【www.guakaob.com--小升初】
一、 语音
音素、音标的概念
（1）音素是记录英语语音的最小单位，英语共48个音素，20个元音，28个辅音。 （2）音标是记录音素的符号，现在我们用国际上通用的48个音标来记录英语语音。为了把音标与字母进行区分，常把音标放在[ ]或者/ /里。 音标的分类
记录英语音素的48个音标可分为元音和辅音两大类。
元音：发音时声带振动，呼出的气流在通过口腔时，不受阻碍发出的语音叫做元音。国际音标中有20个元音，里面包括12个单元音和8个双元音。
1、单元音：[i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a:] [۸] [כ:] [כ] [ə:] [ə] [u:] [u] 2、双元音：[ai] [ei] [iə] [əu] [uə] [au] [εə] [כi]
辅音：辅音音标：分为清辅音和浊辅音，清辅音发音时声带不振动，浊辅音发音时声带振动。
1、清辅音：[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [t∫] [tr] [ts] [h]
2、浊辅音：[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [δ] [з] [dz] [dз] [dr] [m]
[n] [ŋ] [l] [r] [w] [j]
元音：
前元音：[i:] [i] [e] [æ] 后元音：[ɑ:] [כ:] [כ] [u:] [u] 中元音：[۸] [ə:] [ə]
双元音：[ai] [ei] [iə] [əu] [uə] [au] [εə] [כi]
辅音：
爆破音：[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] 鼻音： [m] [n] [ŋ]
摩擦音：[f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [∫] [з] [r] [h] 破擦音：[t∫] [dз] [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz] 半元音：[w] [j] 舌边音：[l]
前元音： [i:]
eat [ i:t ] 吃 tea [ ti: ]茶 peach [ pi:tʃ ]桃
he [ hi:]他 she [ ʃi: ]她 beef [ bi:f ] 牛肉 jeep [ dʒi:p ]吉普车 key [ ki: ] 钥匙 meat [ mi:t ] 肉 [i]
fish [ fiʃ ] 鱼 kid [ kid ] 小孩 fifth [ fifθ ]第五 sister [ 'sistə ] 姐妹 this [ ðis ] 这个 is [ iz]是 six [ siks ] 六 pig [ pig ]猪 [e]
desk [ desk ] 桌子 pencil [ 'pensəl ]铅笔 pen [ pen ] 钢笔 dress [ dres ] 连衣裙 red [ red ] 红色的 eleven [ i'levən ] 十一 bed [ bed ] 床 bread [ bred] 面包 egg [ eɡ]蛋 [æ]
bag [ [bæg] ]包 fan [ fæn ] 风扇 math [ mæθ ]数学 jacket [ 'dʒækit ] 夹克衫 rabbit [ 'ræbit ] 兔子 apple [ 'æpl ]苹果 can [ kæn] 可以 cabbage ['kæbidʒ] 卷心菜 中元音： [۸]
young [ jʌŋ ]年轻人 funny [ 'fʌni ]滑稽可笑的 Monday['mʌndi ]星期一 Sunday['sʌndi ] lunch [ lʌntʃ ]午餐 under [ 'ʌndə ]在…下面 sometimes [ 'sʌmtaimz ]有时 [ə:]
curtain [ 'kə:tən ]窗帘 her [ hə:]她的 skirt [ skə:t ]裙子 shirt [ ʃə:t ]衬衫 nurse [ nə:s ]护士 thirty [ 'θə:ti ]三十 [ə]
today [ tə'dei ]今天 mirror [ 'mirə ]镜子 river [ 'rivə ]河，江
summer [ 'sʌmə ]夏季 winter [ 'wintə ] 冬季 colour [ 'kʌlə ]颜色
后元音： [ɑ:]
grass [grɑ:s]草 smart[smɑ:t]聪明 park [ pɑ:k ] 公园 grandpa [ 'ɡrændpɑ: ]爷爷 classroom [ 'klɑ:srum ]教室 farm [ fɑ:m ] 农田 farmer [ 'fɑ:mə ]农夫 bathroom [ 'bɑ:θrum ] 卫生间 are [ ɑ:]是 [כ:]
floor [ flɔ: ]地板 tall [ tɔ:l ]高的 short [ ʃɔ:t ] 不足 for [fɔ:]为了 salty [ 'sɔ:lti ]咸的 fall [ fɔ:l ]秋天 walk [ wɔ:k ]走 board [ bɔ:d ]木板 wall [ wɔ:l ]墙 [כ]
closet [ 'klɔzit ]壁橱 forest [ 'fɔrist ]森林 because [ bi'kɔz ]因为 mom [ mɔm ]妈妈 what [ hwɔt]什么 chopsticks [ 'tʃɔpstiks ]筷子 dog [ [dɔɡ]狗 doctor [ dɔktə ]医生 sock [ sɔk ]袜子 [u:]
fruit [ fru:t ]水果 noon [ nu:n ]中午 school [ sku:l ]学校 blue [ blu: ]蓝色的 cool [ ku:l ] 凉爽的 shoe [ ʃu: ] 鞋子 room [ ru:m ]房间 soup [ su:p ] 汤 [u]
book [ buk ] 书 look [ luk ]看 wood [ wud ]树林 classroom [ 'klɑ:srum ]教室 notebook [ 'nəutbuk ]笔记本
bathroom [ 'bɑ:θrum ] 卫生间 bedroom [ 'bedru(:)m ] 卧室
双元音(一) [ai]
kind [ kaind]和蔼的 like [ laik ]喜欢 why [ hwai ] 为什么 quiet [ 'kwaiət ] 安静的 Friday ['faidi ]星期五 behind [ bi'haind ]在…后面 July [dзu:lai]七月 fly [ flai ] 飞 [ei]
grape [greip ]葡萄 lake [ leik ]湖泊 today [ tə'dei ]今天 they [ ðei]他们 name [ neim ]名字 play [ plei ]玩 snake [ sneik ]蛇 [iə]
here [ hiə ] 这里 ear [ iə ]耳朵 near[niə]近的 really [ 'riəli]真地 [əu]
old [ əuld]老的 potato [ pə'teitəu ]土豆 road [ rəud ]马路 yellow [ 'jeləu ]黄色的
双元音(二) [uə]
sour [ 'sauə ] 酸的 sure [ ʃuə]当然可以 [au]
flower [ 'flauə ]花 house [ haus]房子 fight [ fait ] 打架 eight [ eit ]八 may [ mei ] 可以 cake [ keik ]蛋糕 dear [ diə ]亲爱的 clothes [ kləuðz ]衣服 cold [ kəuld ]寒冷的 flower['flauə] 花 about [ ə'baut ]关于
now [ nau ]现在 mouth [ mauθ ] 嘴巴 cloud [ klaud ]云 [εə]
there [ ðεə]那里 wear [ wεə ]穿着 pair [ pεə ]一双 yeah [ jεə ]是 chair [ tʃεə ]椅子 [כi]
boy [ bɔi ] 男孩 noise [ nɔiz ]噪音
爆破音 [p]
pencil [ 'pensəl铅笔 pants [ pænts ]裤子 pig [ pig]猪 please [ pli:z ]请 [b]
book [ buk ]书 beef [ bi:f ]牛肉 board [ bɔ:d ]木板 [t]
two [ tu: ]二 today [ tə'dei ] 今天 tofu [ 'təufu: ] 豆腐 teacher [ 'ti:tʃə ]老师 toy [ tɔi ]玩具 enjoy [ in'dʒɔi ]享受 pen [ pen ] 钢笔 picture [ 'piktʃə ]照片 play [ plei ]玩 pear [ pεə ]梨 potato [ pə'teitəu ]土豆 park [ pɑ:k ]公园 boy [ bɔi ]男孩 bed [ bed ]床 bread [ bred ]面包 brother [ 'brʌðə ]兄弟 big [ big]大的 banana [ bə'nɑ:nə]香蕉 ten [ ten ]十 time [ taim ]时间 twelve [ twelv ]十二 twenty [ 'twenti ]二十 tomato [ tə'mɑ:təu]西红柿 tasty [ 'teisti ]美味的 tell [ tel ] 告诉
现 代 教 育 把握现代，成就未来
英语国际音标发音与训练（小升初）
一、英语字母与英语音素：
1.英语中有26个字母，其中5个元音字母：a, e, i, o, u。 它们的音标分别是： /ei/, /i:/, /ai/, / əʊ /, /ju:/。剩下的21个字母都是辅音字母。
2. 英语音素：48个。元音音素：20个，辅音音素：28个。
3. 元音音素：12个单元音，8个双元音。
4. 单元音：
前元音：/i:/ /I/ /e/ /æ/
中元音：/ʌ/ / ɜ: / /ə/
后元音：/ↄ: / / ɒ / /u: / /ʊ/ / ɑ:/
5. 双元音：
合口双元音：/eI/ /əʊ/ /ɑI/ /ɑʊ/ /ↄI/【小升初英语音标教学PPT】
集中双元音：/Iə/ /eə/ /ʊə/
6. 辅音：
英语爆破辅音：/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
英语摩擦辅音：/f/ /v/ /ө/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ӡ/ /h/ /r/
英语破擦辅音：/ʧ/ /ʤ/
英语鼻音辅音：/m/ /n/ /ƞ/
英语舌侧辅音：/ l/ /ł/
英语半元音：/w/ /j/
英语辅音连缀： /tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/
二、英语音素与练习：
（1）元音音素：
1. 单元音：
前元音：
/i:/：me, he, be, bee, see, sea, tea, she, tree, three, eat, meat, meet,
green, jeans, between, teenager, fifteen, meal, sheep, east, need,
feel, peach, each, teach, teacher, meter, sweet, see, week, weak,
weekend, read, fever, clean, easy, speech, feed, leave, agree, keep, people, free, speak, season, reason,
/I/ : in, this, will, his, six, miss, pink, sing, ill, kill, still, ticket, sit, it, bit,
pick, sick, did, chick, lip, fish, milk, swim, ship, quick, lip, big, fill, pig, sister, dinner, wind, window, skipping, clinic, thin, rich, busy,
wish, dish, finish, little, sing, spring, city, delicious
/e/ : get, let, pet, desk, yes, chess, next, text, best, met, pen, pencil, bed,
west, guest, tennis, egg, red, net, rest, set, test, wet, lend, mend, tell, well, fell, letter, sweater, head, bench, bread, many, ten, seven, end, medicine, help, check, yes, then, menu, never, ever, lesson,
very, says, said,
/æ/：fat, map, and, land, man, plan, bag, cat, apple, fan, Japan, dad,
sad, sand, lad, stamp, black, hat, cap, ambulance, angry, have,
catch, carry, stand, travel, hand, rabbit, animal, lamp, cabbage, family, dragon, Africa, bank, Saturday, can, candy, camera, act,
happy, candle, than, that, thank, glad, matter, bad, happen,
handsome, math, taxi,
中元音：
/ʌ/ ：but, come, cut, must, bus, us, up, color, mother, such, uncle, duck,
luck, lucky, fun, funny, sun, sunny, love, worry, son, brother,
other, another, study, lunch, Sunday, under, umbrella, number,
nothing, wonderful, run, running, young, cover, above, money,
much, cup, cousin, monkey, Monday, summer, brush, trouble, something, some, just, supper, country,
/ɜ:/ ：girl, shirt, bird, skirt, nurse, work, worker, first, thirteen, third,
thirty, dirty, thirsty, worth, birth, birthday, circle, world, her, early, turn, person, Thursday, worm, prefer, certain, temperature, heard, learn, earth,
/ə/： teacher, mother, father, sister, brother, farmer, driver, singer,
dancer, worker, answer, under, visitor, waiter, writer, bigger,
winter, soldier, meter, theater, manager, cleaner, ruler, eraser,
woman, picture, future, camera, tiger, actor, China, number, after, 后元音：
/ↄ: / ：four, for, short, door, floor, more, before, wall, call, all, tall, ball,
draw, saw, horse, or, daughter, report, reporter, boring, warm,
talk, your, north, forty, sport, autumn, fall, important, bought,
thought, ought, because, corn, corner, born, store, score,
/ ɒ / ：box, dog, doctor, doll, often, lot, top, boss, chopstick, shop, job,
sock, office, coffee, got, golf, long, hospital, orange, lost, bottle,
crocodile, tomorrow, borrow, cost, hot, on, wash, watch, song, follow, what, stop, fox, frog, wallet, not, sorry,
/u: / ：too, zoo, room, pool, food, goose, tooth, school, stool, soon,
moon, kangaroo, cool, noon, tool, fool, broom, cartoon, choose, shoot, afternoon, juice, blue, noodles, true, truth, fruit, shoes,
through, lose, group, do, ruler, two,
/ʊ/ ：good, cook, took, book, foot, stood, wood, look, wool, classroom,
bathroom, bedroom, mushroom, boyhood, woman, put, full, notebook, could, would, should, wolf, sugar, push,
oo字母组合发短音的常见8个单词：
A good cook took a book, his foot stood by the wood and looked.
好厨师拿书，脚站树林看。
/ ɑ:/：far, father, glass, grass, garden, car, farm, farmer, large, ask, fast,
bath, party, arm, are, star, start, bar, part, heart, dark, last, park,
guitar, giraffe, market, card, banana, basket, basketball, class,
hard, art, artist, pass, park, laugh,
2. 双元音：
合口双元音：
/eI/ ：table, plate, cake, radio, beefsteak, take, make, same, name,
play, great, stay, day, say, today, birthday, may, place, space,
eight, wait, waiter, maybe, pain, again, save, way, always, case, gray, afraid,
/əʊ/ ：go, ago, so, no, nose, home, those, rose, hope, alone, potato,
tomato, boat, goat, coat, tomorrow, row, oh, OK, kilo, lonely, know, piano, yellow, grow, bowl, own, show, low, cold,
/ɑI/ ：I, kite, bike, white, five, knife, ice, rice, nice, write, Mike, mice,
time, nine, while, eye, sky, pie, lie, die, light, right, night, fly, my, mind, quite, cry, buy, tired, fine,
/ɑʊ/ ：house, cow, how, now, down, about, out, mouse, flower, blouse,
sound, mountain, count, hour, ground, found, round, brown,
crowd,
/ↄI/ ：boy, toy, coin, oil, boil, noise, point, joy, join, enjoy, voice,
choice
集中双元音：
/Iə/ ：ear, deer, dear, here, hear, tear, beer, theater, museum, clear,
year, cheer, appear, serious, fear, near, engineer,
/eə/ ：pear, pair, air, airport, chair, hair, fair, square, care, careful,
there, bear, where, wear, their, theirs,
/ʊə/：poor, sure, tour, tourist, jewel, cruel, Europe,
（2）辅音音素： 1.清辅成对辅音(20个)：
[p]-[b] [t]-[d] [k]-[g] [f]-[v] [s]-[z] [θ]-[ð] [ʃ]-[ʒ]
[ts]-[dz] [tʃ]-[dʒ] [tr]-[dr]【小升初英语音标教学PPT】
/p/: pen map help cheap pencil paper apple happy appear /b/: bag by bed boy bus blue rabbit cabbage
/t/: ten time not get table bottle bottom little pretty watched
washed /d/: desk door day dog add daddy middle played cleaned
climbed answered
/k/: cat come cut clock cry picture school Christmas chemistry book bike cake kite Kate look /g/: go girl big get egg bigger biggest guess great glad game golf again glass grass goat God dog goal
/f/: five fish fine family fifteen photo phone elephant laugh enough off coffee
/v/: very five have of leave voice visit visitor themselves
/s/: nice city cycle sit six some bus use us desk books miss class
/z/: is his please music lose husband apples leaves thieves
knives size exercise prize zoo reason
/θ/: three thank month thin thought three throw tooth teeth south north month mouth through
/ð/: this the with than breathe though mother father there
that these those /ʃ/: she shoe short shop wash sure Asia special sufficient
delicious
/ʒ/: usually television pleasure garage /ts/: shirts hurts coats costs goats Let’s kites gates dates pizza /dz/: beds birds hands friends decides
/tʃ/: chair much lunch China watch picture question teach teacher
rich future each reach /dʒ/: age page huge orange gentle gentleman general bridge
porridge judge jump jacket just June Jim sandwich
/tr/: tree trip try true truth train /dr/: dress drive hundred children drink dry draw dream
2.单个辅音（8个）：
/h/: he her have hand head hair who whom whose hard home
hello
/r/: red right three sorry worry hurry carry carrot write wrong /l/: let look please lake people tell full till bell /m/: man meat meet time common communicate climb lamb
autumn
/n/: name nice nine near under know knife Ann /ŋ/: sing long young morning thank think ink pink English /w/: we window work walk what why where white
/j/: yes you year yellow young onion review million billion Europe
三、开音节与闭音节：
一、开音节：
1. 分类：
开音节分两种，一种叫绝对开音节，一种叫相对开音节。
①绝对开音节：单个元音字母后面没有辅音字母的重读音节。例如： no she he we by ...
②相对开音节：单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母，再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节。例如：
name these bike home excuse like ...
2. 元音字母在开音节中的读音：
①绝对开音节：
以一个元音字母结尾的重读音节。这个元音字母在单词中发它在字母表中的音，即它本身的读音。如：no, he。
②相对开音节：
在含有一个元音字母的重读音节中，在元音字母后有一个辅音字母(r除外)与一个不发音的字母e，也是开音节。这个元音字母发它本身的音。可以用辅+元+辅+e来记住。如：name, fine。
3. 发音练习：
①绝对开音节：
ta-ble po-ta-to ba-by la-dy A-my
na-tion he me we be she se-cret
hi Chi-na bi-cycle
no so hel-lo go so-fa (do, to除外）
me-nu stu-dent mu-sic u-sually
— 3. 发音练习：
— ②相对开音节：
— name same take late fame race date hate
— cake gate age wave save table (have例外）
— these Chi-nese Japa-nese theme scene
— comp-lete
— fine line mine time kite bike nice rise
— de-cide nine like ice drive twice wise
— rose hope nose hope phone home
— huge use ex-cuse
—
二、闭音节：
— 含有一个元音字母，并以辅音字母(r, w除外)结尾的重读音节为闭音节。
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