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washoe learned american sign language篇一：2014年职称英语 概括大意和完成句子(10) -Washoe Learned American Sign Language
第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community１ and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.
2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe’s progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, “Who is coming to play?” Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5 Debate continues about chimps’ understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure — Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
词汇：
chimpanzee /5tFimpEn5zi:/ n．黑猩猩 workings /5wE:kiN/ n．活动，运行
critic /5kritik/ n．评论家，批评家 primate /5praimit/ n．灵长类动物
community /kE5mju:niti/ n．社区，圈子 chimp n．= chimpanzee
注释：
1. in the scientific community：在科学界，在科学家的圈子里
2. American Sign Language（ASL）：美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美国聋哑人语言。在
加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用 ASL。ASL与 British Sign Language（BSL英国手语）不同，两者不能相互理解。
3. led to debate：引起辩论。 lead to意为“导致”，to为介词， debate为名词。
4. she grew to understand about 250 words：她渐渐掌握约 250个单词。 grow to是“渐渐”的意思。
5. Once：一旦。 once是连接词。例 :Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦学会了如何骑自行车，就会喜欢上它。
6. of their own：属于自己的。 of their own的含义与 on their own不同，on their own是“独自”的意思。
7. the Gardners：Gardner夫妇
8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe …：像个体研究者 Jane Goodall这样的科学家相信……。 like（像，跟……一样）是介词，本句的谓语是 believe。句子中的 private researcher意为“不受雇于任何单位，自己独立工作的科研人员。 ”
练习：
1. Paragraph 1 A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays
2. Paragraph 2 B C Report about Washoe’s Progress in Learning Sign Language General Information about Washoe
3. Paragraph 3 D The Gardeners’ Contributions Recognized
4. Paragraph 4 E F Debate on Chimps’ Intelligence Washoe’s Love for Three Young Chimps
5. Washoe could make signs to communicate
6. Some scientists doubted
7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language
8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent
A if the Gardeners' argument was sound B because she was cleverer than other chimps C when she wanted to eat
D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F while Washoe was learning sign language
答案与题解：
1. C 第一段主要介绍猩猩 Washoe的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等一般情况。用 General Information about Washoe来概括是很准确的。
2. B第二段的关键句是 In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.随后的句子简略的介绍了 Washoe的学习情况和结果，如已学会了 250个单词，并能用手语表达“该吃饭了”等概念。所以， Report about Washoe’s Progress in Learning Sign Language（选项 B）是答案。
3. E第三段介绍了对 Gardener夫妇发表的报告有两种不同的解读。一派认为 Washoe的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为知识智能的表现，其证据是 Washoe还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。争论的焦点是猩猩有没有智能。选项 E用 debate来概括上述争论，所以是答案。
4. A 第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多。部分原因是研究周期太长。
5. C选 C 的第四段第二句： Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat.
6. A 第三段的上半段说了一些科学家对 Gardener 夫妇的试验的解读所持怀疑态度。题干中出现的 doubted引导我们选 A。
7. D 选 D DE依据是第三段的昀后一句 ,即“He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.”
8. E本文第二段谈到试验的成果时有一个句子： “She could request foods like apples and bananas”。根据全段意思和上述句子，选择 E是正确的。
第十篇 Washoe学会了美国手语
一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为 Washoe的黑猩猩上个月底在美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心，自然死亡， 42岁的高龄。 Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，她能够使用美国手语。她是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。她的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和他们所能理解的语言的争议。 科学家 Allen和 Beatrix Gardner于 1966年开始教 Washoe手语。1969年，Gardner在科学的报告中描述了 Washoe的进步。对 Washoe做实验的人说 Washoe逐渐掌握了约 250个单词。例如， Washoe能用手语表达“该吃饭了!”。她能要苹果和香蕉这样的食品。她也问诸如“谁要来玩 ?”之类的问题。 Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。
然而，批评者认为 Washoe只学会了看她的教师的手语重复动作。他们说 Washoe从来没有发展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质刺激的结果。可是 Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。 Roger Fouts以前是 Gardner夫妇的学生。 Roger Fouts把 Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里， Washoe教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。 像 Jane Goodall这样的独立的科学家认为 Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。今天，没有那么
多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的—— Washoe改变了有关动
物智能可能性的普遍观点。
washoe learned american sign language篇二：11_Washoe Learned American Sign Language
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
Washoe学会了美国手语
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language. 一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月月底在 美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心自然死亡,死时42岁。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，是 因为它能够使用美国手语。它是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。它的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和它们所能理解的语言的争议。
2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed. 科学家Alien和Beatrix Gardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。1969年，Gardners在科学的报 告中描述了 Washoe的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250个单词。例如， Washoe能用手语表达“该吃饭了”!它能要苹果和番蕉这样的食品。它也问诸如“谁要来玩”之 类的问题。Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究 领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。
3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive. 然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看它的教师的手语重复动作。他们说Washoe从来没有发 展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类动物学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬 背、物质刺激的结果。可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。Roger Fouts以前是Gainer夫妇的 学生。Roger Fouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里，Washoe教三个年 轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。
4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time. 像Jane Goodall这样的独立的科学家认为，Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。 今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。
5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence. 对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的~"Washoe改 变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。
词汇:
chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 critic n.评论家，批评家
community n.社区，圈子 workings n.活动，运行
primate n.灵长类动物 chimp n.=chimpanzee
注释：
1. in the scientific community : 在科学界，在科学家的圈子里
2. American Sign Language(ASL): 美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美国聋哑人语言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASL。ASL与British Sign Language(BSL英国手语)不同，两者不能相互理解。
3. led to debate: 引起辩论。lead to意为“导致”，to为介词，debate为名词。
4. she grew to understand about 250 words: 她渐渐掌握约250个单词。9row t0是“渐渐”的意思。
5. Once : 一旦。0nce是连接词。例:Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦学会了如何骑自行车，就会喜欢上它。
6. of their own: 属于自己的。of their own的含义与on their own不同， on their own是“独自”的意思。
7. the Gardners: Gardner夫妇
8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe...: 像个体研究者Jane Goodall这样的科学家相信……。like(像，跟……一样)是介词，本句的谓语是believe。句子中的private researcher意为“不受雇于任何单位，自己独立工作的科研人员。”
练习：
1. Paragraph 1▁▁
2. Paragraph 2▁▁
3. Paragraph 3▁▁
4. Paragraph 4▁▁
A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays
B Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language
C General Information about Washoe
D The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized
E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence
F Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps
5. Washoe could make signs to communicate
6. Some scientists doubted
7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language
8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent
A if the Gardeners' argument was sound
B because she was cleverer than other chimps
C when she wanted to eat
D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F while Washoe was learning sign language
答案与题解：
1. C 第一段主要介绍猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等一般情况。用General Information about Washoe来概括是很准确的。
2. B 第二段的关键句是In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.随后的句子简略的介绍了Washoe的学习情况和结果，如已学会了250个单词，并能用手语表达“该吃饭了”等概念。所以，Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language(选项B)是答案。
3. E 第三段介绍了对Gardener夫妇发表的报告有两种不同的解读。一派认为Washoe的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为知识智能的表现，其证据是Washoe还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。争论的焦点是猩猩有没有智能。选项E用debate来概括上述争论，所以是答案。
4. A 第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多。部分原因是研究周期太长。
5. C 选C 的第四段第二句：Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat.
6. A 第三段的上半段说了一些科学家对Gardener 夫妇的试验的解读所持怀疑态度。题干中出现的doubted引导我们选A。
7. D 选D DE 依据是第三段的最后一句,即“He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.”
8. E 本文第二段谈到试验的成果时有一个句子：“She could request foods like apples and bananas”。根据全段意思和上述句子，选择E是正确的。
washoe learned american sign language篇三：第十篇：Washoe Learned American Sign Language
第十篇：Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1. An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.
2. Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardeners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
3. However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language
movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true
language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's
keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardeners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
4. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe8 Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5. Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure — Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
词汇：
chimpanzee /,tʃimpænzi:/n．黑猩猩
community /kə'mju:niti/ n．社区，圈子
primate /'praimeit / n．灵长类动物
critic /'kritik/ n．评论家，批评家
workings n．活动，运行
chimp /tʃimp/ n．=chimpanzee 黑猩猩
注释：
1. in the scientific community：在科学界，在科学家的圈子里
2. American Sign Language (ASL)：美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美国聋哑人语言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASLO。ASL与British Sign Language （BSL，英国手语）不同，两者不能相互理解。
3. led to debate：引起辩论。lead to意为“导致”，to为介词，debate为名词。
4. …she grew to understand about 250 words：……她逐渐掌握了约250个单词。grow to是“渐渐”的意思。
5. once：一旦。once是连接词。例如：Childten like to cycle once they have learned how．小孩一旦学会了如何骑自行车，就会喜欢上它。
6. of their own：属于自己的。of their own的含义与on their own不同，on their own是“独自”的意思。
7. the Gardners:Gardner夫妇
8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe…：像个体研究者Jane Goodall这样的科学家相信……"，like（像，跟……一样）是介词，本句的谓语是believe。 句子中的private researcher意为“不受雇于任何单位，自己独立工作的科研人员”。
练习:
1. Paragraph 1_________
2. Paragraph 2_________
3. Paragraph 3_________
4. Paragraph 4_________
5. Washoe could make signs to communicate_________.
6. Some scientists doubted_________.
7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language_________.
8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent_________.
2014年职称英语教材综合类概括大意与完成句子
第十篇：Washoe Learned American Sign Language
答案与题解：
1. C 第一段主要介绍黑猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等一般情况。用General Information about Washoe来概括是很准确的。
2. B 第二段的关键句是：In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report。随后的句子简略介绍了Washoe的学习情况和结果，如已学会250个单词，并能用手语表达“该吃饭了”等概念。所以，Report about Washoe' s progress in learning sign language （选项B）是答案。
3. E 第三段介绍了对Gardener夫妇发表的报告有两种不同的解读。一派认为Washoe的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为这是智能的表现，其证据是Washoe还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。争论的焦点是黑猩猩有没有智能。选项E用debate来概括上述争论，所以是答案。
4. A 第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多。部分原因是研究周期太长。
5. C 选C的依据是第二段第四句：Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat0
6. A 第三段的上半段说了一些科学家对Gardener夫妇的实验的解读所持怀疑态度。题干中出现的doubted引导我们选A0
7. D 选D的依据是第三段的最后一句，即“He took Washoe to a research
center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive."
8. E 本文第二段谈到实验的成果时有这一个句子："She could request foods like apples and bananas.”根据全段意思和上述句子，选择E是正确的。
译文
第十篇 Washoe学会了美国手语
一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月月底在美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心自然死亡，死时42岁。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，是因为它能够使用美国手语。它是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。它的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和它们所能理解的语言的争议。
科学家Allen和Beatrix Gardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。1969年，Gardners在科学的报告中描述了Washoe的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250．个单词。例如，Washoe能用手语表达“该吃饭了”！它能要苹果和香蕉这样的食品。它也问诸如“谁要来玩”之类的问题。Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。
然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看它的教师的手语重复动作。他们说Washoe从来没有发展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类动物学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质刺激的结果。可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。Roger Fouts以前是Gardner夫妇的学生。Roger Fouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里．Washoe教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。
像Jane Goodall这样的独立的科学家认为，Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。
今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。
对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的——Washoe改变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。
washoe learned american sign language篇四：a10 Washoe Learned American Sign Language
Washoe Learned American Sign Language 2009-02-28 00:07:02| 分类： 英语 | 标签： |字号大中小 订阅 .
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Wash0e had become known in the scientific community 1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.
2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to（渐渐） understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time. 5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
chimpanzee /t?imp?n'zi: / n. 黑猩猩 critic /'kritik/ n. 评论家，批评家
community /ka'mju:niti/ n. 社区，圈子 workings n. 活动，运行
primate / 'praimeit / n. 灵长类动物 chimp /t?imp/n. = chimpanzee 黑猩猩
注释:
1. in the scientific community:在科学界，在科学家的圈子里
2. American Sign Language ( ASL) :美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美聋哑人语言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用 ASL。ASL与British Sign Language (BSL，英国手语)不同，两者不能相互理解。
3. led to debate:引起辩论。lead to意为"导致" ，to为介词，debate为名词。
4，…she grew to understand about 250 words:…她逐渐掌握了约 250 个单词。grow to 是"渐渐"的意思。
5. once:一旦。once是连接词。例如:Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦学会了如何骑自行车，就会喜欢上它。
6. of their own:属于自己的。of their own 的含义与 on their own 不同，on their own 是"独自"的意思。
7. the Gardners: Gardner夫妇
8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe ... :像个体研究者Jane Goodall这样的科学家相信......，like，(像，跟……一样)是介词，本句的谓语是 believe。句子中的 private
researcher意为"不受雇于任何单位，自己独立工作的科研人员"。
washoe learned american sign language篇五：010-第十篇：Washoe Learned American Sign Language
第十篇：Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe’s progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, “Who is coming to play?” Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language
movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true
language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5 Debate continues about chimps’understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure — Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
练习：
1．Paragraph 1 _____
2．Paragraph 2 _____
3．Paragraph 3 _____
4．Paragraph 4 _____
A Reason Why Not Many Scientist Carry out This Research Nowdays
B Report about Washoe’s Progress in Learning Sign Language
C General Information about Washoe
D The Gardeners’ Contributions Recognized
E Debate on Chimps’ Intelligence
F Washoe’s Love for Three Young Chimps
5．Washoe could make signs to communicate _____.
6．Some scientists doubted _____.
7．Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language _____.
8．The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent _____.
A if the Gardeners’ argument was sound
B because she was cleverer than other chimps
C when she wanted to eat
D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F while Washoe was learning sign language
第十篇Washoe学会了美国手语
一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月底在美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心，自然死亡，42岁的高龄。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，她能够使用美国手语。她是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。她的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和他们所能理解的语言的争议。
科学家A1len和BeatrixGardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。1969年，Gardners在科学的报告中描述了Washoe的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250个单词。例如，Washoe能用手语表达"该吃饭了!"。她能要苹果和香蕉这样的食品。她也问诸如"谁要来玩?"之类的问题。Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。
然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看她的教师的手语重复动作。他们说Washoe从来没有发展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质刺激的结果。可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。RogerFouts以前是Gardner夫妇的学生。RogerFouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里，Washoe教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。
像JaneGoodall这样的独立的科学家认为Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。
对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的一-Washoe改变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。
washoe learned american sign language篇六：职称英语综合类概括大意与完成句子第10篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language逐句翻译
Washoe Learned American Sign Language Washoe学会了美国手语
An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。 A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. 一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月月底在 美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心自然死亡,死时42岁。Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，是 因为它能够使用美国手语。 She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. 它是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.它的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和它们所能理解的语言的争议。
Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. 科学家Alien和Beatrix Gardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. 1969年，Gardners在科学的报 告中描述了 Washoe的进步。
The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250个单词。 For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat.例如， Washoe能用手语表达"该吃饭了"！ She could request foods like apples and bananas. 它能要苹果和番蕉这样的食品。She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?"它也问诸如"谁要来玩"之 类的问题。 Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究 领域展开研究。The whole direction of primate research changed.灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。
However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. 然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看它的教师的手语重复动作。They said she had never developed true language skills. 他们说Washoe从来没有发 展真正的语言技能。Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. 即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类动物学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬 背、物质刺激的结果。Yet Washoe's keepers
disagree. 可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners.Roger Fouts以前是Gainer夫妇的 学生。 He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. Roger Fouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.在这里，Washoe教三个年 轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。
Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees像Jane Goodall这样的独立的科学家认为，Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。 Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. 今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。 Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。
Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. 对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.然而，有一件事却是肯定的~"Washoe改 变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。
词汇:
chimpanzee n．黑猩猩 critic n．评论家，批评家
community n．社区，圈子 workings n．活动，运行
primate n．灵长类动物 chimp n．=chimpanzee
注释：
1. in the scientific community : 在科学界，在科学家的圈子里
2. American Sign Language(ASL): 美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美国聋哑人语言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASL。ASL与British Sign Language(BSL英国手语)不同，两者不能相互理解。
3. led to debate: 引起辩论。lead to意为"导致"，to为介词，debate为名词。
4. she grew to understand about 250 words: 她渐渐掌握约250个单词。9row t0是"渐渐"的意思。
5. Once : 一旦。0nce是连接词。例:Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦学会了如何骑自行车，就会喜欢上它。
6. of their own: 属于自己的。of their own的含义与on their own不同， on their own是"独自"的意思。
7. the Gardners: Gardner夫妇
8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe...: 像个体研究者Jane Goodall这样的科学家相信……。like(像，跟……一样)是介词，本句的谓语是believe。句子中的private researcher意为"不受雇于任何单位，自己独立工作的科研人员。"
练习：
1. Paragraph 1▁▁
washoe learned american sign language篇七：Washoe Learned American Sign Language 黑猩猩学会了美国手语
Washoe Learned American Sign Language 黑猩猩学会了美国手语
1.An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.
1.一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月月底在 美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心自然死亡,死时42岁。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，是 因为它能够使用美国手语。它是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。它的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和它们所能理解的语言的争议。
2.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
2.科学家Alien和Beatrix Gardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。1969年，Gardners在科学的报 告中描述了 Washoe的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250个单词。例如， Washoe能用手语表达“该吃饭了”!它能要苹果和番蕉这样的食品。它也问诸如“谁要来玩”之 类的问题。Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究 领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。
3.However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
3.然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看它的教师的手语重复动作。他们说Washoe从来没有发 展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类动物学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬 背、物质刺激的结果。可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。Roger Fouts以前是Gainer夫妇的 学生。Roger Fouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里，Washoe教三个年 轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。
4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
4.像Jane Goodall这样的独立的科学家认为，Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。 今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。
5.Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence. 对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的~"Washoe改 变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。
washoe learned american sign language篇八：American Sign Language Grammar Rules
American Sign Language
Grammar Rules
Twelveth Draft: January 2008 by Kevin Struxness, MA
English: Subject-Verb-Object I love apple pie. ASL: Subject-Verb-Object I love apple pie.
Subject-Verb-Object-Subject I love apple pie I.
Object-Subject-Verb Apple pie I love.
Verb-Object-Subject Love apple pie I.
Object-Verb-Subject Apple pie love I.
Symbol --- Q --- -- ----------- q -------------
English: ASL: 1) You want ice cream? (Delete “Do”)
-------------- q -------------
2) Ice cream you want some?
--- q --
Are you deaf? You deaf? (Delete “Are”)
---------- q ---------- Have you met Alexander Graham Bell? You finish meet AGB? (Delete “Have”) We use “have” for possession.
---------- q ---------- Have you been there? You finish touch there?
I have a question for you. (Sign a question mark in the air.)
(who, what, where, why, how, which, how many, how much)
Symbol --- WQ --- ---- wq ----
-- wq -
---------- wq ---------
Note: if you place at the beginning, use the non-manual markers from the beginning to the end.
-wq -
Note: if you place at the end, adopt the non-manual markers only at the location of ------------- wq ------------
Note: if you use a double wh-question, use the non-manual markers from the beginning to the end.
Exception:
----- q --- English: How are you? ASL: How you? (This is intended to start a conversation)
----------- q -------------
Why don’t we go to the movies? Why not we go movie? (In a state of excitement)
--- q ----
Who won the game? Who won? (With strong curiosity)
-------- q -------- Where did you find it? Where you find? (In a state of happiness)
---- q ----- --- q ---- Why not? Why not? Or, why-not? (In a state of excitement, not asking for an
- explanation)
Note: If you use Wh-words for a non-Wh-question function, you keep your facial expression in a neutral manner
ASL: I know where Bob work.
Mother know what I want.
(who, what, where, why, how, how many, what for, how much)
Symbol --- RQ ---
This type of question is used for someone to answer their own questions. It should not be used too much. As a general rule, use the RQ every 15-25 sentences. Many ASL users sign “why” in the RQ mode as a substitution for “because”.
-- rq -- English: -- rq --
- n - - rq - Mother could not come because she was sick. Mother not come why? she sick.
Although this type of question deals with the Wh questions most of the time, the rhetorical question can be used for a yes/no question, too.
--- rq ---- - y - Do I want to go? Yes, I want to go. Want go I ? Yes, I want go.
This situation occurs when someone is excited, surprised or even angry. They increase intensity in signing as well as sign faster. Sometimes they nod their head.
English: The San Diego Padres won! ASL: San Diego Padres won! Good! Good!
I passed the class! I pass class! He kicked me! He kick me!
.
Symbol --- y --- (head nodding)
- y - English: Tom can sign ASL. ASL: Tom can sign ASL.
------ y ------------
Tom can sign ASL. (This is permissible if the sentence is very brief.)
Symbol --- n --- (with squeezed eyebrows and headshake)
----- n --- ---- n --- --- n --- ---- n --- -- n - I agree. -- n -- Unable not able Note: The negative sign can be left out while preserving the negative facial expression. Sometimes we replace negative prefixes (un, im, in, dis) with “not” Use “not” for negative contractions such as “don’t”, “isn’t” Use “can’t” for “can not” “Won’t” and “refuse” share with same sign while mouthing “won’t” ---- n --- Exception: No one, nobody and refuse don’t require a negative facial expression.
Note: 1) Single pronouns are perfectly okay.
2) Don’t mouth the repeated pronoun in the same sentence. -------- q ----------
Do you like ASL? You like ASL you?
Note: Delete a (indefinite), an (indefinite), the (definite). Seldom, keep the for specifying a person or an object, especially in the presence of the signer.
English: Five days a week ASL: Five-day every-week I have TTY.
You have pager. The car needs repair. Point-car need repair.
Exception: 1) Keep or It also applies to the “a” and “an”.
2) Keep
Note: English prefers the plural, while ASL prefers the singular. In many cases, you need to change from a plural
English word to a singular ASL word. ASL is always singular unless notified otherwise. ASL functions on singularity on the widespread assumption some situations are always plural. Below are examples for
clarification.
---------- wq ---------------
English: ------ q --------
Do you like animals? You like animal?
I have friends at school. I have friend there school. -- ti --
Bring hot dogs to the picnic today. Today bring hot dog for picnic.
Boys and girls boy, girl (one time movement for each) Men and women man, woman
Note: However, if the ASL signers want to emphasize something plural in their sentences, below is the guide for
plurality. 3) Use cluster affix such as “group” or demonstrative pronouns such as “these” with an index finger
4) If not, repeat the noun sign twice to the right (This is called reduplication or repetition) You can’t use repetition along with a quantifier or a number except for child+ and parent+. It is okay to say “many child+”.
5) Use plural pronouns (we, they, all-of-you)
We have blue bowls. 2) Kid group outside. We like cool thing. (Same sign movement for singular or plural uses.)
Parent++, child++
Year ++
Exception:
Like English, ASL sentences should have a verb. A complete sentence contains a noun and a verb. Of course, there are exceptions such as where?, your name?, what time? Also, ASL doesn’t have verb conjugations in many cases. Below are many types with explanations and examples for your better understanding.
Note:
.
2) Become can function as a to-be verb. Example: . 3) Use “past/before” for the past tense “was/were”
4) Use “future/will” for “will be” 5) Use “now/present” for “am/is/are”
(need to, should, must, can, would, might, could)
Note: (for emphasis)
Note: ASL uses present tense verbs for both past and present tenses.
English:
I want know if I can leave now.
Exception: born, broke, caught, forgot, got, left, lost, saw, sold, told, won, fed up, shot, wrote, stole, tore
English: I saw you. ASL: I saw you.
I was born in Utah. I born there Utah. / I born Utah.
Note: While English verbs are regularly conjugated to show tense and number, ASL has no endings and modified verbs.
Inflection markers are usually omitted.
You look surprise. normal, natural read slow, read-slow (sign “read” slowly)- add a hyphen fruit include watermelon North California Best Western Best Western (no change for formal names)
Exception: 1) Any words with permanent -s, or -es markers (i.e., United States, scissors, pants, glasses, clothes,
physics, always, politics, gymnastics).
2) Also adjectives/adverbs/nouns with permanent -ing or -ly markers (i.e., outstanding, friendly, rubbing
alcohol, measuring cup, baking soda, whipped cream, pudding, frosting, shortening.)
3) Did
washoe learned american sign language篇九：2012年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目(阅读判断、概括大意、阅读理解、补全对话)
2012年职称英语综合类
新增文章篇目
+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章
阅读判断（2篇）
第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England
*第十一篇 Computer Mouse
概括大意与完成句子（2篇）
第六篇 How We Form First lmpression
第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language
阅读理解（15篇）
第一篇 Telling Tales about People
第八篇
第十篇
第十一篇
第十六篇 The Changing Middle Class A Letter from Alan The Development of Ballet The Sahara
*第十九篇 The Family
*第二十篇 Tales of the Terrible Past
*第二十六篇 Seeing the World Centuries Ago
*第三十篇 “Lucky” Lord Lucan ----- Alive or Dead
*第三十三篇 Oseola McCarty
+第三十四篇 To Have and Have Not
+第三十五篇 Going Her Own Way
+第三十七篇 Pop Music in Africa
+第三十八篇 Why So Many Children?
+第四十七篇 Narrow Escape
补全短文（2篇）
第九篇 Heat Is Killer
*第十一篇 Virtual Driver
注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；
2、阅读判断，请参见第4页；概括大意与完成句子，请参见第8页；阅读理解，请参见第13页；补全短文，请参见第43页
3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。
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答》；高清网络课堂、手机看课，尽在中华会计网校（
阅读判断
第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England
A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007，toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.
"lt felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,3" said the woman.
The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered
56under the English Channel，about 8.5 miles south of Dover and near the entrance to the Channel
Tunnel.
Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.
"I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me." said Hendrick
8van Eck，27，of Canterbury about 60 miles southeast of London."I then heard the sound of
cracking，and it was getting heavier and heavier9.It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down."
There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year，but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham.
The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931，measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest erthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However，people should not be scared too much by this prediction，Musson said，as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.
词汇:
moderate /'mɔdərit / adj. 中等的 magnitude /'mægnitju:d/ n. 值，强度量
topple /‟tɔpl/ v. 倾倒，震倒 rouse /ravz/ v. 唤醒
tremor /‟tremə (r) / n.震动 hop /hɔp/ v. 齐足跳起
fun-fair n. 公共露天游乐场 scale /skeil/ n. 震级
forthcoming /„fɔ:θ‟kʌmiŋ)/ adj. 即将来临的 evacuate /i'vækjveit / v. 疏散
geological / dʒiə'lɔdʒikəl/ adj. 地质的
注释:
1. power:电力
2. Kent County:肯特郡[位于英格兰东南部]
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答》；高清网络课堂、手机看课，尽在中华会计网校（1074
3.It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride. 它(地震)给人的感觉是 整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动.ride是游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置。as if 是"好像„„一样；仿佛"，例如:He treated me as if I were his son. 他待我如同待他的儿子一样。
4. the.4.3-magnitude quake:里氏4.3级地震
5. English Channel:英吉利海峡
6. Dover:多佛尔[英格兰东南部港口城市]
7. Channel Tunnel:海峡隧道。Channel Tunnel (常简称为Chunnel)是连接英法两国的海峡隧道。
8. Canterbury:坎特伯雷[英格兰东南部城市，中世纪时曾是宗教朝圣圣地]
9. it was getting heavier and heavier:爆裂声越来越响
10. Birmingham:伯明翰[英格兰中部城市]
11. the Richter scale:里氏震级表。美国地震学家 Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985)于1935年制定了地震震级表。
12. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.英国地质勘测所的科学家 Roger Musson 说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。
13. a matter of time:时间问题。又如: It's not a matter of money. 这个不是钱的问题。
练习:
1. During the April 28 earthquake，the whole England was left without power.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
3. It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured，but not seriously.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4. France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5. The country's strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解:
1. B 题句说2007年4月28日的地震致使全英格兰都停电，与短文第一段第一句表达的内容不符。短文说地震殃及英格兰东南部的肯特郡部分地区，电力中断，几千名居民无电可用。所以，题句是错误的，答案为B。
2. C 本题所说的意思是:地震发生后，海峡隧道关闭了10小时。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
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答》；高清网络课堂、手机看课，尽在中华会计网校（
3. A 题句的意思是:地震中一个妇女的头部和颈部受了点轻伤。题句表达的意思与第一段最后一句表达的内容相符。所以选项A是答案。
4. C 题句表达的意思是:法国和其他几个欧洲国家派遣他们的医疗队去英国与当地的医生并肩工作。这一内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
5. B 题句所说的英国最强烈的地震于1580年发生在伦敦，这与短文表述的事实不符。短文
第七段第一句明白无误地说，英国最强烈的地震于1931年发生在北海。题句表达的信息是错误的，故答案为B。
6. A 题句说Masson预言在英格兰东南部迟早将发生另一次地震。这一说法与短文最后一段第三句所表达的意思相符。所以答案是A。
7. A 短文第六段第一句说，全球每年发生强度为里氏4级左右的地震有几千次，但是这种中等强度的地震在英格兰很少发生。据此，读者可以容易地推断出，高震级的地震在英格兰就更少见了。
*第十一篇 Computer Mouse
The basic computer mouse is an amazingly clever invention with a relatively simple design that allows us to point at things on the computer and it is very productive. Think of all the things you can do with a mouse like selecting text for copying and pasting1，drawing，and even scrolling on the page with the newer mice with the wheel. Most of us use the computer mouse daily without stopping to think how it works until it gets dirty and we have to learn how to clean it. We learn to point at things before we learn to speak，so the mouse is a very natural pointing device. Qther computer pointing devices include light pens，graphics tablets and touch screens，but the mouse is still our workhorse.
The computer mouse was invented in 1964 by Douglas Englehart of Stanford University. As computer screens became more popular and arrow keys were used to move around a body of text，it became clear that a pointing device that allowed easier motion through the text and even selection of text would be very useful. The introduction of the mouse，with the Apple Lisa computer in 1983，really started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks.
How does the mouse work? We have to start at the bottom，so think upside down for now. It all starts with the mouse ball. As the mouse ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls over the mouse pad，it presses against and turns two shafts. The shafts are connected to wheels with several small holes in them. The wheels have a pair of small electronic light-emitting devices called light-emitting diodes (LED) mounted on either side4. One LED sends a light beam to the LED on the other side. As the wheels spin and a hole rotates by，the light beam gets through to the LED on the other side. But a moment later the light beam is blocked until the next hole is in place. The LED detects a changing pattern of light，converts the pattern into an electronic signal，and sends the signal to the computer through wires in a cable that goes out of the mouse body. This cable is the tail that helps give the mouse its name. The computer interprets the signal to tell it where to position the cursor on the computer screen.
So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used.5One problem with this design is that the mouse gets dirty as the ball rolls over the surface and picks up dirt. Eventually you have to clean your mouse. The newer optical mice avoid this 5 最新、最全、最权威的职称英语考试免费辅导资料：《每日一练》、《考试周刊》、《猜单词 过考试》、《有问必
答》；高清网络课堂、手机看课，尽在中华会计网校（32
washoe learned american sign language篇十：【2013职称英语】综合类概括大意与完成句子题目和译文word汇总
【2013职称英语】综合类概括大意与完成句子题目和译文word汇总
概括大意与完成句子
目录
第一篇 The Making of a Success Story
第二篇 The Paper Chase
第三篇 English and English Community
第四篇Alaska
第五篇 Why Does Food Cost So Much
第六篇 How We Form First Impression
第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss
第八篇 Earthquake
第九篇 Transport and Trade
第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language .
*第十一篇 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing
*第十二篇 Intelligence: a Changed View
+第十三篇 Screen Test.
+ 第十四篇 Heartbeat of America
+ 第十五篇 Smoke Gets in Your Mind
第一篇 The Making of a Success Story
阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后的练习分两部分,第一部分要求从所给的选项里选出所标段落的段落标题；第二部分要求根据文章的内容用所给的选项来完成句子。
The Making of a Success Story
1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.
2 IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not a furniture company in the beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings .
3 IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging , so Kamprad expanded the product line . Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.
4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in the early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus response to the
first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .
5 In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.
6 Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries .Amazingly ,Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-help company .In 2004 he was named the world's richest man , He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself , though ,just keeps on growing.
1. Paragraph 2 ____.
2. Paragraph 3 ____.
3. Paragraph 4 ____.
4. Paragraph 5 ____.
A. Ingvar Kamprad – a born businessman
B. Success brought by the introduction of showrooms
C. The origin of IKEA
D. Specialization in selling furniture
E. Flat packaging – a feature of IKEA
F. World-wide expansion of IKEA
5. Even when he was only a child, ____.
6. ____, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.
7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA‘s showrooms because ____.
8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, ____.
A. IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things.
B. it is highly welcomed by both
C. Ingvar Kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business.
D. he lives happily in retirement
E. here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.
F. Ingvar successfully manages the company all by himself
答案与题解：
C第二^介绍了 IKEA这个店名的来源以及它刚开始的时候是一家什么样的小杂货店。
D第三段讲了 IKEA通过邮购方式销售自己设计、自己制造的家具，业绩喜人，从而扩大生 产线，专事家具产销。
B 1^3年IKEA弓丨°入展示厅的做法得到很好的反响，销售大大增加。
E Kamprad从别人拆卸家具中得到启发，于是试行销售平板包装的家具，既利己又利人，并 使独立自行成为IKEA的一个特色。
G时间状语从句告诉我们这里要讲的是Ingvar小时候的事情，文章的第一段就说了他从小 就会做买卖。 A这句话的后半句说IKEA几年以后才变成一家专营家具的公司，前半句很可能讲它的前 身是什么。 E这句的主句讲了顾客们喜欢IKEA的展示厅，从句用because引导，很清楚要求给出原
因。
B这句先给了原因，即平板包装对双方来说都省钱，那么结果便是双方都欢迎。
译文：
发迹史
宜家（IKEA)是世界上最大的家具零售商。它的幕后经营者是Ingvar Kampmd,可谓世界上 最成功的企业家之一。Kampmd 1926年生于瑞典，天生就有做商人的资质。还是个孩子时，他就 喜好卖东西，并在社区中通过售卖火柴、种子和铅笔赚了些小钱。Kampmd 17岁时，他父亲给了 他一些钱作为考试成绩优秀的奖励。当然了，他用这笔钱做了生意，成立了宜家。
宜家这个名字取自Kampmd全名的首字母（I.K.)和他成长地名称的缩写（―E‖ ―A‖）。如 今宜家以其现代、风格简约的家具而闻名，然而发家时它却不是一个家具公司。那时，它出售的 商品五花八门。Kampmd销售任何可以打折低价出售并盈利的物件，包括手表、钢笔和长袜。 宜家最初在1947年通过邮寄产品目录来出售家具。这些家具都是由Kampmd家附近的生产商
设计和制造的。起初的销售额非常喜人，所以Kamprad扩大了生产线。因为家具销售成为宜家非 常重要的一个生意份额，宜家于1951年成为了专营家具公司。
1953年，宜家在瑞典的Almhult开立了第一家展示厅。今天宜家因其店面的大空间和家具的 引人摆设而闻名，但在20世纪50年代初的时候，人们只是通过产品目录订购。所以宜家的首间 展厅备受瞩目，因为人们十分乐意能够在购买之前亲眼看到并试用这些家具。这样的销售模式促 进了销售额的增长，使得公司继续茁壮成长。截至1955.年，宜家已开始独立地设计其所有的家 具。
1956年,Kamprad看到有一个人通过拆解桌子来方便装运，从而受到启发。这个人让他灵光 一闪，想出了平板包装的点子。平板包装对宜家意味着更低的货运费以及对客户而言更低的售价。 宜家如此示范，销售额因此一路飙升。虽然顾客自己拼装家具有些麻烦，但是时间一长，这样的 亲手操作倒成了宜家的强项。现今，宜家被视为有独立自行的风格。这样的形象为公司在销售额 和经营规模上带来了奇迹般的效果。
今天宜家在32个国家开有超过200家分店。令人惊叹的是，Ingvar Kamprad设法将宜家保持 为一家私有企业。2004年，他被冠名为世界上最富有的人。他如今住在瑞士，已脱离了宜家的日 常经营。而宜家将继续成长。
第二篇 The Paper Chase
阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后的练习分两部分,第一部分要求从所给的选项里选出所标段落的段落标题；第二部分要求根据文章的内容用所给的选项来完成句子。
The Paper Chase
1. "Running a house is lot like running a business." says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:
2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work. whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room.
3. When in doubt, throw it out, the first step to implementing a workable filling system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read.
4. Set aside two days a month to pay bills, if a monthly due date doesn't fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date, keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills — one to correspond with each bill-paying day — and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaces.
5. Think of your filling system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filling system is both mentally and physically flexible, everyone's needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this?" Create main headings for your filling system, such as investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.
练习：
1. Paragraph 2 __________
2. Paragraph 3 __________
3. Paragraph 4 __________
4. Paragraph 5 __________
5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____________________.
6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition ____________________.
7. Coupons should be thrown away because ____________________.
8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact ____________________.
译文：
文件整理
Stephanie Denton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和 记录工作。他说，“打理房子更像做生意”。如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供 了如下建议： 创造一个可以一直做文书工作的空间。这或许是一个成功机制的最重要的部分。如果你没有 整张桌子的话，至少要有一个可以移动的小车来储存那些经常使用的文书，还要有一个带两个抽 屉的柜子来存放家庭记录。把这个可移动的小车放在你工作最方便、最舒适的地方，无论是厨房、 办公室还是家庭游艺室。 当有怀疑的时候，就把它扔出来。建立一个可行的档案系统，首先要把那些你不用、不需要 或者你可以在其他地方轻易得到的文件扔掉。扔掉那些复件、旧索引和所有你永远不会有机会使 用甚至阅读的优待券、邮件和礼券。
每个月留出两天时间付账单。如果每个月的结账日期不适合你，打电话给你的债权人并建议 换一个更方便的日期。建立一个与每个结账日相对应的账单系统，在你当前的账单系统前放两个 马尼拉折叠夹来整理所有进来的账单。在每个需要付账的文件夹前列一个清单以防发票没到或者 放错了地方。
你的档案系统不是一个严格的工具，而是一个活生生的、能够呼吸的、能适应你不断变化需 要的系统。一个好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性。Denton说，每个人的需要都是 不同的，但是在设计档案系统前问问自己，“我要到哪儿去找它呢?”为你的档案系统加上主要的 标题，比如投资、税务、孩子等，然后将文件夹分类放在标题下。不要把你的文件夹塞得过满。
第三篇 English and English Community
阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后的练习分两部分,第一部分要求从所给的选项里选出所标段落的段落标题；第二部分要求根据文章的内容用所给的选项来完成句子。
English and English Community
1. There is no denying that English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small
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