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职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇一：第六题完形填空第八篇Look on The Bright Side看光明的一面
第八篇Look on The Bright Side看光明的一面
Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1 B) expected )____to besuccessful? 你曾经想要让自己变得更乐观吗？
1. A) counted B) expected C) felt D) waited
1．B看到后面的不定式，应马上想到expect，这是常见搭配，意思是“期望做某事”，放在此处也符合句意，故选B。
Having someone around who always (2 C) fears )____the worst isn't really a lot of (3 D) fun). 想过让自己变成一个总是期待成功的人吗？
2. A) worries B) cares C) fears D) doubts
3. A) amusement B) play C) enjoyment D) fun
2．C此句大意为“若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣”，此处符合逻辑的只有worry和fear,但worry要与about搭配，故C为正确答案。
3．D A,B,D都有“乐趣”的意思，但口语中常和a lot of搭配的只有fun，意为“很多乐趣”。
We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, "It looks (4 D) like)_ rain. " 若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣——就像我们都知道某些人看到天空有一片云便说要下雨。
4. A) so B) to C) for D) like
4．D look like意为“看起来像……，看上去要……”，符合句意，为正确答案。
But if you catch yourself thinking such things' , it's important to do something ( 5 C) about )_ it. 但是你要是发现自己也这样想了，那就有必要针对它采取一些措施了。
5. A) with B) against C) about D) over
5．C 此句意思为“对此采取一些措施是重要的”，A与D搭配不当，直接被排除，B选项against容易被误选，译为“采取措施来对抗它”，但此处的it是指代前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实。我们只能针对这个情况采取措施，不能去对抗它，C选项比较合理。
You can change your view of life, (6 B) according ) _ to psychologists. 根据心理学家的说法，人们可以改变对生活的看法。
6. A) judging B) according C) concerning D) following
6．B according to固定搭配，意为“根据……”。
It only takes a little effort,and you'll find life.more rewarding as a (7) _. A) result 只需一点儿努力，你将发现生活会回报给你的更多。
7. A) result B) reason C) purpose D) product
7．A as a result是个惯用短语，表示结果，意为“最后，结果，最终”。整句译为“只需一点儿努力，你将发现生活会回报你更多”。 Optimism, they say, is partly about self-respect and confidence, but
it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8 C) offer )-'人们说乐观主义在一定程度上是自尊和自信，但它也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度。
8. A) supply B) suggest C) offer D) propose
8．C此句的含义为“乐观主义也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度”。只有A与C与句意相符，但supply是不及物动词，须与介词with搭配，故C选项正确。
Optimists are more (9 B) likely ) _ to start new projects and are generally more preparedto take risks2. 乐观主义者更有可能开始新的项目，通常也更容易准备好去承担风险。
9. A) possible B) likely C) hopeful D) welcome
9．B分析上下文意思，此处乐观主义者是更容易开始新项目，be likely to是习惯用法，译成“倾向于，很有可能”，be possible to也有这样的意思，但主语一般是it，故选B。
Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10 B) attitude ) _ to the world. 很显然，成长经历对于你对待世界的态度的形成是至关重要的。
10. A) opinion B) attitude C) view D) position
10.B想要表示“对……的看法，意见，态度”，可以用opinion about，view of，或是attitude to/towards，根据惯用说法，B选项最为合适。
Somepeople are brought up to (11 C) depend) _ too much on others and grow up forever blaming otherpeople when anything (12 A) goes ) _ wrong. 有些人养成了过于依赖别人的习惯，一旦事情出了差错，便责备他人。
11. A) trust B) believe C) depend D) hope
11.C四个选项中只有depend能与on搭配，表示“依赖于……”，其他三个选项均为及物动词，因此答案是C。
12. A) goes B) falls C) comes D) turns
12.A something goes wrong是习惯说法，意思是“出毛病，弄错，发生故障”，其他选项不能这样搭配。
Most optimists, on the (13 C) other ) _ hand, havebeen brought up not to (14 A) regard ) _ failure as the end of the world - they just (15 B) get on ) -with their lives. 然而另一方面，许多乐观主义者被教导，不要把失败当成世界末日，只需继续生活。
13. A) opposite B) next C) other D) far
13．C此处涉及的惯用说法是on the one hand…，on the other hand…，翻译成“一方面……，另一方面……”，C为正确答案。
14. A) regard B) respect C) suppose D) think
14.A regard…as…是固定搭配，意为“把……看做……”，A为正确答案，D选项容易干扰应试者的判断，但具有“把……看做……”含义的短语应
为think“…as…。
15. A) get up B) get on C) get out D) get over
15．B本题涉及的两个固定搭配为get on with和get over with，前者意为“继续……”，为正确答案，后者意为“完成，结束，做完了事、”。
第八篇 看光明的一面
你曾经想要让自己变得更乐观吗？想过让自己变成一个总是期待成功的人吗？若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣——就像我们都知道某些人看到天空有一片云便说要下雨。但是你要是发现自己也这样想了，那就有必要针对它采取一些措施了。
根据心理学家的说法，人们可以改变对生活的看法。只需一点儿努力，你将发现生活会回报给你的更多。人们说乐观主义在一定程度上是自尊和自信，但它也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度。乐观主义者更有可能开始新的项目，通常也更容易准备好去承担风险。 很显然，成长经历对于你对待世界的态度的形成是至关重要的。有些人养成了过于依赖别人的习惯，一旦事情出了差错，便责备他人。然而另一方面，许多乐观主义者被教导，不要把失败当成世界末日，只需继续生活。
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇二：第八篇 Look on The Bright Side
第八篇 Look on The Bright Side
Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1) _______ to be successful? Having someone around who always (2) _______ the worst isn’t really a lot of (3) ________. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says，"It looks (4) ________ rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things，it's important to do something (5) ________ it.
You can change your view of life，(6) _______to psychologists. It only takes a little effort，and you'll find life more rewarding as a (7) _______. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence, but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8) ________. Optimists are more (9) _______ to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.
Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10) _______to the world. Some people are brought up to (11) _______too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12)________wrong. Most optimists, on the (13) ________ hand, have been brought up not to (14) _________failure as the end of the world—they just (15) _______ with their lives.
词汇:
optimistic adj. 乐观的，乐观主义的
upbringing n. 教养，养育，抚育
psychologist n. 心理学家
obviously adv. 明显地，显然地
rewarding adj. 有益的，值得的， 有报酬的
blame v. 责备，归咎于
练习:
1. A) counted B) expected C) felt D) waited
2. A) worries B) cares C) fears D) doubts
3. A) amusement B) play C) enjoyment D) fun
4. A) so B) to C) for D) like
5. A) with B) against C) about D) over
6. A) judging B) according C) concerning D) following
7. A) result B) reason C) purpose D) product
8. A) supply B) suggest C) offer D) propose
9. A) possible B) likely C) hopeful D) welcome
10. A) opinion B) attitude C) view D) position
11. A) trust B) believe C) depend D) hope
12. A) goes B) falls C) comes D) turns
13. A) opposite B) next C) other D) far
14. A) regard B) respect C) suppose D) think
15. A) get up B) get on C) get out D) get over
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇三：职称英语完形填空
第六篇 Teaching and Learning
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with] the student. If a long
reading assignment is given, instructors expect scudent to be familiar with the ( I ) in the
reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (2) student
is
considered to be one who is motivated to leam for the sake of2 ( 3 ) . not the
one interested
only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is retumed ( 4 ) __ brief wriUen
comments
but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given. the student is (5) _ for learning the
material assigned. When research is (6) _, the professor expeccs the student to take it
actively and co complete it with ( 7) ._ guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find
books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain (8)
_ a umversity library works; they expect studems (9) - graduate students to
cxhaust the reference (lO) _ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but
(ll) - that their studen ts should not be (12) _ dependent on them. In the United
States professors have many other duties ( 13 ) teaching. such as administTative or
research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is
(14) _' If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either ( 15)
_ a professor dm证ng office hours3 0r make an appointment.
词汇：
assignment /a'saInnunt/九，任务，作业 administrative /ad‘mInrstrativ／adj．管理的
motivate，‘nuutive|l『v．刺激，激发„„的积 行政的
极性 appointment／。‘pomtmant/总约定，约会
exhaust，Ig'z3：st／v．耗尽，使筋疲力尽；彻底
讨论
注释：
1„lie with．，：„„是„„的责任
2„for the sake of leaming„：-为了学习„„
3．．．approach a professor during office hours„：„„在办公时间见老师
练;J :
l. A) suggestion
2. A) poor
3. A) fun
4. A) by
5. A) criticized
6. A) collected
7. A) maximum
8. A) when
9. A) particularly
IO. A) selections
II. A) hate
13. A) but
14. A) plentiful
15. A) Weet
B ) context
B) ideal
B) work
B) in
B) innocent
B) distributed
B) minimum
B) what
B) essentially
B) collections
B) dislike
B) such
B) except
B) limited
B) annoy
C) abstract
C) average
C) leaming
C) for
C) responsible
C) assigned
C) possible
C) why
C) obviously
C) sources
C) like
C) much
C) with
C) irregular
C) approach
D) information
D) disappointed
D) prize
D) with
D) dismissed
D) finished
D) practical
D) how
D) rarely
D) origins
D) more
D) besides
D) flexible
D) attach
笞案与题解：
1．D综合第一句的大意，只有D选项“信息”填在这里恰当，A选项的意思是“提议，暗示”，B
“语境，上下文”，C“摘要”。
2．B此句大意为“理想的学生是为了学习而学习”，只有ideal最符合要求，故选B。
3．C本文讲的是与学生学习相关的内容，A，B，D均不合文意及句意，故排除。
4．D此处要区分几个介词的含义，be returned with -般有“带着„„回来”之意，此句意为 “有时，被发回来的作业上只有简短的评价，并无分数”。be returned by意为“被„„带回
6
8
IO
答案。
11．D根据下文意思，A和B选项可直接排除，教授们肯定是喜欢学生不依赖他们，不是不喜
欢。D选项的含义比C选项更递进了一步，符合题意，故选D。
12．A dependent是形容词，前面不能与such，much搭配，D选项more放在此处构成比较级，
但前文并无原级与之相比较，因此只剩下A为答案，此句意为“教授们愿意帮助那些需要
帮助的学生，但更希望学生不要太过依赖他们”。
13．D此题重点在于区分三个有“除„„之外”含义的介词。A选项一般翻译成“而不是，并
不是”，B选项意为“除去„„之外”，D选项意为“除去„„之外还„„”，此句意思为“美
国的教授除了教书之外还有许多其他的职责”，故D为答案。
14．B根据上文含义，一个教授能花在学生身上的时间一定是有限的，A、C、D不合题意，直接
排除，B选项为正确答案。
15. C此题还是承接上文含义，正因为教授时间有限，因此学生若想与之沟通，定要等教授在
学校的时候，或是提前约好。C选项意为“接近，靠近”，为正确答案，其他选项意思与文意
不符，A为“问候”，B为“使o„．厌恶”，D为“依附，伴随，添加”。．
*第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer
What makes people differenl from computer programs? What is the missing element that our
theories don't yet ( l) _ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a
reason: to leam more abouc (2) __ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand,
don't. In facc, computers don't ( 3 ) - have interests ; there is nothing in particular that they
are trying to find out when they read. If a' computer (4) _ is to be a model of story understanding , it should also read for a " purpose" .
Of course, people have several goals that do not make ( 5) to attribute to computers'. One might read a restaurant guide (6) order to satisfy hunger or
entertainment goals , or to ( 7 ) _ a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not
get hungry , and computers do not have business lunches.
However, Lhese physiological and social goals give (8) _ to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gjves rise to goals to find (9) about the name of
a restaurant which ( lO) _ the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is. the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (ll) _ informaLion or knowledge. what we are calling ( 12) _ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer (13)
" wam" to {md out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so (14)
the same way as a person might. Whi]e such a goal would not (15) _ out of
hunger in the case of the computer2 , it might well arise out of the -goal" to leam more about 谰汇：
element /lehmant/^．元素，成分，要素 intellectual /anta'lektjual/ adj，智力的，聪明 entertainment /ienta'teinmant/n．娱乐，消遣 的
physiological／lfrzdlod3ikal/ adj.生理学的， cognitive /’lmgmUv/ adj．认知的，认识上的
生理的
l. ... attribute to computers _
2. _ in the case of computer
把„„归于电脑，归属于电脑
”对于电脑来说„„
l. A) express B) explain C) account D) count
234．垒唇职称英语等级考试卅书r综ir?j
A) why
A) once
A) program
A) success
A) of '
A) find
A) way
A) place
A) orders
A) acquire
A) understanding
A) could
A) as
A) arise
B) how
B) even
B) instruction
B) sense
B) or
B) search
B) play
B) food
B) sells
B) ask
B) leaming
B) might
B) on
B) rise
C) what
C) ever
C) system
C) scene
C) in
C) look
C) rise
C) reference
C) supports
C) require
C) knowledge
C) should
C) by
C) consent
D) when
D) often
D) function
D) point
D) and
D) watch
D) birth
D) information
D) serves
D) consult
D) awareness
D) would
D) in
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇四：2012年职称英语完形填空整理版
*
第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer
What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet (1) account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about (2) what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand， don't. In fact，computers don't (3) even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer (4) program_is to be a model of story understanding ，it should also read for a "purpose".
Of course ，people have several goals that do not make (5)sense_ to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide (6) in_order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (7) find_a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.
However ，these physiological and social goals give (8) rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) information_ about the name of a restaurant which (10) serves the desired type of food ，how expensive the restaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (11) acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling (12) _learning_ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer (13) might "want" to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so (14) in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not (15) arise_out of hunger in the case of the computer，it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants. *第八篇 Look on The Bright Side
Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1) expected_ to be successful? Having someone around who always (2) fears the worst isn’t really a lot of (3) fun . We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says ，"INooks ( 4 ) like rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things，it's important to do something (5) about_ it.
You can change your view of life ，(6) according_to psychologists. It only takes a little effort ，and you'll find life more rewarding as a (7) result_. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8) offer_. Optimists are more (9) likely_ to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.
Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10) attitude_to the world. Some people are brought up to (11) depend_too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12) goes_wrong. Most optimists，on the (13 )other_ hand, have been brought up not to (14) regard_failure as the end of the world—they just (15) get on_ with their lives.
*第九篇 The First Bicycle
The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac (1) delighted_onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an (2) enlarged_version of a children’s toy which had been in (3) use for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé had a wooden frame，made in the (4) shape_ of a horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed (5) hard_ against the (6) ground with your legs—there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much (7) appealed_to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were (8) holding_ races up and down the streets.
Minor (9) injuries_were common as riders attempted a final burst of ( 10 ) speed . Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change (11) direction was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and (12) turn it round while the front wheel was (13) spinning in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long ，however ，as the (14) combination of no springs ，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celeriferé was the (15) origin of the modem bicycle. *第十篇 Working Mothers
Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal (1) view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a (2) number of mothers who just have to work.. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot (3) afford_see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic (4) necessity. Many mothers are not (5) cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated.
There are a number of options when it (6) comes to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (7) across the street. (8) In reality, however ，many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No (9) matter_ how good the childcare may be ，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (10)perfectly_ normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family (11) memebers . Make sure that in the first week you allow (12)plenty of time to help your child settle in.
All children are different. Some are independent ，while others are more (13)attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to(14) do the best for your children ，it's not the quantity of time you spend with them，it's the (15)quality that matters. *
第十一篇
Virtual Driver Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands，feet and brain. A man has sharp eyes and keen
ears，analyzes through his brain，and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body. ，but there is in fact a virtual driver1. This virtual driver has eyes，brains，hands and feet too. The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right. If you open the boot，is the brain of the car .The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2, analyzing their position on the road, choosing the right path, and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.
In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly. (3) It completes the processing of the images sent by the take action.
With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably. In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at any time and in any place?（4）can now only travel on expressways.
The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. (5）__ high hopes about driverless cars， and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like5.
第六篇 Teaching and learning
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of(3) not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is need it, that their students should not be on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties ， such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class has problems with classroom work , the student should either during office hours or make an appointment.
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇五：2012年职称英语综合类完形填空完整版
2012年职称英语综合类(完形填空)
第一篇A Life with Birds
第二篇A Lucky Break
第三篇Global Warming
第四篇A Success Story
第五篇Traffic in Our Cities
*第六篇Teaching and Learning
*第七篇The Difference between Man and Computer
*第八篇Look on The Bright Side
*第九篇The First Bicycle
*第十篇Working Mothers
+第十一篇School Lunch
+第十二篇A Powerful Influence
+第十三篇The Old Gate
+第十四篇Family History
+第十五篇Helen and Martin
+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；
第一篇 A Life with Birds For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders, better known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. " From our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David. The Tower of London is famous for its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was offered the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no hesitation in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always aware of the fact that I am maintaining a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to make sure this doesn't happen!" David devotes about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the fact that he lives right next to them is ideal. "I can keep a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working." At first, David's wife Mo was not keen on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows, we see history all around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories."
第二篇 A Lucky Break
Actor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's doing sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he plays the part of a middleweight boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. During the making of the film Harrelson kept complaining that the fight scenes weren't very convincing, so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't keen on the idea at first, but he was eventually persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring. However, when he realized how seriously his opponent was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas so hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious that he had been playing "silly macho games". "She was right," confesses Banderas, "and I was a fool to take a risk like that in the middle of a movie." He was reminded of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always
dreamed of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take up acting; I saw it as another way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football pitch was, you might say, my first lucky break."
第三篇 Global Warming
Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists put the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in the world's temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever before, the Earth is at risk from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. According to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, even more severe and causing sea levels all around the world to rise.
Environmental groups are putting pressure on governments to take action to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide which is given off by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in favour of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power stations. Some scientists, however believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait several hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.
第四篇 A Success Story At 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have made Their fortune through the Internet. What makes Ben's story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and was told by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properly. "I wanted to prove them wrong ", says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls. When he was eight, his local authorities provided him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was unable to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouraged by his father, he soon began charging people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he set up his own computer consultancy, Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devote all his time to business. "By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a couple of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start doing business with bigger companies.” It was. his ability to consistently overcome difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal worth $25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine.
第五篇 Traffic in Our Cities
The volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy delays, and the greater risk of accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuade people to change their habits and leave their cars at home. One possible approach is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by increasing charges for parking and bringing in tougher fines for anyone who breaks the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, known as "road pricing", is already being introduced in a number of cities, using a special electronic card fixed to the windscreen of the car. Another way of dealing with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the outskirts of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service
for the final stage of their journey. Of course, the most important thing is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to give up the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable, convenient and comfortable, with fares kept at an acceptable level.
第六篇 Teaching and learning
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
*第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer
What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don't. In fact,computers don't even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program is to be a model of story understanding,it should also read for a "purpose".
Of course,people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.
However,these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food,how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might "want" to find out the location of a restaurant,and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer,it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.
*第八篇 Look on The Bright Side
Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always expected to be successful? Having someone around who always fears the worst isn’t really a lot of fun. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, "It looks like rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things,it's important to do something about it.
You can change your view of life, according to psychologists. It only takes a little effort,and you'll find life more rewarding as a result. Optimism,they say,is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer. Optimists are more likely to start new projects and are generally more prepared
to take risks. Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your attitude to the world. Some people are brought up to depend too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything goes wrong. Most optimists,on the other hand, have been brought up not to regard failure as the end of the world—they just get on with their lives.
*第九篇 The First Bicycle The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count de Sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention,a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an enlarged version of a children’s toy which had been in use for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé had a wooden frame,made in the shape of a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it,you sat on a small seat,just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hard against the ground with your legs—there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes,but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding races up and down the streets.
Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed. Controlling the machine was difficult,as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long,however,as the combination of no springs,no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so,the wooden celeriferé was the origin of the modem bicycle.
*第十篇 Working Mothers
Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems,compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not,there are a number of mothers who just have to work.. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant,they feel trapped and isolated.
There are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady across the street. In reality, however,many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be,some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a perfectly normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months,but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in.
All children are different. Some are independent,while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children,it's not the quantity of time you spend with them,it's the quality that matters.
+第十一篇 School Lunch
Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime. Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.
One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children consume twice as much sugar as they
should at lunchtime. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticize parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can affect their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits at this age, and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.
+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence
There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously; if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework. If the child is not holding to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other soft of bargain about behaviour. Any parent who is seriously alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child's performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!
+第十三篇 The Old Gate
In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them. This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with contagious diseases. The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century. The last of London's gates was removed a century ago, but by a stroke of luck, it was never destroyed.
This gate is, in actual fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970's with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the trust is the preservation of the nation's architectural heritage. Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down, stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul's Cathedral. Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced, though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound. The hardest job of all, however, will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.
+第十四篇 Family History
In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by ìinvestigating their own family history. They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did, This is now a fast—growing hobby, especially in countries with a fairly short history, like Australia and the United States.
It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family's past. It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning.
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇六：职称英语完形填空
Teaching and learning
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student.If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect student to be
class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who
getting high gardes. Sometimes homework is returned
brief written
comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given ,the student is
professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with
It is student‟s responsibility to find books,
magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a
who need it, but prefer that their students should
not on them. In the United States professors
have many other duties
teaching, such as administrative or research work. Therefore,the time that a problems with classroom work, the
student should either a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
The difference between man and computer
What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don‟t yet
for? The answer
is they are interested in. computers, on the other hand, don
‟t. in fact,computers don‟find out when they read. If a
is to be a mobel of
story understanding, it should also read for a “purpose” .
entertainment goals, or to
a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.
However, these physiological and social goals give to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find
about the name of a restaurant which
the
desired
type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant,
„want
‟to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well arise out of the “goal” to learn more about restaurants.
Look on the bright side
Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always
to be successful? Having someone around who always
the worst isn‟on a sunny day
and says, “it looks rain. ” But if you catch
yourself thinking such things, it‟
takes a little effort, and you‟they say, is partly about selfrespect and confidence, but it‟s also a more positive
way of looking at life and all it has to Optimists are
more
the world—
The first bicycle
The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791,
two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifere. It was basically an
‟
Sivrac‟s “
celerifere” had a wooden frame, made in the of a horse,
which was mounted on a wheel ai either end. To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modern bicycle, and pushed against
with your legs—
there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celerifere and it
down the strees.
controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change was
to put up the front of the celerifere it round while
the front
the modern bicycle.
Working mothers
Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems,
that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or
who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that pure economic
Many mothers are not
out to be full—time parents. After a few months at home with
a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated.
There are a number of options when it to choosing
childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to granny or the kind lady the street. In reality, however, many
parents don't have
any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if
separate well in the first six months, but soon after that they start to get a
All children are different. Some are independent,while others are more
children, it‟s not the quantity of time you spend with them, it‟that matters.
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇七：完形填空2013年职称英语综合类
2013年职称英语考试综合类教材完形填空目录
绿色为2012年4月的真题，2013年不列为考试范围，估计将真题更换为其他文章 13年教材会在12版的教材上新增几篇文章，将在13年1月出版教材，在这之前请使用12版教材
没有标记的为C级，星号为B级，加号为A级。
1.第一篇：A Life with Birds
2.第二篇：A Lucky Break
3.第三篇：Global Warming
4.第四篇：A Success Story
5.第五篇：Traffic in Our Cities（2012年4月真题）
6*.第六篇：Teaching and Learning
7.*第七篇：The Difference between Man and Computer
8.*第八篇：Look on The Bright Side（2012年4月真题）
9.*第九篇：The First Bicycle
10.*第十篇：Working Mothers
11.+第十一篇：School Lunch 12.+第十二篇：A Powerful Influence
13.+第十三篇：The Old Gate（2012年4月真题）
14.+第十四篇：Family History
15.+第十五篇：Helen and Martin
2012年职称英语综合类新增文章完型填空第十一篇:School Lunch
第十一篇 School Lunch
Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat (1) __ in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to (2) __meals at lunchtime. Children can (3) __ to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.
One shocking (4) __ of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict (5) __ for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one (6) __ of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes (7) __by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children (8) _ twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime.
The research will provide a better (9) __ of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has (10) __in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot(11) __ parents, but it can remind them of the (12) __value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can (13) __their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating (14) __ at this age, and parents are the only ones who can (15) __it.
词汇：
Canteen / kæn'ti:n / n.食堂，小卖部 starchy / 'stɑ:t?i / adj. (食物)含有大
量淀粉的
注释：
1. ... twice as much sugar as ... ：……2倍的糖分……
2. it can remind them of the ... ：提醒他们关于……
练习：
1. A) appropriately B) properly C) probably D) possibly
2. A) give B) provide C) make D) do
3. A) prefer B) manage C) want D) choose
4. A) finding B) number C) figure D) factor
5. A) standards B) procedures C) conditions D) Ways
6. A) piece B) portion C) bowl D) kilo
7. A) examined B) found C) taken D) investigated
8. A) take B) contain C) consume D) consist
9. A) view B) knowledge C) understanding D) opinion
10. A) increased B) expanded C) extended D) added
11. A) criticise B) instruct C) order D) tell
12. A) nutritional B) healthy C) positive D) good
13. A) damage B) predict C) destroy D) affect
14. A) behaviours B) styles C) attitudes D) habits
15. A) prevent B) define C) decide D) delay
答案与题解：
1. B 本句意为“在英国超过一半以上的儿童将午餐带到学校去吃而不是在中午饭点正常吃”此处需要有“正当地，得体地”意思的副词。A 选项意为 appropriately“适当地；相称地” C选项 probably 意为"大概，或许;可能"。D 选项 possibly 意为"可能地;也许;大概"。所以应该在A和B之间选择，A项倾向"得体"。故选 B。
2. B 根据四个选项的意思，可以看出这句有"提供"的意思，所以答案为 B。
3. D本句意为"孩子们可以选择带餐过去或者在食堂就餐"。选项 A 为 prefer"更喜欢"。选项B 为 manage"管理;经营"。选项 C 为 want"需要"。而 D 中 choose 意为"选择"。故选 D。
4. A本句意为"一项令人震惊的发现显示……" B 选项 number 为"号码;数字"0 c 选项figure 为"数字;人物"。D 选项 factor 为"因素;要素"。只有 A 选项 finding 为"发现"，符合句意。故选 A。
5. A 本句意为"学校午餐有着严格的准备标准" B 选项 procedure 为"进程";C 选项condition 为"条件";D 选项 way 为"方式，方法";只有 A 选项 standard 为"标准"。故选 A。
6. B 考查量词。A ，C，D 把量具体化了，然而本题中并没有明确指出每天应该摄人多少水果， 所以只是"比例"的意思，故选' B。
7. A 本句意为"然而被检查的学生自带的饭盒中含有甜饮料、薯条和巧克力棒。"D选项investigated 意为"研究；调查";A 选项 examine 更符合句意。故选择 A。
8. C 本句意为"学生摄取的糖分是他们应当在午餐中摄取的2倍。"其中 A 选项 take 意为 "拿，获得"。 B 选项 contain 意为"包含;控制"。 D 选项 consist 意
为"组成;在于;符合"。只有 C 选项 consume 有摄取之意，符合句意。故选'C。
9. C本句的意思为"这份调查研究对为什么在过去的十年中英国学生的超重人数上升提供了 一个更好的解释。"A 选项 view 意为"观察;意见 "。 B 选项 knowledge 意为"知识;学问" c 选项 understanding 意为"谅解;理解"，符合句意。D 选项 opinion 意为"意见，主张"。故选 C 。
10. A 本句意为"这份调查研究对为什么在过去的十年中英国学生的超重人数上升提供了一个更好的解释。"选项 B 为"扩大(面积，体积的扩大)";选项 C 为"扩张(延展.性)";选项 D为"增加，加上"的意思;A 选项 increased 意为"增长的"，符合句意。故选 A。
11. A 此处的句意为"政府不能批评家长"0 B 选项 instruct 意为"指导;通知;命令"。 C 选项 order 意为"命令;整理" 0 D 选项 tell 意为"告诉，辨别";而 A 选项 criticise
意为"批评"，与 句意相符。故选 A。
12. A 此处句意为"……但却可以提醒他们牛奶，7j(果、蔬?菜的营养价值。"B 选项 healthy 为"健康的，健全的";C 选项 positive 为"积极的";D 选项 good 意为"好的，优良的"。从句子的意思上看这里有"营养的"意思;而 A选项 nutritional 意为"营养的，滋润的"，
与句意相符。故选 A。
13. D 此句意为"孩子们饮食上小小的改变可能会影响他们未来的健康。"A 选项 damage 意 为"损害，毁坏";'B 选项 predict 意为"预测";C 选项 destroy 意为"破坏，消灭，毁坏";只有D 选项 affect 意为"影响"，与句意相符。故选 D。
14. D develop habits 为固定搭配“养成习惯”的意思，故选 b。
15. A 此句意为"……家长却是唯一能够阻止这件事发生的人。"B 选项 define 意为"定义，使 明确";C 选项 decide 意为"决定";D 选项 delay 为"延期，耽搁";只A 选项 prevent 意为 "预防，防止"，与句意相符。故选 A。
第十一篇 学校午餐
研究显示，在英国超过一半以上的儿童将午餐带到学校去吃而不是在中午饭点正常吃。英国学校在午餐时间会正常提供午餐，孩子们可以选择带餐过去或者在食堂就餐。
在此项研究中，一项令人震惊的发现显示，学校提供的午餐比家长准备的更加健康。学校午餐有着严格的准备标准：包括一份水果、一种蔬菜和肉、奶制品以及含有大量淀粉的食物，如面包、意大利面食。然而被检查的学生自带的饭盒中含有甜饮料、薯条和巧克力棒。学生摄取的糖分是他们应当在午餐中摄取的2倍。
这份调查研究对为什么在过去的十年中英国学生的超重人数上升提供了一个更好的解释。但不幸的是，政府不能批评家长但却可以提醒他们牛奶、水果、蔬菜的营养价值。孩子们饮食上小小的改变可能会影响他们未来的健康。孩子们在这样的年龄段很容易养成坏习惯，家长却是唯一能够阻止这件事发生的人。
第十二篇A Powerful Influence答案附译文
There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly (1) ______ doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are (2) ________ to find out why the Internet
is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be (3) ________ to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time (4) ________ their computers?
Obviously; if children are bent over their computers for hours, (5) ________in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should (6) ______ of the Internet, and the child should give his or her (7) ______ that it won’t interfere with homework. If the child is not (8) ______to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic (9) ______ dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from (10) ______ any other soft of bargain about behaviour.
Any parent who is (11) ______ alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment to (12)______ the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not
(13) ______ affect a child's performance at school. Even if a child is (14) ______ crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just (15) ______through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!
词汇：
drastic / 'dræstik / adj.严厉的，极端的
phase / felz / n. 阶段，时期
arrangement / ə'reindʒmənt / n. 安排
注释：
1. ... make a huge difference ... :……造成巨大改变…
2. ... children are bent over their computers for hours ... : bend over: ……埋头苦干，孩子们在电脑上花费了数小时......
练习：
1. A) always B) rarely C) never D) ever
2. A) worried B) concerned C) curious D) hopeful
3. A) harming B) harmful C) hurting D) hurtful
4. A) staring at B) glancing at C) looking D) watching
5. A) supposed B) occupied C) interested D) absorbed
6. A) do B) have C) make D) create
7. A) word B) promise C) vow D) claim
8. A) holding B) sticking C) following D) accepting
9. A) rules B) procedures C) regulation D) steps
10. A) dealing B) negotiating C) having D) arranging
11. A) widely B) heavily C) seriously D) broadly
12. A) speak B) discuss C) talk D) debate
13. A) possibly B) necessarily C) probably D) consequently
14. A) absolutely B) more C) quite D) a lot
15. A) going B) passing C) travelling D) walking
答案与题解：
1. D 此句句意为"在他们的课余时间几乎不做其他的事情"，其中 hardly ever 为固定搭配意 为"几乎不"等同于 never。
2. C 考查固定搭配。其中A 选项 be worried about 8th. 意为"对……表示忧虑";B 选项 be concerned about 意为"对……感到担心";D 选项 hopeful 意为"有希望的"，与句意不符;而 C选项 be curious to sth. 意为"对……表示好奇"，与句意一致。故选 C。
3. B harmful 泛指伤害，而 hurt 强调情感、精神的伤害，根据题意应选民
4. A四个选项都表示看的意思，stare at 表示"盯着看" ，glance at 表示"瞟一眼" ，100k 泛指看，watch 有观察之意。本句句意为"孩子们花了大量的时间盯着电脑看"，故选 A。
5. D 考查固定搭配。此句句意为"如果孩子在电脑主花费了太长时间，如沉迷网络游戏 不是做功课。"A 选项 suppose to ..意为"猜想” B 选项 occupy on sth. 表示"专注于某事"，C 选项 interest in 意为"对……感兴趣"，而 D 选项 be absorb in sth. 表示"沉浸在……"，与 句意相符。故选 D
6. C. 考查固定搭配 make use of sth. 表示"利用"。
7. A 考查固定搭配。此句意为"……并且孩子应该保证这不会干预他的功课。"，A 选项 word 意为"诺言";B 选项 promise 意为"许诺，允许尸 ;C 选项 vow 意为"发誓" ;' D 选项 claim 意为 仔声称;断言"，并且 give word to = promise 表示"许诺"，符合句意。故选 A。
8. A 此句句意为"如果孩子没坚守这个安排……"从句子的意思上'看这里有"坚持"的意思， 所以应该在 A 和 B 之间选择，hold to表示"坚持”，stick to 表示“坚持（信念，理想）“ 选择 A 。
9. D 固定搭配 take step to do sth. 意为"采取措施做某事"。
10. B 此句句意为"……这样与协商任何关于这样的行为的讨价还价无异。"A 选项 dealing 意 为"处理";D 选项 arranging 意为"安排，排列";只有 B 选项 negotiate 意为 谈判，协商"，与句意相符。故选 B。
11. C 从句子的意思上看这里有"严重"之意，只有 C 表示此意。widely表示"广泛地"， heavily 表示"沉重地" ，broadly 表示"广泛地"。
12. B 从句子的意思上看这里有"讨论"之意!，discuss sth. with sb. 表示"刷某人讨论某事"debate sth. with sb 表示"和某人辩论某事"。
13. B 从句子的意思上看这里有"必要"之意，consequently 表示"结果是"。
14. A absolutely 表示"完全地"，根据句意，这里没有比较的意思，所以排除 B ，quite 表示"相当"，根据上下文选择 A。
15. A 考查固定搭配。此句的句意为"…他也许仅仅是在度过个时期，几个月以后还会 有其他事情去担心。"B 选项 passing 与 though 搭配意为"穿越"C 选项 traveling 与 though 搭配意为"经过";D 选项 walking 与 though 搭配意为"走过，草率地处理";而 A 选项 go through 意为"度过"，与句意相符。故选 A 。
附译文
第十二篇 强大的影响
毫无疑问，互联网给我们的生活带来了巨大改变，家长们担心孩子们在网上花费大量的时间，在他们的课余时间几乎不做其他事情。自然而然地家长们好奇找出网络之所以吸引人的原因，并且他们想知道这是否会对他们的孩子造成伤害。花了大量的时间盯着电脑看，家长们是否应该担心呢?
很显然，如果孩子在电脑上花费了太长时间，如沉迷网络游戏，而不是做功课，就是不对的。家长和孩子应该决定多大程度上利用电脑，并且孩子应该保证这不会干预他的功课。如果孩子没坚守这个安排，家长会采取更加严厉的措施处理孩子对网络的应用，这样与协商任何关于这样的行为的讨价还价无异。
任何家长对孩子这样的行为产生警觉时应该与老师讨论一下，在电脑屏幕前太长时间并不一定会影响孩子的在校表现，即使一个孩子已经疯狂地迷恋使用网络，他也许仅仅是在度过一个时期，几个月以后还会有其他事情去担心。
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇八：2015年职称英语综合类-完形填空译文全
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2015年职称英语国家指定教材完形填空新增文章
综合类
2015年职称英语_国家指定教材_完形填空_所有文章中英文对照版 ........................................................................ 2
完形填空文章_综合类_C级 ............................................................................................................2 第一篇 A Life with Birds【有鸟陪伴的生活】 ........................................................................................................ 2 第二篇 A Lucky Break【幸福的骨折】 . 第三篇 Global Warming 【全球变暖】 . 第四篇 A Success Story【一个成功的故事】 . 第五篇 Traffic in Our Cities 【城市的交通】 .
完形填空文章_综合类_B级 .11 第六篇 Teaching and Learning【教与学】 第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer 第八篇 Look on The Bright Side 【看光明的一面】 . 第九篇 The First Bicycle【第一辆自行车】 第十篇 Working Mothers 【职业母亲】
完形填空文章_综合类_A级 .21 第十一篇 School Lunch【学校午餐】 第十二篇 A Powerful Influence【强大的影响 】 第十三篇 The Old Gate【古老之门】 第十四篇 Family History【家族史】 第十五篇 Helen and Martin
完形填空文章课后练习参考答案__32
完形填空文章_综合类_C级
第一篇 【有鸟陪伴的生活】
Tower, of the gatehouses. “____3____ our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the
The Tower of London is famous ___4____its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was ____5___ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no ____6____ in accepting it. “The birds have now become my life and I'm always ____7___ of the fact that I am ___8____ a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to ____9____ sure this doesn't happen!”
David ____10____about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the
____11____ that he lives right next to them is ideal. “I can ____12____ a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working.” ____13____, David's wife Mo was not ____14____ on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. “When we look out of our windows we see history ___15_____ around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories. ”
文章翻译：
有鸟陪伴的生活
作为伦敦塔的守卫者之一David Cope在那里工作了近17年，被游客们称为Beefeaters。岁，生活在Byward塔顶部的一个三居室的单元里，一个警卫室。David说：“伦敦塔桥和泰晤士河的一个美好景色。”
伦敦塔以大黑色的鸟——乌鸦而著名，它们已经在那里生活了三个多世纪。当他在八年前被提供乌鸦主人的职位时他毫不犹豫地接受了它。“种情况不会发生!”
David每天大约用四个小时的时间来护理乌鸦。他已经爱上了它们，选择。“David的妻子Mo对生活在塔里的想法并不热衷，但David当我们透过我们的窗口向外看，”
练习：
1. A) more B) better D) very
2. A) height B) summit D) top
3. A) Since B) Out D) Through
4. A) for B D) by
5. A) award D) offered
6. A) regret C) hesitation D) choice
7. A) aware C) pleased D) delighted
8. A) holding 9. A) take C) surviving D) lasting C) have D) keep
C) passes D) provides
B) chance C) opportunity D) fact
B) have C) keep D) put
B) First of all C) At first D) First
B) keen C) fond D) happy
B) all C) much D) so
答案与题解：
1．B better据上下文，这里at the top of排除D，再根据句意，为“更为人所熟知”，因而better是正确答案。
2．D 根据句意，词组搭配at the top of，表示在……顶部最为合适。Height意为summit意为“最高点”，peak意为“顶峰”，所以选D。
3．C 根据句意，从卧室的角度看去，from最为恰当。
4．A 固定搭配be famous for意为“以……而著名”，文中要表达的是伦敦塔以乌鸦耳而for为正确答案。
5．D 根据句意，David是被提供了这样一个职位，所以offered最为恰当。award表厅applied表示“应用”，presented表示“给予，呈现”，均不符合句意。原版Q:⒎②妻◎○Ⅶ○08。
6．c 根据上下文，很容易理解David是这么迷恋这种黑鸟，因而毫不犹豫地接受了主所以hesitation为正确答案。
7．A be aware of表示“意识到”，有这样一个警觉。其他三项均不符合句意。
8．B 固定搭配maintain a tradition，保持一个传统，maintain最为恰当。hold表示survive表示“存活，幸存”，last表示“维持”。
9．B 固定搭配make sure，意为“确保”，在文中表达的是“确保这种状况不会发生”，因而选10.A 根据句意，David，专用于……”最为恰当。spend后需加动词ing形式。pass表示“经过”，provide表示“
11.D 这是一个定语从句，根据句意，David理想的，所以fact是正确答案。
12. C keep an eye on为固定搭配，意为“注意，关注”，所以选C。
13. C 根据句意，作者要表达的意思是起初，David的妻子Moat first表示“起初，开始时”符合句意。
14. B be keen on为固定搭配，表示“对……感兴趣，对……in，fond后应配介词of，因此正确答案是B。
15. B all为最佳答案。
第二篇 A Lucky Break In the film Play it to the the part of a middleweight boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. ____3____ the ____4____complaining that the fight ____5____ weren't very ____6___ his in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas ____9____ hard in the face that he his His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious that he had been playing “silly macho ___12_____ of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. “That's when I decided to take ___13_____ acting; I saw it as ___14_____ way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football ____15____ was, you might say, my first lucky break. ”
文章翻译：
幸福的骨折
演员Antonio Banderas经常骨折，而且它似乎总是发生在运动时。在影片《拳拳到骨》中，他与Woody Harrelson并肩，扮演一个中量级拳击手。在影片制作过程中，Harrelson不停地抱怨整个打斗场面并不是很令人信服，所以一天，他提议他和Banderas应该进行一场真正的打斗。这位西班牙演员起初对这一想法并不热衷，但最终他还是被他的搭档说服了，他戴上他的手套，爬上了拳击台。然而，当他意识到他的对手是全心全意投入进来时，他开始后悔自己要打斗的决定。在第三轮，Harrelson狠狠地打在Banderas的脸上，以至于居然打破了Banderas的鼻子。女演员Melanie Griffith，他的妻子对他进行这样一场“傻男子气概的游戏”非常愤怒。 “她是对的”，Banderas承认道，“我在电影拍摄过程中进行这样一个冒险真是一个傻瓜。”
在众多观众前比赛。但他的医生告诉他，他的比赛生涯也许就要结束了。“骨折。”
练习：
1. A) practicing B) making
C) doing C) gives C) While C) carried
D) after
D) participant
D) so
D) get
D) replayed
D) looked forward
D) over
D) another
D) course 2. A) plays B) does 3. A) When B) As 5. A) actions 6. A) interested 4. A) kept B) continued B) matches B) keen C) dreamed C) to C) different C) court 7. A) lastly B) eventually 8. A) competitor B) contender 9. A) very B) more 10. A) take B 11. A) remembered 12. A) hoped 13. A) up 14. A) further
1．C do。practise表示“练习”，后面应跟某sport，所以正确答案为C。
2．„为固定搭配，意为“扮演一个„„的角色”，其他三项均不合适。
3．D during。
4．A 根据句意，Harrelson在影片制作过程中不断地抱怨，而且后面的动词complain用的是ing形式，因此动词keep“连续，不断”最为恰当。continue后加动词ing形式一般表示在停顿后重新开始、继续，carry -般后面跟介词on，表示“进行某项事务”，insist表示“坚决主张”，不合句意，所以选A。
5．C 联系上下文，因为是影片中的打斗场景，所以这里scene是正确答案。
6．B be keen on为固定搭配，表示“对„„感兴趣，对„„热衷”，interest后面配介词in，enthusiastic后面配介词of。
7．B 联系上下文，作者要表达的是最终他还是被他的搭档说服了，副词eventually放在动词persuade之前，lastly表示“最后一点，最后”，“at the end”一般放在段落的最后，表示最后怎么样。
8．C 根据句意，“当他意识到„„是全心全意投入进来时，他开始后悔自己要打斗的决定”，显然是对手非常认真的对待这场打斗，所以opponent是正确答案。
9．D so„that„同定搭配，太„„以至于„„，根据句意，“Harrelson如此狠地打在Banderas的脸上，以至于居然打破了Banderas的鼻子”，其他选项都不适合。
10.A 固定搭配take a risk，表示“冒险”。
11.B 事促使他想起了故乡的那次比赛，remind表示“提醒”，符合句意。remember句意。押题，⑦2Ⅶ零灵Ⅶ零0⑻。
12.C 根据句意和后面的介词of，显然，“他一直梦想成为一个足球明星”，pretend表示“假装”，后面跟介词to，不合句意；look forward
13.A 固定搭配take up sth,up是正确答案。
14.D
15.B 词组football pitch，表示“足球场”。前面由介词onmatch“比赛”。court表示“网球场”，course
第三篇 Global Warming 【全球变暖】
____1____ the blame for recent natural increase ____2____the world's temperatures and are
Environmental on governments to take action to reduce the ____10____ of
全球变暖
现在很少有人质疑全球变暖的现实及其对世界气候的影响。许多科学家把全球气温上升归咎于最近的自然灾害，他们确信，地球现在比以往任何时候都更受到风、雨和太阳这些力量的威胁。据他们说，全球变暖制造了极端天气事件，例如飓风、干旱，甚至更为严重的以至于世界各地的海平面上升。
环保团体对政府施加压力，要求政府采取行动减少工厂和发电厂排放的二氧化碳量，攻击它的资源问题。他们都赞成把更多的资金用到研发太阳能、风能和波浪能装置上，以取代现有的发电站。
然而，还有一些科学家，他们相信即使明天我们不再排放二氧化碳和其他气体到大气层中，我们也将不
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇九：2014年职称英语完形填空cloze
The Difference between Man and Computer
What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don't. In fact, computers don't even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a "purpose".
Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.
However, these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might "want" to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.
Look on The Bright Side
Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always excepted to be successful? Having someone around who always fears the worst isn’t really a lot of fun. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, "It looks like rain." But if you catch yourself thinking such things, it's important to do something about it.
You can change your view of life, according to psychologists. It only takes a little effort, and you'll find life more rewarding as a result. Optimism, they say, is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer. Optimists are more likely to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.
Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your attitude to the world. Some people are brought up to depend too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything goes wrong. Most optimists, on the other hand, have been brought up not to regard failure as the end of the world—they just get on with their lives.
The First Bicycle
The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count de Sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an enlarged version of a children’s toy which had been in use for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé" had a wooden frame, made in the shape of a horse, which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle, and pushed hard against the ground with your legs—there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes, but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding races up and down the streets. Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed. Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long, however, as the combination of no springs, no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so, the wooden celeriferé was the origin of the modem bicycle.
Working Mothers
Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there are a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity. Many mothers are not cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated.
There are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady across the street. In reality, however, many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter how good the childcare may be, some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a perfectly normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months, but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members. Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in.
All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do the best for your children, it's not the quantity of time you spend with them, it's the quality that matters.
Teaching and learning
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.
职称英语完形填空look on the bright side篇十：职称英语完形填空综合B
职业母亲
Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long term problems,compared with children whose mothers stayed at home .(与全职母亲的孩子相比，对职业母亲的孩子仔细进行的调查并没有展示出任何长期的问题。) My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to word if they wish.（我个人观点，只要妈妈们想工作，那么他们就可以工作）Whether we like it or not ,there are a number of mothers who just have to work .(不管我们是否喜欢这一点，有许多妈妈不得不工作，这是事实) There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford to see it lost .(有这样的母亲，她们已投入了大半生去创建事业，若是失去这份事业，她们承受不起) Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity.(还有许多母亲完全是出于经济上的原因必须工作) Many mothers are not cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant, they feel trapped and isolated.(很多母亲并不是做全职母亲这声料，与这么可爱的婴儿在家待几个月之后，她们感受到了限制，被孤立了)。
There are a number of options when it comes to choosing childcare.These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady across the street.(涉及儿童托管，有很多方式可供选择，从托儿所和保姆到
,奶奶或是街对面的好心女士。) In reality ,however,many parents dont have
any choice ; they have to accept anything they can get .(然而实际上，许多父母没有任何选择，不管能有什么都得接受。) Be prepared ! No matter how good the childcare may be ,some child development.(准备好了，不管你选的托管方式有多好，一些孩子被留下时，都会激烈抗议，这是儿童发展过程中完全正常的一个阶段。) Babies separate well in the first six months,but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members .(婴儿刚出生的前6个月对与母亲分开没有感觉，但不久之后他们便会对母亲和亲密家庭成员产生依恋) Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of time to help your child settle in.(要保证在第一周付出足够多的时间来帮助他安稳下来)
All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached to their mothers.(每个孩子都是不一样，有的很独立，有的却
’很依恋母亲。)Remember that if you want to do the best for your children,its
’not be quantity of time you spend with them ,its the manner that matters.
（如果你想为你的孩子做到最好，那么记住这一点，你与孩子相处时间的长短不重要，相处过程中的质量才重要。）
The First Bicycle
The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. (自行车的历史可以追溯到200多年前)In 1791,Count de Sivrac delighted on lookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifere. （1791年，西夫拉克伯爵在巴黎的一个公园向众人展示并炫耀了自己的发明，一架被称作“celerifere”的双轮车）It was basically an enlarge version of a children’s toy which had been in use for many years （它主要就是一个使用了很多年的儿童玩具的扩大版）.Sivrac’s ”celerifere” had a wooden frame, made in the shape a horse ,which was mounted on a wheel at either end .（西夫拉克的“celerifere”有一个马形状的木框，两端分别装有一个轮子。）To ride it ,you sat on a small seat, just like a modern bicycle, and pushed hard against the ground with your legs—there were no pedals.(坐上一个小座位便可以骑了，就像现在的自行车一样，但双脚要使劲蹬地—因为没有脚踏板) It was impossible to steer a celerifere and it had no brakes , but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris.（操纵方向和刹车也是不太可能的，尽管有这些问题，这个发明在当时还是吸引了许多巴黎时尚的年轻人。） Soon they were hold races up and down the streets.（很快他们便举行了比赛，在街上到下骑。）
Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed （当骑手尝试最后冲刺时，受到一些小伤是很普遍的事情。）Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the “celeriferes” and turn round while the front wheel was spinning in the air(控制那台机器是很难的，改变行驶方向的唯一方法是拉起车前身，当前轮还在空中打转时掉转车头).”Celeriferes” were not popular for long, however, as the combination of no springs ,no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. （然而这种木制双轮车并没有流行很长时间，结合了没有弹簧、没有方向舵，以及遭遇不平整路段等问题，木制的双轮车骑起来十分不舒服。）Even so ,the wooden celerifere was the origin of the modern bicycle.（尽管如此，这种木制的“celerifere”还是现在自行车的始祖）
Look on The Bright Side
Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always expected to be successful ? (你曾经想要让自己变得更乐观吗？想过让自己变成一个总
’是期待成功的人吗？)Having someone around who always fears the worst isnt
really a lot of fun .We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says,”It looks look like rain” （若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣---就像我们都知道某些人看到天空有一片
’云便说要下雨）But if you catch yourself thinking such things,its
important to do something about it .（但是你要是发现自己也这样想了，那就有必要针对它采取一些措施了）
You can change your view of life ,according to psychologists .（根据心理学家的说法，人们可以改变对生活的看法。）It only takes a little
’effort,and youll find life more rewarding as a result .（只需一点儿努
力，你将发现生活会回报给你的更多）Optimism,they say , is partly about
’selfrespect abd confidence,but its also a more positive way of looking
at life and all it has to offer.（人们说乐观主义在一定程序上是自尊和自信，但它也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度）Optimists are more likely to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.（乐观主义者更有可能开始新的项目，通常也更容易准备好去承担风险。）
Upbring is obviously very important in forming your attitude to the world.（很显然，成长经历对于你对待世界的态度的形成是至关重要的）Some people are brought up to depend too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything goes wrong.（有些人养成了过于依赖别人的习惯，一旦事情出了差错，便责备他人。）Most optimists, on the other hand ,have been brought up not to regard failure as the end of the world—they just get on with their lives.（然而另一方面，许多乐观主义者被教导，不要把失败当成世界末日，只需继续生活。）
The difference between man and computer
What makes people different from computer programs? 是什么让人有别于电
’脑程序：What is the missing element that our theories dont yet account
for ?我们的理论还没有解释的缺少的要素是什么？ The answer is simple; people read newspaper stories for a reason; to learn more about what they
’are interested in .Computers,on the other hand, dont.答案很简单，人们
阅读报纸故事为了学习更多他们感兴趣的东西，而电脑不是。In fact ,computers
’dont even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read.事实上，电脑甚至连兴趣都没有，当它们试图阅读时它们没有寻找任何特别的东西。If a computer program is to be a model of story understanding ,it should also read for a “purpose”.如果一个电脑程序是理解故事模式，那它也是为了某个意图去阅读。
Of course,people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers.诚然，人类的意图若是被强加到电脑身上便没有任何意义。One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals,or to find a good place to go for a business lunch.一个人可能会读就餐指南，只是为了解决饥饿或是有娱乐目的，也可能是为了寻找一个吃商务餐的好地方。Computers do not get hungry,and computers do not have business lunches.电脑不会饿，也不吃商务餐。
However,these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals.然而，这些心理和社会目标会导致一些智力或者认知目标。 A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves desired type of food ,how expensive the restaurant is the location of the restaurant,etc.一个想要解决饥饿的意图会促使这样的念头产生，找到一个提供我们想要的食物的餐厅，这餐厅叫什么名，价位如何，在什么位置等。These are goals to acquire information or knowledge ,what we are calling learning goals.我们把这些为了获取信息或知识的目标叫学习目标。These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might “want ”to find out the location of a restaurant,and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might.电脑也能有这些目标，一台电脑也许“想要”寻找餐厅的方位，并且为了做得像一个人一样去阅读一个指南。While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer,it might well arise out of the “goal”to learn more about restaurants.虽然这样的目标就电脑来说不是产生于饥饿，但电脑很可能从这个目标去获得更多关于餐厅的信息。
Teaching and learning
Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student.许多老师认为学习是学生的责任。If a long reading assignment is given,instructors expect student to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination.如果老师布置了一篇长篇阅读的任务，即使他们没在课堂上讨论过或者考试过，他们还是期望学生熟悉这篇读物里的信息。The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning ,not the one interested only in getting high grade。 理想的学生被认为是那种为了学习而有动机地学习而不是那种只对高分感兴趣的学生Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade.有时被发回来的作业上只有简短的评价，并无分数。Even if a grade is not given,the student is responsible for learning the material assigned.即使不给分数，学生也有责任学习布置的材料。When research is assigned ,the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance.当一项研究课题被选定时，教授们期望学生积极去做并且以最少的指导完成。It
,is the students responsibility to find books ,magazines,and articles in
the library.在图书馆查找书籍、杂志和论文是学生的责任。Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library. 教授们没有时间去解释一个大学的图书馆如何运行；他们期望学生尤其是研究生阅尽图书馆中的文献资源。Professors will help students who need it ,but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them.教授们愿意帮助需要帮助的学生，但是更希望学生不要太过依赖他们。In the united states professors have many other duties besides teaching ,such as administrative or research work.Therefore ,the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited .在美国，教授除了上课以外还有其他职责，比如管理工作或研究工作。因此一个教授能分给学生的课外时间是有限的。If a student has problems with classroom work,the student should either approach a professor duing office hours or make an appointment.如果一个学生对课堂作业有问题，他应该在办公时间找老师或者预约。