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适当的试题能让考生很好的掌握考试节奏，下面是中国招生考试网www.chinazhaokao.com 小编为大家带来的构词法复习课件，希望能帮助到大家!一.术语：
l Grammar can be a full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the language or it covers certain parts of a description, focusing on syntax and morphology.
l Descriptive grammar(描述性语法)examines the rules or patterns that underlie our use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
l Prescriptive grammar(规定性语法)tries to enforce rules about what they believe to be the correct uses of language.
l Syntax(句法) is concerned with the way words combine to form sentences.
l Morphology(形态)is related to the form of words.
l Morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful element in grammar.
l Free morpheme(自由词素)：a morpheme that can occur alone.eg:boy, girl, man...
l Bound morpheme(粘着词素): a morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme.eg: im-, in-, -ed...
l open class words(开放词类): also called lexical words, focus on the form of words. Their membership is fairly open-ended, so we can coin new words to add to them. Eg: N, V, Adj, Adv.
l closed class(封闭词类): also called grammatical words, focusing on functions of words.Their membership is fixed and no words can be created. Eg: Det, pron, prep,conj, aux.
二、语法单位的层级结构
英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)、词素(morpheme)
In writing systems, the hierarchical structure is:
A sentence consists of one or more clauses
A clause consists of one or more phrases
A phrase consists of one or more words
A word consists of one or more morphemes
Lower A morpheme
三.句子分类(按构成)
Simple~(简单句):A sentence consists of only one clause.
Compound~(复合句又并列句):In a sentence containing more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by coordination, it is a compound sentence.
Complex~(复杂句又叫主从句):In a sentence containing more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by subordination, it is a complex sentence.
1.Composition 组合法
2.derivation 派生法
3.conversion 转化法
4.blending 拼缀法
5.back-formation 逆生法;逆序造词
6.shortening 缩略法
7.acronym ['ækrənɪm] 首字母缩写法
一、术语
l Word-formation is the creation of a new word. 构词就是新词的创造。
l Derivation=affixation:it is a combination of a root and one or more affixes.在一个词基(通常是个单词)前面或者后面添加词缀。 如：nation----national
l Compound: it is a combination of two or more free morphemes. 复合词是两个或者多个自由词素组合而成。如：playboy = play+boy
l Conversion, is the derivational process whereby an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.(不加词缀，但是词类发生转变) 如answer：v —— answer : n
l Blending is a process to create a new word from parts of two other words.拼缀词是由两个词的不同部分组成的。 如： smoke(烟) + fog(雾) = smog(烟雾)
l Back-formation refers to the process of creating a new word by removing actual or supposed affixes.将原来单词的真实或者潜在的词缀去掉，从而得到的新词。 如：work-er —— work
l Shortening is a process whereby part of a word is clipped(剪切，截除) so that the original word, usually polysyllabic(多音节的), is reduced to a smaller word without a change in its function.将原来的多音节单词的某一部分截除掉，使它成为一个较短的单词，并不改变词的功能。 如：ad = advertisement ，phone = telephone
l An acronym is a word coined(=created 创造) by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.把一组单词的首字母放在一起而创造新词。如：VIP = very important person
本章多注意辨别7种构词法并且能够举例说明。
Chapter 3. Nouns, pronouns and number 名词，代词和数
一、术语
l A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, event or idea.
l A noun phrase has a key element called the head word(中心词) and this may be preceded by a subsidiary element called a modifier(修饰语).名词短语有个重要成分叫做中心词，前面可能有个辅助成分叫做修饰语。eg: a nice girl
l A pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.The replaced noun is called the antecedent of the pronoun.代词是用来代替名词或者名词短语的一种替代形式。被代替的名词叫做代词的先行词。eg:she, he ....
l Number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, determiners and verbs in English.数是英语中的名词、代词、限定词和动词的一种特征。
l A proper noun is a name used for a particular person,place or thing, and spelt with a capital initial letter.专有名词是表示特定的人、地点和事物，拼写时第一个字母大写。
l A common noun is a name common to a class or people, things or abstract ideas.普通名词表示一般类别、人群、事物或者抽象概念。
l A countable noun is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with determiners. 可数名词有复数，可与数字和表示数量的修饰语搭配。
l A non-countable noun is a noun which has only one form and can be used without a determiner.不可数名词只有一个词形，不用与修饰语搭配使用。
二、名词分类
名词--|专有名词
|普通名词--|可数名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)
(common n.)| |抽象名词(abstract nouns
|物质名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)
|抽象名词(abstract nouns)
三、代词分类
区分人称代词的主格和宾格，形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，及反身代词。
人称代词主格(作主语):I, you, she, he, it, we, they
人称代词宾格(作宾语):me, you, her, him, it, us, them
形容词性物主代词:my, your, his,her, its, our, their
名词性物主代词: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,theirs.
反身代词: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, themselves...
1.一般情况加 s ： book-- books mouth---mouths house---houses girl---girls
2.以 s 、 sh 、 ch 、 x结尾的加 es ： class--- classes box----boxes match----matches
3.辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 i加es： city---cities country----countries party----parties factory----factories
4.以f， fe 结尾的 变f或fe为v +es ：
B.不规则变化
1.man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet,
2.单复数相同: sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese .
3.以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.
man servant—men servants. woman doctor—women doctors.
!!! 本章注意名词的单复数变化情况，并且根据名词单复数选择合适的谓语动词单复数。完成课后习题II和V.
Chapter 4. Determiners and genitives 限定词和属格
一、术语
Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the head word.限定词指的是用在名词短语前置修饰语中的词，一般在修饰中心词的形容词之前。
Group genitive refers to the genitive formed by adding ’s to the last element of a postmodified or coordinated noun phrase.
The double genitive also called “post genitive” because it is a combination of the genitive and the of-phrase.
双重属格又叫后置所有格,它是所有格和of短语的组合。
二、限定词：
1.常见限定词(P91第二段)：
articles冠词，possessive pronouns物主代词, demonstrative pronouns指示代词， numerals数词。
2.限定词功能：identifier 识别功能 quantifiers 数量功能
限定词可以表示definite reference 特指 ; indefinite reference 泛指
3.当多个限定词同时出现共同修饰中心词时排列顺序，如课本(P93表格)：
前位限定词: all, both, twice, many…
中位限定词: 冠词，指示词，物主代词，所有格…
后位限定词: 基数词，序数词，many, much, little...
三.一些限定词的用法
1.All and both
Both (两者之间)都; all (三者或者三者以上)都
2. all, every and each
All:侧重整体。
Every：侧重整体中的所有个体。
Each：侧重整体中的每一个个体。
eg: ____ the girls like shopping.
____ girl likes shopping.
____ girl has her own way of shopping.
3.both, each and either
Both两者都…;Each 每一个… ;Either…(or) 两者之一
Eg: Both sides = each/either side
4. any, either, no (none) and neither
Any和no (none)三者或三者以上，either和neither两者之间。
四、属格有以下几种表示方式：
1.在词尾 's. Eg: Lucy’s book
2.of 短语的形式。Eg: the cover of the book 书的封面
3.双重属格的形式。Eg: a photo of Lucy’s 露西照片中的一张
区分：
a photo of my brother’s 我兄弟的一张照片(属于他，不一定是他)
a photo of my brother 一张我兄弟照片(上面就是我兄弟)
4.Group genitive 集体属格
若并列的两部分共同拥有某物，则在后一个词后加’s.
Eg: Lucy and Lily’s room 共有的房间
若并列的两部分各自拥有某物，则每个词后加’s.
eg: Lucy’s and Lily’s room 各自的房间
5.Local genitive 地点属格
Eg: the bakers’ 面包店 , at Harry’s 在哈利家
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