 Abalone soup
鲍鱼炆鸡 Braised chicken and abalone 爆炒鳝片 Quick-fried eel slices
爆鳝片 Quick-fried eel slices with sesame oil and garlic 爆烧鱼翅 Fried shark′s fin in brown sauce 北菰炒面 Fried noodles with dried mushroom 北菰蛋花汤 Mushroom and egg drop soup 北菰炖鸡 Stewed chicken and mushroom
北菰烩鸭丝 Braised sliced duck with mushroom 北菰扒鸭 Braised half duck with mushroom
北京酱牛肉 Beef cooked in soy sauce，Beijing style 北京烤鸭 Roast Beijing duck
北京泡菜 Pickled cabbage，Beijing style 北京豌豆黄 Beijing sweet pease pudding 荸荠糕 Water chestnut cake
荸荠肉丸 Water chestnut meatballs 比利时烩鸡 Belgian stewed chicken
碧绿川椒鸡 Fried chicken with peppers，Sichuan style 碧绿花子鸡 Spring chicken with green vegetables
碧绿鸡丝扒鲜菇 Chicken shreds with mushroom on a bed of green vegetables
碧绿椒鸡 Fried chicken with green peppers 碧绿生鱼球 Fish balls with green vegetables 扁豆炒蛋 Omelette with beans
扁豆肉丝 Shredded pork with beans 冰冻荔枝 Chilled lychees 冰棍儿 Ice-lolly
冰凌可可少司 Ice cream with cocoa sauce 冰凌三得 Ice cream sundae 冰淇淋 Ice cream
冰肉莲蓉粽 Glutinous rice stuffed with ground lotus seeds wrapped in reed leaves（Special fare for the Dragon Boat Festival）
冰糖莲籽 Sugar candy lotus seeds 冰糖肉 Sugar Candy pork
冰糖蜜炙火腿 Grilled ham with sugar candy 冰糖银耳 White fungus with sugar candy 冰镇果羹 Chilled fruit jelly
冰镇三果 Three chilled fruits 冰汁凉桃脯 Chilled peach slices 饼干 Biscuits
波兰式蒸鱼 Polish style Steamed fish
玻璃烧卖 Glazed shao mai steamed dumplings with meat fillings
玻璃酥鸡 Glazed deep-fried sliced chicken 玻璃酥虾 Glazed deep-fried prawn 玻璃蟹脚 Glazed fried crab claws
菠菜炒鸡蛋 Scrambled eggs with spinach 波菜泥卧果 Spinach with poached egg
菠菜烧豆腐 Stewed bean curd with spinach 菠萝杯 Pineapple cup
菠萝布丁 Pineapple pudding 菠萝冻 Pineapple jelly
菠萝醪糟 Pineapple in glutinous rice wine
菠萝凉醪糟 Cold pineapple in glutinous rice wine 菠萝龙眼 Pineapple and longan
菠萝梅酱鸭 Duck in plum sauce with pineapple 菠萝蜜烧鸭片 Sliced roast duck with pineapple 菠萝软鸭 Fried duck with pineapple 菠萝沙拉 Pineapple salad
波萝雪糕 Pineapple ice cream
菠萝鸭片 Sliced roast duck with pineapple 菠萝*排 Grilled pork chop with Pineapple 卜糟鸡块 Stewed turnip and sliced chicken 布丁 Crème caramel C
菜包肉 Minced meat wrapped in cabbage 菜炒肉片 Fried sliced pork with vegetable 菜炒鱼片 Fried fish slices with vegetable
菜豉油鸡 Poached sesame chicken with vegetable and fermented soya beans
菜胆鹌鹑脯 Fried quail breast with vegetable 菜胆炒明虾 Sauted prawn with vegetable 菜胆干鲍 Abalone and vegetable
菜胆龙利球 Frid macao sole fish balls with with vegetable 菜燉牛肉 Goulash
菜肝土鱿 Chicken liver with squid and vegtable 菜花北菇 Cauliflower and dried mushroom 菜花炒鸡蛋 Cauliflower omelette
菜奶油鸡 Chicken and vegetable in cream sauce 菜扒北菇 Stewed mushroom and vegetable
菜扒鲜菇 Stewed fresh mushroom and vegetable 菜片鹌鹑松 Minced quail meat with Chinese cabbage 菜青炒鸡球 Saute chicken balls with green vegetable 菜生鱼片饭 Steamed rice with sliced fish and vegetable 菜丝汤 Julienne soup 菜汤 Jardinière soup
菜心鲍片 Sliced abalone with heart of cabbage 菜心牛肉 Beef with heart of cabbage
菜心虾球 Saute prawn balls with heart of cabbage 菜远鲍脯 Fried abalone with vegetable heart
菜远北菇 Fried Chinese mushrooms with vegetable heart 菜远凤肝活带子 Sliced conch with chicken liver and vegetable
菜远根片 Sliced“shokkan”with vegetable
菜远鸡球 Fried chicken balls with vegetable heart 菜远鸡什汤 Chicken giblets and vegetable soup 菜远鲈鱼球 Fried perch balls and vegetable heart 菜远牛肉 Fried sliced beef with vegetable heart 菜远扒鲜菇 Fried mushroom with vegetable heart 菜远青衣球 Green fish balls with vegetable heart
菜远生鱼片 Sliced snakehead mullet fish with vegetable
heart
菜远生鱼球 Fish ball with vegetable heart
菜远田鸡腿 Fried frog′s legs with vegetable heart 菜远虾球 Fried prawn balls with vegetable heart 菜远鲜虾脯 Fried shrimp with vegetable heart 菜远鸭片 Fried sliced duck with vegetable heart 菜远鱼球 Fish balls with ham and vegetable heart 草菇豆腐 Bean curd with dried mushroom
草菇鸡片汤 Sliced chicken and mushroom soup 草菇芦笋 Straw mushroom with asparagus
草菇蒸鸡 Steamed chicken with straw mushroom 叉烧 Barbecued roast pork
叉烧包 Steamed bun stuffed with barbecued roast pork 叉烧炒蛋 Barbecued pork with egg 叉烧炒饭 Barbecued pork fried rice
叉烧炒面 Barbecued pork with fried moodles 叉烧芙蓉 Barbecued pork with egg white 叉烧馄饨汤 Barbecued pork dumpling soup 叉烧肉 Barbecued pork
叉烧酥方 Barbecued crispy pork
叉烧汤面 Barbecued pork noodle soup 叉烧杂碎 Barbecued chop suey 茶叶蛋 Tea eggs
查理鸡饭 Charles chicken rice 拆骨鸡 Boneless chicken
拆焗鸳鸯鸭 Boned duck stuffed with minced shrimp 柴把鸭 Steamed sliced bamboo shoot，duck and ham 长面包 Loaf of bread
肠子三明治 Sausage sandwich
潮州烧雁鹅 Roast goose，Chaozhou style
潮州炒粉 Fried rice noodles，Chaozhou Special 潮州卤鹅 Spiced goose，Chaozhou style 潮州小米 Meatballs，Chao choustyle
潮州伊面 Fried noodles，Chaozhou style 潮州鱼粥 Fish congee，Chaozhou special 潮州炸鹅 Fried goose，Chaozhoou special 炒菠菜 Saute spinach
炒菜心虾球 Saute Prawn balls with vegetable heart 炒蛋三明治 Omelette sandwich 炒凤尾虾 Saute shrimps 炒芙蓉蛋 Scrambled eggs
炒芙蓉干贝 Fried Scallop with egg white 炒肝尖 Fried liver
炒格炸 Stir-fried skin of bean curd 炒桂花鱼翅 Fried shark′s fin 炒海蟹肉 Fried sea crab meat
炒荷兰豆 Fried sugar peas in the pod 炒荷兰豆仁 Fried podded sugar peas 炒核桃泥 Stir-fried walnut pur-ée
炒滑蛋 Scrambled eggs，Guangdong style 炒黄瓜酱 Stir-Fried cucumber purée 炒黄浦蛋 Fried eggs，Shanghai style 炒鸡蛋 Omelette
炒鸡片 Fried Chicken slices 炒鸡球 Fried chicken balls
炒鸡生肠 Fried chicken′s intestines
炒口蘑鸭心 Saute mushroom and duck heart 炒两式蛋 Scrambled eggs and preserved eggs 炒龙虾 Saute lobster
炒木犀肉 Saute pork shreds with fungus and eggs 炒牛肉丝 Fried shredded beef 炒牛腰片 Fried ox kidney slices 炒螃蟹 Fried crab meat 炒青菜 Saute vegetable
炒青豆 Fried green peas
炒青辣椒 Fried green pepper 炒肉末 Fried minced meat
炒肉末烧饼 Saute minced pork with sesame cakes 炒肉片 Fried pork slices 炒肉丝 Fried shredded pork
炒三不沾 Sauted three“non-Stick”（not stick chopsticks，plate and teeth）
炒三泥 Three purées stir-fried 炒三丝 Fried three slices
炒鳝糊 Braised eels with bamboo shoots 炒山鸡片 Saute sliced pheasant
炒生鸡片鲜椒 Saute diced chicken with green pepper 炒双冬 Stir-fried mushroom and bamboo shoots 炒双泥 Saute two purées
炒素三丝 Fried mixed vegetables 炒土鱿片 Fried sliced squid 炒豌豆苗 Fried pea sprouts
炒五丁 Five special ingredients 炒虾片 Fried Prawn slices 炒虾球 Fried shrimp balls
炒虾仁 Saute shrimp with peas
炒香菇笋片 Fried mushroom and bamboo shoots 炒雪冬 Fried salted vegetable and bamboo shoots 炒雪豆 Sauted China peas
炒鸭肠 Fried duck′s intestines
炒鸭舌掌 Fried duck tongue and web 炒腰花 Saute pig′s Kidney
炒腰片 Fried sliced pig′s kidney
炒野鸡红 Saute beef shreds with vegetable and hot sauce 炒油菜 Saute rape
炒油菜远 Fried heart of rape 妙鱿鱼卷 Fried squid roll 炒杂拌 Fried chop suey
炒榛子酱 Fried hazelnut purée 炒*肝 Fried pig′s liver 炒*脑 Fried pig′s brains 炒*肉片 Saute pork slices
炒竹笋脆虾 Fried prawns with bamboo shoots 陈皮炖鸭 Stewed duck with orange peel 陈皮鸡丁 Diced chicken with orange peel 陈皮牛肉 Beef with orange peel 橙汁汽水 Orange soda
豉椒爆活蚝 Quick-fried oyster with fermented soya beans and chili
豉椒炒肉排 Fried pork rib with chili and fermented soya beans
豉椒炒肉蟹 Crab with fermented soya beans and chili 豉椒炒鸭片 Fried sliced duck with chili and fermented soya beans
豉椒鸡球 Fried chicken balls with chili and fermented soya beans
豉椒鸡丝 Shredded chicken with chili and fermented soya beans
豉椒龙虾 Fried lobster with fermented soya beans and chili
豉椒田鸡 Fried frogs with chili and fermented soya beans 豉椒田鸡腿 Fried frogs′s legs with chili and fermented slya beans
豉椒蚬肉 Oyster with fermented soya beans and chili 豉油蒸瓤豆腐 Steamed stuffed bean curd with soy sauce 豉油蒸生鱼 Steamed fish in soy sauce 豉汁龙虾 Lobster with black soy sauce
豉汁排骨 Sparerib with chili and soy sauce 豉汁炆肉排 Braised pig′s rib with soy sauce
豉汁蒸肉排 Steamed spareribs in black soy sauce 川菜肉丝 Sliced pork with Sichuan vegetable
川鸡片冬菇 Sichuan sliced chicken with mushroom 川椒乳鸽 Sichuan fried sliced pepper and pigeon 川溜鸡条 Sichuan chicken mildly spiced
川茉莉银耳 Jasmine and white fungus，sichuan style 春卷 Spring roll
鹑蛋奶露 Custard cream with quail eggs 茨子菜汤 Puncture vine and vegetable soup 茨子蓉汤 Puncture vine and egg white 葱爆牛肉 Quick-fried beef with scallions 葱爆肉 Quick-fried pork and scallions
葱爆肉粉条 Quick-fried pork slices with vermicelli and scallions
葱爆烧鸭片 Quick-fried sliced duck with scallions 葱爆羊肉 Quick-fried mutton slices with scallions 葱爆*里脊片 Quick-fried pork fillet with scallions 葱花炒蛋 Omelette with chopped scallions 葱煎芋头 Fried taro with scallions 葱姜牛肉面 Mongolian beef noodles
葱烹白肉 Quick-fried pork with scallions
葱烧海参 Saute sea cucumber with scallions
葱烧酸鲫鱼 Stewed crucian carp with scallions in oil and vinegar
葱烧水鸭 Stewed teal stuffed with scallions 葱头炒牛肉片 Saute beef slices with onions 葱头炒牛肉丝 Saute shredded with onions 葱头炒羊肉 Saute mutton with onion 葱头牛肉扒 Beef steak with onion
葱油白鸡 Boiled chicken with scallions
葱油叉烧角 Barbecued pork pastry with scallions 葱油鸡脯 Fried chicken breast and scallions 葱油焗鸡 Baked chicken with scallions
葱汁炒*肉片 Fried pork slices with scallions 醋椒活鱼 Stewed live fish in chili and vinegar
醋椒三片 Three sliced ingredients in vinegar and chili 醋椒三鲜 Three vegetables in hot and sour sauce 醋溜仔鸡 Fried spring chicken with vinegar 醋排活鱼 Live fish cooked in Vinegar
氽鸡茸五丝 Boiled downy chicken with five shredded ingredients
氽鲫鱼萝卜丝 Quick-boiled crucian carp with shredded turnip
氽里脊片菜心 Sliced pork and Shanghai cabbage soup 氽萝卜鲫鱼 Quick-boiled crucian carp with turnip 氽生鸡片 Quick-boiled sliced chicken 氽四宝 Quick-boiled“fourdelicacies” 氽银耳 Quick-boiled white fungus 氽鱼肚卷 Quick-boiled fish maw rolls
氽鱼腐丸子 Quick-boiled fish balls and bean curd in soup 氽鱼卷 Fish rolls in soup
氽鱼片黄瓜 Sliced quick-boiled fish with cucumber 氽丸子汤 Meatballs soup
脆皮锅贴 Crispy fried dumpling 脆皮火鹅 Crispy goose
脆皮鲜虾煎饼 Crispy shrimp pancakes 脆皮炸鸡 Crispy deep-fried chicken 脆皮炸虾 Crispy shrimp
脆炸仔鸡 Fried spring chicken
翠竹生虾扇 Green bamboo with shrimps D
鞑靼式炸鱼 Fried fish in tartar sauce 大葱烧鸭 Braised duck with scallions
大地田鸡 Fried frogs with bamboo shoots
大鸡三味 Chicken with three special ingredients 大理石布丁 “Marble”pudding 大米布丁 Rice pudding 大米盒 Puff pie
大米鸡块汤 Chicken and rice soup 大米稀饭 Congee
大酿鸭脯 Stuffed duck breast in wine
大醸竹笋 Bamboo shoots cooked with wine 大拼盘 Hors d′oeuvres（extra large） 大千鸡 Daqian chicken Sichuan chicken
大上海拼盘 Shanghai style assorted cold dishes 大石斑二味 Grouper with two special ingredients 大蒜干贝 Steamed scallop with garlic 大汤黄鱼 Braised croaker soup 大王鸡肉饼 Minced chicken cakes 大虾 Prawn
大虾炒饭 Fried rice with king prawns 大虾冻子 Prawn jelly
大虾鸡蛋炒面 Fried noodles with prawns and eggs 大虾泥子 Minced king prawns
大虾肉丁炸酱面 Boiled noodles with fried soy bean paste with king prawn and pork 大虾沙拉 Prawn salad 大香槟 Champagne
担担面 Dan dan noodles，Sichuan style 蛋炒饭 Egg fried rice 蛋咖喱 Egg curry 蛋糕 Cake
蛋黄汤 Egg yolk soup
蛋煎虾饼 Fried shrimp cake 蛋酥花仁 Peanut cake
蛋笋煎干贝 Fried scallop with eggs and bamboo shoots 蛋煎笋虾仁 Fried shrimp with eggs and bamboo shoots 蛋笋煎蟹肉 Fried crab with eggs and bamboo shoots 蛋蟹炒翅 Fried shark′s fin with crab meat and eggs 德国面包 German bread 德国牛排 Hamburger steak
德式牛肉扒蛋 Hamburger steak and egg 灯笼大虾 “Lantern”King prawns
鼎湖上素 Vegetarian dish，Dinghu style
东江盐焗鸡 Hakka style braised chicken in gravy 东江盐烤鸡 Hakka style salt baked chicken 东坡火锅 Dongpo hot pot
冬虫扒鸭 Braised duck with Chinese caterpillar fungus 冬菇冬笋 Saute dried mushroom and bamboo shoots 冬菇豆腐 Bean curd with mushroom
冬菇鸡片 Chicken with Chinese black mushroom 冬菇*蹄 Pig′s trotters with mushrooms
冬瓜火腿汤 Winter melon（white gourd）and ham soup 冬瓜蓉烧饼 Fried pasty with sweet winter melon（white gourd）
冬瓜汤 Consommé with winter melon （white gourd） 冬蘑面 Mushroom noodles
冬笋北菇 Bamboo shoots and mushroom
冬笋炒肉丝 Saute shredded pork with bamboo shoots 冬笋炒鱿鱼 Fried squid with fresh bamboo shoots 冬笋鸡片 Saute sliced chicken with bamboo shoots
冬笋龙球 Fried macao sole fish balls with bamboo shoots 冬笋焖胗 Gizzard with bamboo shoots
冬笋肉丝 Shredded pork with bamboo shoots
冬笋烧海参 Stewed sea cucumber with fresh bamboo shoots
冬笋烧塌棵菜 Fried shanghai cabbage with fresh bamboo
shoots
冻茨仔什菜 Puncture vine with vegetables（cold） 冻大会 Mixed Chinese salad 冻糕 Parfait
冻火腿 Cold ham
冻火腿鸡 Cold chicken and ham 冻鸡肉什菜 Chicken salad 冻牛奶 Cold milk 冻牛肉 Cold beef
冻烧鸡 Cold roast chicken
冻烧鸡火腿 Cold roast chicken and ham 冻烧*排 Cold roast sparerib
冻腿芦笋 Cold asparagus and ham 冻虾子什菜 Shrimp salad 冻咸牛舌 Cold ox-tongue 冻蟹肉什菜 Crab meat salad 冻羊羔 Cold lamb in jelly
豆沙包 Steamed dumpling stuffed with mashed red beans
豆沙锅饼 Mashed sweet red bean cake 豆瓣黄鱼 Braised croaker with bean sauce 豆瓣鳜鱼 Mandarin fish in black bean sauce 豆豉龙虾 Lobster in black bean sauce 豆腐蛋花汤 Bean curd and egg drop soup 豆腐鲤鱼 Carp with bean curd 豆腐牛肉 Beef with bean curd
豆腐泡炒黄豆芽 Fried bean sprouts with bean curd puffs 豆腐泡塞肉 Bean curd puffs stuffed with minced pork 豆腐泡烧粉丝 Stewed bean curd puffs with bean vermicelli
豆腐皮 Bean curd shin
豆腐皮包肉 Bean curd skin rolls with minced pork 豆腐烧鱼 Fried fish with bean curd
豆酱焗鸡 Baked chicken with bean sauce
豆苗芙蓉蛋汤 Egg drop soup with bean Sprouts 豆苗黄耳汤 Yellow fungus soup with bean sprouts 豆渣鸭脯 Duck breast with bean curd milk 炖蛋 Egg custard
炖小牛肉 Braised veal
炖元啼 Trotters in brown sauce 多色冷拼盘 Hors d′deuvres E
俄国红菜汤 Borsch
俄国牛肉丝 Shredded beef（Russian style） 俄斯克 Vodka
鹅掌干鲍 Abalone and goose webs
鹅掌美鲍 USAbalone with gooses′ web F
法国炖鱼 Bouillabaisse
法国焗芝士汤 French onion soup 法国面包 French bread
法国浓汤 French thick soup 法国肉汤 Bouillon
法国椰子布丁 French coconut pudding 法国鱼汤 French fish coup
法式*排 French style pork chop
法式橙烩鸭 French style duck with orange zest and curacao sauce
蕃茄大虾 Prawns tomato sauce
蕃茄蛋花汤 Tomato and egg drop soup 蕃茄烩鸡 Stewed chicken with tomato
蕃茄鸡丁炒饭 Fried rice with diced chicken and tomato 蕃茄焖鸡 Stewed chicken with tomato 蕃茄奶油汤 Cream of tomato soup
蕃茄牛肉 Fried sliced beef with tomato 蕃茄牛肉面 Beef and tomato chow mein 蕃茄片 Tomato salad 蕃茄肉包 Stuffed tomato
蕃茄三味夹 Tomato sandwich
蕃茄茄虾片 Saute prawn slices in tomato and bean curd 方鱼焗鸡 Baked chicken with dried fish 翡翠羹 Vegetable soup
翡翠鸡柳 Stewed chicken with sliced vegetables 翡翠生鱼球 Fish balls with green vegetables 翡翠虾仁 Shrimp with green Vegetable 汾酒 Fenjiu liquor
粉果 Steamed dumpling with pork，mushrooms and bamboo shoots
粉丝牛肉丝 Beef with vermicelli 粉蒸肉 Steamed pork with rice 粉汁里脊片 Fried fillet in sauce
凤肝炒螺片 Fried whelk with chicken liver
凤肝鸽片 Fried sliced pigeon and chicken liver 凤肝鸡片 Fried sliced chicken and chicken liver 凤肝虾球 Fried prawn balls with chicken liver 凤凰炖鸽燕 Bird′s nest soup with pigeon 凤凰鲜奶露“Phoenix”milk 凤鸡 Salted chicken
凤尾鱼 Long tailed anchovy
凤眼鸽蛋 “Phoenix eye”pigeon eggs 凤足炖冬菰 “Phoenix leg”（chicken feet）with mushroom 凤足炖水鱼 Steamed soft-shelled turtle and“phoenix leg”（chicken feet）soup
凤足花菇 “Phoenix leg （chicken feet）with mushroom 佛手卷 Finger citron rolls 佛手酥 Crispy finger citron
芙蓉干贝 Scallops with egg white 芙蓉羔蟹 Fried crab with egg white 芙蓉鸽松 Purée pigeon with egg white 芙蓉鸡片 Chicken shreds with egg white 芙蓉虾仁 Fried shrimps with egg white 芙蓉蟹斗 Fried crab with egg white 芙蓉燕窝 Egg white with bird′s nest 芙蓉鱼角 Fish pieces with egg white 芙蓉鱼片 Fish slices with egg white 符离集烧鸡 Roast chicken，fuliji style
腐乳扣肉 Steamed pork with preserved bean curd 腐乳炆肉 Stewed pork with preserved bean curd G
咖喱炒羊肉片 Saute mutton slice in curry sauce 咖喱大会饭 Special mixed curried rice 咖喱豆腐 Curried bean curd
咖喱菇粒饭 Curried rice with diced mushroom 咖喱海鲜饭 Seafood curry rice 咖喱鸡 Curry chicken 咖喱鸡蛋 Curried eggs
咖喱鸡蛋丸子 Curried eggs with meat balls 咖喱鸡丁汤 Curried diced chicken soup 咖喱鸡饭 Curried chicken with rice 咖喱鸡块 Curried chicken
咖喱鸡配米饭 Curried chicken with rice
咖喱鸡丝饭 Sliced curried chicken with rice 咖喱鸡杂 Giblets curry 咖喱牛肉 Beef curry
咖喱牛肉饭 Beef curry and rice 咖喱牛肉汤 Beef curry soup 咖喱牛舌 Curried ox tongue 咖喱肉汤 Mulligatawny soup 咖喱肉末干豌豆 Pakistani minced beef curry with cried peas
咖喱虾 Prawn curry
咖喱虾饭 Prawn curry with rice 咖喱虾仁 Shrimp curry
咖喱羊肉饭 Mutton curry with rice 咖喱羊肉片 Curried mutton slices 咖喱鱿鱼 Curried squid 咖喱鱼 Fish curry
咖喱鱼饭 Fish curry with rice
咖喱元白菜牛肉 Curry beef with cabbage 咖喱元白菜羊肉 Cabbage and mutton curry 咖喱胗肝饭 Giblets curry with rice
干贝冬瓜球 Dried scallop and winter melon（white gourd）balls
干贝松翠丝 Scallop shreds with scallions 干贝汤 Scallop soup
干煸牛肉 Dry fried shredded beef
干煸牛肉丝 Beef shreds，Sichuan style；Saute dried beef shreds with hot sauce 干炒扁豆 Dry sauté beans
干炒鸡牛柳 Fried chicken and beef fillet 干炒牛肉丝 Fried Sliced beef
干炒野鸡块 Fried pheasant slices
干葱煎*肝 Fried pig′s liver with dried onion 干煎大虾 Fried whole prawn 干煎鳜鱼 Fried mandarin fish 干烤肥鸭 Roast skewered duck 干烤鱼翅 Roast skewered duck 干锅大虾 Griddle cooked prawns
干锅鱼翅 Griddle cooked shark′s fin 干牛肉片 Dried beef slices
干烧蚕豆 Dry fried dried broad beans
干烤蛋炸面 Dry fried soft noodles with egg 干烧冬笋 Dry fried bamboo shoots 干烧鳜鱼 Dry fried mandarin fish 干烧黄鱼 Dry fried croaker
干烧活鱼 Dry fried live fish in soy and chili sauce 干烧茭白 Dry fried wild rice stem
干烧辣鱼段 Dry fried fish slices with chili 干烧龙虾 Dry fried lobster 干烧明虾 Dry fried prawn
干烧牛肉丝 Dry fried shredded beef
干烧青鱼 Dry fried black carp in chili sauce 干烧石斑 Dry fried grouper 干烧虾仁 Dry fried shrimp
干烧伊面 Dry fried noodles，soft noodles 干烧鱼 Dry fried fish in hot sauce
干烧子鲍 Dry fried abalone with garlic and chili 干丝肉丝 Shredded pork with dried bean curd 干豌豆瓣肉汤 Split pea broth 干碗豆汤 Pea soup
干炸大蚝 Dry fried oyster
干炸鸡卷 Dry fried chicken rolls
干炸酱面 Dry fried noodle with soy bean paste 干炸虾枣 Dry fried prawn
干炸蟹枣 Dry fried crab meat balls 干蒸活鱼 Steamed live fish 干*肉片 Dry fried pork slices 肝糕汤 Liver paste soup 肝泥 Liver paste
高加索红焖鸡 Stewed chicken，Western style 高加索鸡块汤 Chicken soup，Western style 高加索牛肉丝 Sliced beef，Western style
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