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考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析一
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise； and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha！ experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2？
[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis？
[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts； Manager Y does not.
[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis； Manager Y does not.
[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem； Manager Y does not.
[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem； Manager X does not.
4. The text provides support for which of the following statements？
[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？
[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
答案与考点解析
1. 「答案」D
「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的senior managers暗示本题的答案信息在第三段,因为第三段首句包含题干中的senior managers。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点,我们可推导出本题的正确选项是选项D.本题选项A、B、C所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和第三点提到。考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义。
2. 「答案」D
「考点解析」这是一道句间关系题。题干已将本题的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本题答案信息的最主要来源,通过阅读和理解此句,我们可推导出本题的正确选项是D.考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系。
3. 「答案」C
「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题。题干中的who uses intuition to reach decisions暗示本题的答案信息在第四段,因为第四段首句含有和题干中who uses intuition to reach decisions大致相同的the intuitive style of executive management。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话,我们可发现第四段的第一句话都在强调act（行动）,可见本题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项C.本题的答案信息来源是第四段的第二句话。考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位,然后要善于归纳和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。
4. 「答案」D
「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题。题干中并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文的准确位置。在这种情况下,考生往往迷失解题思路。在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主旨,并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能够抓住第一段的尾句,并结合第三段的第四、五句,就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D.考生在解题时,尤其是在迷失解题思路时,一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句,同时还要抓一些明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构。
5. 「答案」B
「考点解析」本题是一道段落结构题。第一句话中的do not和第二句句首的rather是破解本题的关键。抓住这两个关键就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B.考生在解题时一定要注意表示否定的词语以及表示启承转合的词语,更要注意句子之间的相互关系。
[参考译文] 大部分成功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式,即：首先确定目标,然后估定问题,摆出各种可能性,估计成功率,再做决定,最后才付诸行动去实施。相反,在这些人的日常决策过程中,他们靠一种定义模糊的直觉应付大量相关问题,这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清,自相矛盾,奇特无比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择,而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动。
管理学作品的写作者早就注意到了实践当中一些管理者对直觉依赖很强。不过总的来说,这些写作者未曾表达出什么叫做直觉。有些人将其视作理性的对立面,还有人认为它是反复无常的（做法、性格）的一个借口。
Isenberg最近对高层管理人员认知过程的研究揭示了管理者的直觉并不是上述的任何一种情况。高层管理者是在五个不同的方面使用直觉。首先,他们直觉地感到有问题存在。第二,依靠直觉,管理者们能很快表现出有教养的行为方式。这种直觉并不是任意,非理性的,而是在多年实践磨练,和亲身体验培养出的技能的基础上形成。第三,直觉把一些零散的数据和实际情况组合为一个完整画面,这经
常表现为一声Aha式的体验。第四,有些管理者也应用直觉来检验更理性化分析的结果。大部分高层管理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具,那些使用这些正式的系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对一种情况保持警惕,那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正确行为的感觉不符。最后,管理者可通过直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决办法。这么使用时,直觉几乎是一个瞬间的思维过程,这一模式为管理者所熟悉。
这些管理者用直觉方式的一个特点是思考和行动不能分开。由于（在这种方式中）管理者在分析和解释问题之前就已经明白应该怎么去做,他们经常是先行动,后解释。在思考?D行动的循环中,分析是必不可少的。在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思考其公司、组织的情况,而是行动和分析在高度一致地进行。
由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况,他们鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解。他们藉此对问题做出更深的体会。这种思考行为循环的一个特点即：行动是确定问题的一部分,而不只是解决问题的步骤。
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析二
Roger Rosenblatt‟s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle‟s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt‟s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors？Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous？ Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable， coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.
Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt‟s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works ?D yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomey‟s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression？
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson‟s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________.
[A] Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.
[B] Comparing various critical approaches to a subject.
[C] Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.
[D] Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.
2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt
Key to exercises:
I. Explain the italicized part in each sentence in your own words.
1. suddenly found myself faced with
2. share the same characteristic
3. summer is an everlasting season
4. let yourself be overcome by
5. keep it in your mind and don’t ever forget it
II. Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word or phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.
1. instead 2. Confronted with 3. lock away 4. welled up 5. summon
6. brief 7. stared 8. whispering 9. evil 10. give in
III. Choose a word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C
IV. Fill in each blank with one of the two words from each pair and note the difference of meaning between them.
1. a. shaking b. shuddered c. shaking d. shuddered
Both words refer to agitated movements that are quick, slight, or intense and are often involuntary expressions of stain of discomfort. Shake, both transitive and intransitive, designates something that is done to as well as by a person or object, while shudder suggests horror, revulsion, or extreme pleasure as possible causes for the involuntary movement that is less noticeable to an onlooker.
2. a. answer b. reply c. reply d. answered
Both words can be used as noun and verb respectively. As noun, when a question is asked, any words or actions in return, or any satisfactory conclusion, may be called an answer; an answer in the form of a statement appropriate to the question is a reply. As verb, answer is transitive while reply intransitive.
3. a. general b. general c. general, common d. common
General means current among the majority of the persons, things, or class specified; common applies to many or a large part.
4. a. small b. tiny c. tiny d. small
Small suggests a slight reduction of proportions that is noticeable but not necessarily objectionable, while tiny refers to so drastic a reduction of scale as to put the thing described outside established norms, as well as suggesting a miniature or model of something.
V. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. pain, grief, sorrow, agony
2. loudly, harshly, roughly
3. sorrow, grief, dismay
4. inconspicuously, unnoticeably
5. small, little
6. meet, gather
7. seriously, severely, hopelessly
8. lengthy, long
VI. Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given capitalized word in the bracket.
1. Nobody wanted to live in the industrial part of the town.
2. The police asked him to give a description of the suitcase he had lost.
3. He had no suspicion that he was being watched.
4. This is Alexandra, my personal assistant.
5. Although some of my work-mates quickly found new jobs after the factory closed down, my brother and I were unemployed for several months.
6. Although I was positive that the girl had stolen my ring, I could not find any proof.
7. With very high scores in the entrance examination/exam, he succeeded in entering the world-famous university.
8. Completely exhausted and utterly starved after a long day’s march, the soldiers could hardly walk any further/farther.
I. Complete the following sentences using the simple past, past progressive or past perfect.
1. were bathing, were looking, were playing
2. was sitting, was reading
3. was leaving, was, arrived, learned, had left, found, had used
4. were playing, heard, hid, took
5. was crying, stepped, was going, managed, didn’t hit
6. gave, thanked, said, had enjoyed, knew, had not read, were
7. had played, reached, entered
8. was running, struck
II. Complete the following passage with the proper form of the verbs given. Para. 1: left, spent, had been travelling, appeared, was, were crossing, could
Para. 2: arrived, was sleeping, stopped, came, were getting, was, had not arrived, would be
III. Correct the errors.
1. …, he talked ... – he was talking
3. when I had remembered – when I remembered
4. He was working – he had been working
5. the Prime Minister had resigned – the Prime Minister resigned【data,suggests,the,majority】
IV. Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the verb in the bracket.
1. take
2. to play
3. lifted, thrown
4. barking
5. played
6. to say
7. beaten
8. bite, slither
9. drop
10. lying
V. Rewrite the following sentences according to the example.
1. Poor as he was, he was honest.
2. Terrible as the storm was, we continued our journey.
3. Hard as he tried, he was unable to make much progress.
4. Tired as I was, I went on working.
5. Much as I would like to help you, I’m afraid I’m simply too busy at the moment.
6. Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.
7. Strong as / though he was, Tom couldn’t lift it.
8. Bravely as / though they fought, they had no chance of winning
I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1. 我10岁那年，突然要搬家，从我唯一知道的家搬走，我心中痛苦万分。
2. 我们似乎有许多不同的方式说再见，但它们都有一个共同之处，那就是令人感到悲哀。
3. 有一天，一场可怕的战争爆发了，我的儿子，就像许许多多的别人家的儿子一样，离乡背井去参加反法西斯战争了。
4. 我在自己的心灵深处搜寻那些构成我们友谊的特殊感情。
II. Translate each of the following sentences into English, using the word or phrase given in the bracket. Inflect the word or phrase where necessary.
1. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.
2. His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.
3. The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy.
4. When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.
5. People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.
6. Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within 3 years.
7. He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education
abroad.
8. We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday.
9. Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past.
10. At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. I. Dictation
Throughout history / the basic unit of almost every human society / has been the family. /Members of the family live together / under the same roof. / They share the economic burdens of life / as well as its joys. / The family head usually has considerable influence / in arranging marriages, / selecting careers / and determining all the important moves and purchases / by any member of the family. / Particularly in conditions / where society or the state / does not give aid / and the responsibilities of the family are greater, / this large group / provides better protection / in times of economic or other emergency.
II. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate.
1. later
2. push
3. what
4. puzzled
5. custom
6. that
7. hosts
8. visitor
9. table
10. however
Rewrite the following sentence fragments to make complete sentences.
1. a. We want to do something perfectly.
b. Sometimes we tend to put off what we can do today till tomorrow simply because we want to do something perfectly.
2. For example, a strict control over the access to the secret data shouldn’t be absent.
3. a. I was born and bred in a city.
b. Being born and bred in a city, I am interested in everything in the countryside.
4. a. Those people can see …
b. Lucky people are those who …
5. The dog ran around the yard to find the ball.
6. Many unique animals live in Australia, such as the kangaroo and the koala.
7. “If only” is a great excuse, especially if it’s something totally out of your control.
8. You feel rewarded for your hard work and get spiritual or sometimes material satisfaction.
9. a. The bird flew through the air, swooping and diving.
b. Swooping and diving, the bird flew through the air.
10. The moon hung in the sky, like a brilliant silver disk.
"APEC blue" is a popular phrase coined by China's netizens to describe the blue sky in the heavily-polluted Beijing during the APEC week, which was a result of tough【data,suggests,the,majority】
emission-reduction measures. The Chinese people hope to make APEC blue a "new normal".
APEC期间，污染严重的北京市出现了久违的蓝天，中国网友戏称其为“APEC蓝”。蓝天重现是严厉减排措施的结果，中国人民希望“APEC蓝”能够成为一种“新常态”。
APEC期间的减排措施包括：周边城市工厂停产（the suspension of production by factories in neighboring cities）、北京及周边城市上路机动车减半（cutting the number of motor vehicles on road by half in Beijing and neighboring cities）等。
emission-reduction measures during APEC include: the suspension of production by factories in neighboring cities, cutting the number of motor vehicles on road by half in Beijing and neighboring cities,etc.
一些专家表示,要努力把“APEC蓝”留住，需要地方政府把“临时减排”变成真的不排,把“临时抱佛脚”变成自觉转变发展方式（change the development mode）、淘汰落后产能（phase out backward production capacities）。在此过程中“,发展权（the right to development）”与“健康权（the right to health）”始终在博弈。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Students‟ Pursuit
for Famous Brands. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1)现在很多大学生都喜欢追求名牌
2)产生这种现象的原因是什么
3)你如何看待这一现象【data,suggests,the,majority】
行文思路
范文
Students’ Pursuit for Famous Brands
Nowadays many college students like to pursue famous brands. From clothes to mobile phones, even study articles like electronic dictionaries and pens, they [1]are inclined to buy
famous brands. [2]Moreover, many students from poor families begin to [3]follow this consumption trend as well. This phenomenon has aroused wide attention.
[4]The following reasons can account for college students‟ preference for famous brands.
[2]Above all, in many college students‟ eyes, a famous brand is a symbol of sophistication
and taste. They expect others to admire their high class and good taste. [2]What‟s more, in modern society, famous brands to some extent are equal to fashion, [5]which has a great attraction to young college students. [2]Besides, parents‟ spoiling their children helps form their bad consumption habit.
[2]As far as I am concerned, [6]it is irrational for college students to pursue famous brands.
[3]After all, most of famous brands are [7] far beyond their consumption ability. [3]Besides,
[8] it is not famous brands but a person‟s noble character that really makes him high class. [3] Therefore, college students should attach more importance to cultivating a good character
[9] rather than pursuing famous brands
大学生使用信用卡
On Credit Card
At present, a wide variaty of credit cards issued by major banks and shopping malls are thriving in colleges and universities across the nation, with a multitude of college students making up a growing population of card holders. Indeed, one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit card, and the figure is expected to be on the steady increse, the latest data published by Yangtze Evening Post suggests.
Like anything prior to the emergence of this small piece of plastic, the increasing popularity of credit card on campus has both bright and dark sides. On the one hand, young adults in college, free from the trouble of pocketing a considerable sum of cash, could enjoy the
convenience of credit cards and purchase expensive goods by installments. On the other hand, however, the irresponsible and excessive use of the cards by these youngsters, the majority of whom are fresh out of middle school incapable of budgeting their money, can make them heavily in debt which will take them years to pay off.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of To Help or Not to Help?. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow:
1. 帮助别人是一种美德
2. 但是帮助陌生人容易使自己陷入麻烦
3. 我的看法
首段阐述意义：In contemporary society, it should be a virtue for individuals to offer help to those who are in need. Without this morality, it is impossible for the society to be named
“Harmony”. Apparently enough, it is of great importance/ significance/ value/ benefits for people to help each other, especially in difficulties.
二段描述负面现象：However, a host of people find it hard or troublesome to offer helps to strangers. We have been frequently informed that(A typical example is that) a warmhearted man --who lends a hand to an old lady—gets himself in trouble. Since helping others may trigger
trouble, a few people refuse to offer help timely. And if we let/allow this situation to continue as it is now, we would not know where civilized society will be in the forthcoming future.
尾段我的看法(或建议)：As college students, we should bear in mind this virtue. However, it is essential that regulations should be worked out to support this virtue. In addition, it is suggested that we should offer aid to strangers in a safe way, such as dialing 12o or 110 for help. If we try our utmost to do so, the future of our society/ civilization will be promising, hopeful and rosy. (以上范文字数为202词，请自己酌情删减即可)
A．观点类：
1.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
2.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …
3.…也不例外 …be no exception
4.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
5..更多地强调 put more emphasis on…
6.致力于 be committed to…
7. 应当承认 Admittedly,
8.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
9.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
10. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
11. …必然趋势 an irresistible(不可抗拒的[iri`zistibl]) trend of…
12.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
13.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with
14.身心两方面 both physically and mentally
15.有间接关系 be indirectly related to…
16. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
17. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary.
18.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
19.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure
20. 实现梦想 realize one's dream/ make one's dream come true
21.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go.
22. 从另一个角度 from another perspective
23.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
24.眼前利益 short-term interest
句型：
1.The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, alone with the advance of the society and the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that……
人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，随着科技发展和经济快速增长、经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题，其中之一便是……
2.Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that.... 最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心______________。
3....... plays such an important role that it un denia bly (无可厚非的)becomes a wide-spread concern of the present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?"
_______显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是："我们该如何抉择?"
4.As society develops, There are a wide-spread concern over……
随着社会的发展，人们开始关注............
5.As to whether it is a blessing or a curse(咒骂[k ;s], however, people take different attitudes. 然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。
6.As to whether it is worthwhile ....., there is a long-running controversial debate. As an an old saying goes every coin has two sides ', it goes without saying that (毋庸置疑) people from different backgrounds may have divergent(相异的) attitudes towards it.
关于是否值得___________的问题，一直以来争论不休。正如谚语所说……因此毋庸置疑，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。
7.In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma.
在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。
8.More and more people become appreciating the convenience of mobile phone.
更多人对……的方便而受到吸引
9.People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting
求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。
10.Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages) 有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。
11.People who advocate that ...,also have their sound reasons (grounds)
坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。
1. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. (08-Text 2)
2. The Internet — and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it — is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. (08-Text2)
3. Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. (06-Text 4)
4. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. (08-Text 1)
5. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. (08-完形)
6. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year — from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley — have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. (07-Text 4)
7. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M& A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. (01-Passage 4)
8. In his article “How Intelligent is Intelligence Testing?” Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,
components also critical to problem solving and life success. (07-Text 2)
9. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice — that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. (05-翻译)
10. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. (03-Text 2)
11. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. (05-Text 4)
12. Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.(05-Part B)
13. So, if the provinces want to run the healthcare show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices. (05-Part B)
14. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own. (05-翻译)
15. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (05-翻译)
16. Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. (06-完形)
17. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. (08-完形)
18. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. (06-Text 1)
19. “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” (07-Text 4)
20. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the maledominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. (00-Passage 4)
21. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines.(03-Text 2)
22. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) — lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standingroom tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10∶30 a.m.(06-Text 2)
23. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. (06-Part B)
24. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (06-翻译)
25. The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (06-翻译)
26. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.(05-完形)
27. Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (07-完形)
28. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. (05-完形)
29. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. (07-Part B)
照应上文提中的publishers in these subjects。
【译文】据国际科技和医疗出版商联合会说，世界范围内致力于这些学科的出版商有2000
多家，他们每年通过16,000份杂志出版120多万篇文章。
2. 【分析】前一个句子的主干为The Internet and pressure„is making access„；介词结构from funding agencies作pressure的定语；who引导的定语从句修饰agencies，该定语从句中
包含一个why引导的宾语从句；第二个句子句末的this指代上句的内容。
【译文】因特网——以及来自研究资助者的压力，这些资助者们对出版商为什么通过限
制进入而从政府资助的研究中获得利润表示质疑——使人们容易获得科学结果。“经济
合作与发展组织”刚刚公布了一份报告，描述了因特网对出版业的深远影响。
3. 【分析】冒号前后各包含两个并列句；冒号前this指代冒号后的全部内容；冒号后的第二个分句包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰the ones。
【译文】许多因素让人们认为艺术家是怪异的，而最怪异之处在于：艺术家的唯一工作是探究人的情感，但却选择把焦点放在感觉糟糕的人身上。
4. 【分析】when引导状语从句修饰主句their chemical responses became„；主句中的those 照应上文的chemical responses。
【译文】一些研究中，过度压力下的雌性老鼠切除卵巢（雌性生殖器官）时，其化学反应与雄性鼠就相同了。
5. 【分析】该句主干是he is publishing a paper。together with„作状语；which引导定语从句修饰paper，该定语从句中包含由not only„but also连接的并列句：前一个分句中的that引导的从句作suggests的宾语，后一个分句中that引导定语从句修饰process。
【译文】他携手其他两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，该论文不但提出有一类人比其他所有人都聪颖有智慧，而且还进一步解释了引起这一进化的原因。
6. 【分析】本句是一个简单句。句子主干为Several massive leakages„have left managers
peering into„。其中peering into„作managers的宾语补足语，介词结构in search of„作目的状语；破折号之间的部分起补充说明作用，其中as diverse as„作定语修饰organizations。
【译文】今年的几起严重的客户和雇员资料泄漏事件发生在不同类型的机构，如时代华纳公司、美国防卫承包科技应用国际公司，甚至博克利加利福尼亚大学，这些事件使得经营者们匆忙查看他们复杂的信息系统和交易步骤，以寻找潜伏的弱点。
7. 【分析】句子的主干是I believe that„。其中that引导一个宾语从句，forces是该从句的主语，behind the massive M& A wave后置作其定语，表语the same后的that引导一个定语从句修饰forces；冒号后的部分作the most important forces的同位语，对forces进行解释说明。
【译文】我认为，隐藏在大规模的合并与收购浪潮背后的极其重要的力量，与引起全球化进程的力量是一致的：交通、通讯费用的下降，贸易和投资壁垒减少，以及市场的扩大都要求扩大运作以满足消费者的需求。
8. 【分析】Sternberg notes that„为句子的主干。that 引导的宾语从句的主干是traditional tests best assess„but fail to measure„；其后的components„作creativity and practical knowledge的同位语，其中形容词结构critical to problem solving and life success作定语修饰components。
【译文】斯德伯格在他的文章“智力测试是如何高明”中指出，传统测试有效地评估了分析技巧和语言技巧，但是却没有测出创造力和实际知识，以及解决问题和生活成功的重要因素。
9. 【分析】该句的主干是：Creating a “European identity”„ is no easy task and demands„。第一个that引导的从句作“European identity”的定语，其中包含which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰cultures and traditions；破折号后的部分作strategic choice的同位语。
【译文】创造一种能够尊重不同文化与传统的欧洲特色并不是一件很容易的事情，而这些文化传统将会成为维系欧洲大陆的基础结构，这需要一种战略性的选择——即在欧洲本地制作属于欧洲人的节目。
10. 【分析】本句是一个由because引导的因果关系复合句。主句中的谓语recruit有两个并列宾语not only well-known personalities„和but all who receive medical treatment；前一个宾语中包含一个who引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰Stephen Cooper，后一个宾语中who引导定语从句修饰all。
【译文】最后，由于投下赌注的最终还是那些病人，所以，医学研究界不光要请曾大胆陈述了动物研究价值的名人斯蒂芬·库珀，同时，还要请所有接受治疗的人参与这项事业。
11. 【分析】该句的主干是John McWhorter„sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English。句首介词短语作状语；Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care,是John McWhorter编写的书的名称，是book的同位语；a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views是John Mcwhorter的同位语。
【译文】约翰·麦克沃特，一位语言学家，同时也是一位持自由和保守观点的好争论者，在他最新的一本书《做我们自己的事——语言与音乐的衰退，以及我们为何应该喜爱和关心》中认为二十世纪六十年代反文化运动的胜利应为正式英语的没落负责。
12. 【分析】本句的主干是Canada-s premiers„might spare a moment to do something。括号中的部分对premiers进行解释说明，因为一般情况下，当我们看到premier这个词都会以为是“总理”，但在本文，相当于“省长”；其后的if引导条件状语从句；to reduce health-care costs是用来补充说明to do something。注意本句中的假设用法，带有讽刺意味；spare a moment to do sth.意为“抽一点时间做某事”。
【译文】如果加拿大省府官员(省政府领导人)在7月下旬的年会上抱怨渥太华后还有力气的话，可能会花点时间做一些事，减少健康福利的支出。
一、明星代言问题
On the Celebrity Spokesperson
Currently, we could hardly live a single day without seeing a celebrity spokesperson promoting a product or a social campaign on TV, net or other media. This is an intensely popular trend that we cannot fail to notice.
There is no doubt that the celebrity spokespeople could boost the sale of a product. A host of celebrity spokespersons, however, have emerged as the marketing tool of some companies, even companies producing and selling fake and inferior items. This kind of behavior has produced negative impacts on consumers and whole society, which should be severely criticized and penalized. Of course, as is known to all, everything has both bright and dark sides. Some stars’ endorsement of social activities and public campaigns raises public awareness, giving rise to changes in public behavior. In this case, they serve as positive role models of the general public. To name only one case: Pu CX, a household figure, acting as the celebrity spokesman of the China AIDS Foundation, contributes greatly to the cause of AIDS prevention and cure in China.
二、关于选秀节目
Over the past couple of years, a variety of talent shows have emerged on TV channels across the nation, from Super Girls to Happy Boys and so forth. This type of entertainment program is intensely popular, especially among young adults and has produced profound impacts on their studies and life.
There are a couple of reasons behind the tide. To start with, young folks need role models to learn from. So many of them are crazy for contestants participating in these programs. This gives rise to the increasing emergence of these shows because TV networks naturally need to cater to young audiences. Plus, thanks to economic and political reforms carried out by the government, this crop of young generation have more freedom and desire to express and showcase themselves. Therefore, a growing number of young people desire to get involved in these shows.
This is a divisive topic. On my personal level, the talent show is a superb means of relaxing and amusing and can hugely relieve our strains. As college students, however, we could not afford to indulge in them and should be aware of the utmost importance of studies.
三、食品安全问题
On the Food Security
Over the past couple of years, several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media. The problem of food security has become a hot button across society. The prevalence of food insecurity has greatly impacted public health, which the government could not afford to ignore, according to the online edition of the People Daily.
There are a couple of driving forces, I would argue, behind this undesirable tide. First, in the course of the rapid economic evolution, we ignore moral education, giving rise to the rising rate of the problem. More importantly, the lack of adequate regulation and punishment on those illegal producers enforces the trend.
As Confucius instructed, it is better late than never. Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend. The government should launch a massive moral campaign to educate all citizens and draw up tougher laws to crack down on those irresponsible corporations and prohibit them from entering the food industry again. I am firmly convinced that through our combined
efforts we are bound to enjoy more risk-free foods in the days ahead.
四、社会不文明现象
On Uncivilized Behaviors
We cannot fail to notice that countless uncivilized behaviors exist in our daily lives, such as spitting, talking loudly, littering, saying nasty words in public places and so forth. All these are bad manners that we should not lose sight of. As an ancient land enjoying a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years, China is witnessing a surge in improper acts that every Chinese citizen should feel ashamed of. Uncivilized behaviors by a host of Chinese both at home and abroad have seriously affected China’s image, according to an editorial posted on People Daily’s official website.
As Chinese, we should not get offended when others point out our weaknesses but should focus more attention on improving ourselves. We should strive to identify the causes of those improper behaviors and find ways to eliminate them. There are a host of causes, I would argue, behind this trend. To name only one: the lack of moral education. The government should wage a massive moral campaign to fight against this trend and we ourselves should endeavor to behave decently in our daily lives. As college students of the new age, we should take the leading role.
五、感恩
On Cultivating the Sense of Gratitude
On college campuses across the nation, there is a noticeable phenomenon that we cannot afford to ignore: far too many young college students lack the sense of gratitude, one of the countless traditional virtues of this ancient land with a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years. These young adults were not and are not aware of the huge importance of expressing gratitude to those who once helped them, from teachers to parents and so forth.
Personally, I deem that the root cause of students without a graceful heart is that they receive an education not valuing the moral sphere. I strongly believe that joint efforts from folks across society are the final remedy for this social headache. As young university students of the new era, we should make our own contributions to this cause. Imagine a world without the sense of gratitude. This kind of world is doomed to failure. Simply put, we should join our hands to heighten our awareness of fostering a graceful heart. Only in this way can we build our society into a harmonious one. My fellow students, I beg you to act from now on.
六、大学生使用信用卡现象
On Credit Card
At present, a wide vareity of credit cards issued by major banks and shopping malls are thriving in colleges and universities across the nation, with a multitude of college students making up a growing population of card holders. Indeed, one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit card, and the figure is expected to be on the steady increse, the latest data published by Yangtze Evening Post suggests.
Like anything prior to the emergence of this small piece of plastic, the increasing popularity of credit card on campus has both bright and dark sides. On the one hand, young adults in college, free from the trouble of pocketing a considerable sum of cash, could enjoy the convenience of credit cards and purchase expensive goods by installments. On the other hand, however, the
irresponsible and excessive use of the cards by these youngsters, the majority of whom are fresh out of middle school incapable of budgeting their money, can make them heavily in debt which will take them years to pay off.
On my personal level, while enjoying a host of conveniences the credit card may bring, we couldn’t afford to ignore a conspicious fact: in most cases, parents are our sole financial sources.Instead of spending without any restrict, we are supposed to put studies on the top of our agenda and move ourselves beyond heavy dependence upon our parents
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