第二篇 The Paper Chase

2012-02-04 | 职称英语 |

【www.guakaob.com--职称英语】

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇一：第二篇 The Paper Chase (2015年职称英语概况大意与完成句子译文)

The Paper Chase

1. "Running a house is lot like running a business." says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:

2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work. whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room.

3. When in doubt, throw it out, the first step to implementing a workable filling system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read.

4. Set aside two days a month to pay bills, if a monthly due date doesn't fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date, keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills — one to correspond with each bill-paying day — and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaces.

5. Think of your filling system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filling system is both mentally and physically flexible, everyone's needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this?" Create main headings for your filling system, such as investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.

练习：

1. Paragraph 2 __________

2. Paragraph 3 __________

3. Paragraph 4 __________

5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____________________.

6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition ________.

7. Coupons should be thrown away because ____________________.

译文：

文件整理

Stephanie Denton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和记录工作。他说，“打理房子更像做生意”。如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供了如下建议：

创造一个可以一直做文书工作的空间。这或许是一个成功机制的最重要的部分。如果你没有整张桌子的话，至少要有一个可以移动的小车来储存那些经常使用的文书，还要有一个带两个抽屉的柜子来存放家庭记录。把这个可移动的小车放在你工作最方便、最舒适的地方，无论是厨房、办公室还是家庭游艺室。

当有怀疑的时候，就把它扔出来。建立一个可行的档案系统，首先要把那些你不用、不需要或者你可以在其他地方轻易得到的文件扔掉。扔掉那些复件、旧索引和所有你永远不会有机会使用甚至阅读的优待券、邮件和礼券。

每个月留出两天时间付账单。如果每个月的结账日期不适合你，打电话给你的债权人并建议换一个更方便的日期。建立一个与每个结账日相对应的账单系统，在你当前的账单系统前放两个马尼拉折叠夹来整理所有进来的账单。在每个需要付账的文件夹前列一个清单以防发票没到或者放错了地方。

你的档案系统不是一个严格的工具，而是一个活生生的、能够呼吸的、能适应你不断变化需要的系统。一个好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性。Denton说，每个人的需要都是不同的，但是在设计档案系统前问问自己，“我要到哪儿去找它呢?”为你的档案系统加上主要的标题，比如投资、税务、孩子等，然后将文件夹分类放在标题下。不要把你的文件夹塞得过满。

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇二：职称英语综合类概括大意第二篇 The Paper Chas逐句翻译

第二篇 The Paper Chase 文件整理

"Running a house is lot like running a business." says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. Stephanie Denton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和记录工作。他说，"打理房子更像做生意"。To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供了如下建议：

Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. 创造一个可以一直做文书工作的空间。This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system.这或许是一个成功机制的最重要的部分。 If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. 如果你没有整张桌子的话，至少要有一个可以移动的小车来储存那些经常使用的文书，还要有一个带两个抽屉的柜子来存放家庭记录。Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work.把这个可移动的小车放在你工作最方便、最舒适的地方， whether

that is the kitchen, office, or family room.无论是厨房、办公室还是家庭游艺室。

When in doubt, throw it out, the first step to implementing a workable filling system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. 当有怀疑的时候，就把它扔出来。建立一个可行的档案系统，首先要把那些你不用、不需要或者你可以在其他地方轻易得到的文件扔掉。Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read.扔掉那些复件、旧索引和所有你永远不会有机会使用甚至阅读的优待券、邮件和礼券。

Set aside two days a month to pay bills.每个月留出两天时间付账单。if a monthly due date doesn't fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date.如果每个月的结账日期不适合你，打电话给你的债权人并建议换一个更方便的日期。Keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills - one to correspond with each bill-paying day - and file all incoming bills. 在你当前的账单系统前放两个马尼拉折叠夹为最近的账单，建立一个与每个结账日相对应的账单系统，和用来整理所有进来的账单。Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid

in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaces.在每个需要付账的文件夹前列一个清单以防发票没到或者放错了地方。

Think of your filling system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs.你的档案系统不是一个严格的工具，而是一个活生生的、能够呼吸的、能适应你不断变化需要的系统。 A good filling system is both mentally and physically flexible. 一个好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性。Everyone's needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this?"Denton说，每个人的需要都是不同的，但是在设计档案系统前问问自己，"我要到哪儿去找它呢?" Create main headings for your filling system, such as investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.为你的档案系统加上主要的标题，比如投资、税务、孩子等，然后将文件夹分类放在标题下。不要把你的文件夹塞得过满。

练习：

1. Paragraph 2 __________

2. Paragraph 3 __________

3. Paragraph 4 __________

4. Paragraph 5 __________

A. Find a Place to Work on

B. Implementing a Workable Filing System

C. What Is a Good Filing System

D. How to Invest in a Rolling File Cart

E. Get Rid of Unimportant Things

F. Dealing With Bills

5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____________________.

6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition ____________________.

7. Coupons should be thrown away because ____________________.

8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact ____________________.

A. they are useless

B. in paper chase

C. that it is easily reached

D. that different people have different requirements E. they are not comfortable

F. in investing in coupons

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇三：职称英语概括大意与完成句子第二篇解析

第二篇The Paper Chase

1. "Running(管理） a house is lot like running （管理）a business（生意，商业）." says Stephanie Denton, a professional （专业）organizer（组织者，管理者） based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in (精通）both residential（居民的） and commercial （商业的）paperwork（文书工作） and record keeping（记录工作）. To get a successful grip on（掌握） organizing documents（文件）, bills（票据）, and other materials（材料）, Denton suggests （建议）the following tips（步骤）:

2. Create （创设）a space(空间） in which you can always do your paperwork（文件工作）. This is perhaps （可能）the most important（重要的） element （要素）of a successful(成功的） system(系统）. If you can't devote（投入） an entire（整个） desk to the task（工作）, at least （至少）invest（使用，引进） in a rolling（转动） file cart （车）to store （储存）active paperwork and a two-drawer（抽屉） file cabinet（橱柜) for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient(方便） and comfortable to do your work. whether that is the kitchen（厨房), office(办公室） or family room.

3. When in doubt（迟疑）, throw it out（扔掉）, the first step（步骤） to implementing （落实，执行）a workable（可行的） filling system （系统）is to eliminate（消除） paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily （轻松）access (获得）again elsewhere（其他地方）. Throw out duplicate（复印的） statements, old catalogs（目录）, and all of the coupons（礼券）, mailings（邮件）, or offerings（优待券） you'll never have an opportunity（机会） to use or even read.

4. Set aside（留出） two days a month（每月） to pay bills（账目）, if a monthly due （应缴款）date （日期）doesn't fit into （适合）your cycle, call up(打电话） the creditor（债权人）and suggest （建议）a more convenient（方便的） date, keep two manila （马尼拉）folders （文件夹)at the front of (前面）your system for current（当前） bills — one to correspond with（符合，相应） each bill-paying day （结账日）— and file all incoming（进来的） bills. Keep a list （清单）in the front of each

folder of what needs to be paid （付账）in case（以防） the invoice（发票） never arrives （到达）or gets misplaces（放错地方）.

5. Think of （认为）your filling system（档案系统） not as a rigid （严格）tool, but as a living（活生生）, breathing（能够呼吸） system that can accommodate（容纳） your changing needs. A good filling system is both mentally（心理） and physically （身体）flexible（灵活), everyone's needs are different(不同）, says Denton, but when devising （设计）a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this?" Create main(主要） headings （标题）for your filling system, such as

investments（投资）, Taxes（税费）, Children, and so forth（等等）, and file individual （个人的）folders under the main headings（目录）. Never overstuff（塞满） your files.

练习：

1. Paragraph 2 __________

2. Paragraph 3 __________

3. Paragraph 4 __________

4. Paragraph 5 __________

5. Stephanie Denton is expert（专家） ____________________.

6. You can put your file cart （文件车）anywhere you like, on condition ____________________.

7. Coupons（礼券） should be thrown away because ____________________.

8. "Mentally flexible" indicates（表明） the fact ____________________.

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇四：【2013职称英语】综合类概括大意与完成句子题目和译文word汇总

【2013职称英语】综合类概括大意与完成句子题目和译文word汇总

概括大意与完成句子

第一篇 The Making of a Success Story

第二篇 The Paper Chase

第三篇 English and English Community

第四篇Alaska

第五篇 Why Does Food Cost So Much

第六篇 How We Form First Impression

第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss

第八篇 Earthquake

第九篇 Transport and Trade

第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language .

*第十一篇 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing

*第十二篇 Intelligence: a Changed View

+第十三篇 Screen Test.

+ 第十四篇 Heartbeat of America

+ 第十五篇 Smoke Gets in Your Mind

第一篇 The Making of a Success Story

阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后的练习分两部分,第一部分要求从所给的选项里选出所标段落的段落标题；第二部分要求根据文章的内容用所给的选项来完成句子。

The Making of a Success Story

1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.

2 IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not a furniture company in the beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings .

3 IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging , so Kamprad expanded the product line . Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.

first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .

5 In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.

6 Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries .Amazingly ,Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-help company .In 2004 he was named the world's richest man , He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself , though ,just keeps on growing.

1. Paragraph 2 ____.

2. Paragraph 3 ____.

3. Paragraph 4 ____.

4. Paragraph 5 ____.

A. Ingvar Kamprad – a born businessman

B. Success brought by the introduction of showrooms

C. The origin of IKEA

D. Specialization in selling furniture

E. Flat packaging – a feature of IKEA

F. World-wide expansion of IKEA

5. Even when he was only a child, ____.

6. ____, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.

7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA‘s showrooms because ____.

8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, ____.

A. IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things.

B. it is highly welcomed by both

C. Ingvar Kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business.

D. he lives happily in retirement

E. here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.

F. Ingvar successfully manages the company all by himself

答案与题解：

C第二^介绍了 IKEA这个店名的来源以及它刚开始的时候是一家什么样的小杂货店。

D第三段讲了 IKEA通过邮购方式销售自己设计、自己制造的家具，业绩喜人，从而扩大生产线，专事家具产销。

B 1^3年IKEA弓丨°入展示厅的做法得到很好的反响，销售大大增加。

E Kamprad从别人拆卸家具中得到启发，于是试行销售平板包装的家具，既利己又利人，并使独立自行成为IKEA的一个特色。

G时间状语从句告诉我们这里要讲的是Ingvar小时候的事情，文章的第一段就说了他从小就会做买卖。 A这句话的后半句说IKEA几年以后才变成一家专营家具的公司，前半句很可能讲它的前身是什么。 E这句的主句讲了顾客们喜欢IKEA的展示厅，从句用because引导，很清楚要求给出原

因。

B这句先给了原因，即平板包装对双方来说都省钱，那么结果便是双方都欢迎。

译文：

发迹史

宜家（IKEA)是世界上最大的家具零售商。它的幕后经营者是Ingvar Kampmd,可谓世界上最成功的企业家之一。Kampmd 1926年生于瑞典，天生就有做商人的资质。还是个孩子时，他就喜好卖东西，并在社区中通过售卖火柴、种子和铅笔赚了些小钱。Kampmd 17岁时，他父亲给了他一些钱作为考试成绩优秀的奖励。当然了，他用这笔钱做了生意，成立了宜家。

宜家这个名字取自Kampmd全名的首字母（I.K.)和他成长地名称的缩写（―E‖ ―A‖）。如今宜家以其现代、风格简约的家具而闻名，然而发家时它却不是一个家具公司。那时，它出售的商品五花八门。Kampmd销售任何可以打折低价出售并盈利的物件，包括手表、钢笔和长袜。宜家最初在1947年通过邮寄产品目录来出售家具。这些家具都是由Kampmd家附近的生产商

设计和制造的。起初的销售额非常喜人，所以Kamprad扩大了生产线。因为家具销售成为宜家非常重要的一个生意份额，宜家于1951年成为了专营家具公司。

1953年，宜家在瑞典的Almhult开立了第一家展示厅。今天宜家因其店面的大空间和家具的引人摆设而闻名，但在20世纪50年代初的时候，人们只是通过产品目录订购。所以宜家的首间展厅备受瞩目，因为人们十分乐意能够在购买之前亲眼看到并试用这些家具。这样的销售模式促进了销售额的增长，使得公司继续茁壮成长。截至1955.年，宜家已开始独立地设计其所有的家具。

1956年,Kamprad看到有一个人通过拆解桌子来方便装运，从而受到启发。这个人让他灵光一闪，想出了平板包装的点子。平板包装对宜家意味着更低的货运费以及对客户而言更低的售价。宜家如此示范，销售额因此一路飙升。虽然顾客自己拼装家具有些麻烦，但是时间一长，这样的亲手操作倒成了宜家的强项。现今，宜家被视为有独立自行的风格。这样的形象为公司在销售额和经营规模上带来了奇迹般的效果。

今天宜家在32个国家开有超过200家分店。令人惊叹的是，Ingvar Kamprad设法将宜家保持为一家私有企业。2004年，他被冠名为世界上最富有的人。他如今住在瑞士，已脱离了宜家的日常经营。而宜家将继续成长。

第二篇 The Paper Chase

The Paper Chase

练习：

1. Paragraph 2 __________

2. Paragraph 3 __________

3. Paragraph 4 __________

4. Paragraph 5 __________

5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____________________.

6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition ____________________.

7. Coupons should be thrown away because ____________________.

8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact ____________________.

译文：

文件整理

Stephanie Denton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和记录工作。他说，“打理房子更像做生意”。如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供了如下建议：创造一个可以一直做文书工作的空间。这或许是一个成功机制的最重要的部分。如果你没有整张桌子的话，至少要有一个可以移动的小车来储存那些经常使用的文书，还要有一个带两个抽屉的柜子来存放家庭记录。把这个可移动的小车放在你工作最方便、最舒适的地方，无论是厨房、办公室还是家庭游艺室。当有怀疑的时候，就把它扔出来。建立一个可行的档案系统，首先要把那些你不用、不需要或者你可以在其他地方轻易得到的文件扔掉。扔掉那些复件、旧索引和所有你永远不会有机会使用甚至阅读的优待券、邮件和礼券。

第三篇 English and English Community

English and English Community

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇五：【2013职称英语】综合类概括大意与完成句子题目和译文word汇总

【2013职称英语】综合类概括大意与完成句子题目和译文word汇总

概括大意与完成句子

第一篇 The Making of a Success Story

第二篇 The Paper Chase

第三篇 English and English Community

第四篇Alaska

第五篇 Why Does Food Cost So Much

第六篇 How We Form First Impression

第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss

第八篇 Earthquake

第九篇 Transport and Trade

第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language .

*第十一篇 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing

*第十二篇 Intelligence: a Changed View

+第十三篇 Screen Test.

+ 第十四篇 Heartbeat of America

+ 第十五篇 Smoke Gets in Your Mind

The Making of a Success Story

4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in the early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .

5 In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was

inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.

1. Paragraph 2 ____.

2. Paragraph 3 ____.

3. Paragraph 4 ____.

4. Paragraph 5 ____.

A. Ingvar Kamprad – a born businessman

B. Success brought by the introduction of showrooms

C. The origin of IKEA

D. Specialization in selling furniture

E. Flat packaging – a feature of IKEA

F. World-wide expansion of IKEA

5. Even when he was only a child, ____.

6. ____, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.

7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA‘s showrooms because ____.

8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, ____.

A. IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things.

B. it is highly welcomed by both

C. Ingvar Kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business.

D. he lives happily in retirement

E. here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.

F. Ingvar successfully manages the company all by himself

答案与题解：CDBECAEB

第二篇 The Paper Chase

练习：

1. Paragraph 2 __________

2. Paragraph 3 __________

3. Paragraph 4 __________

4. Paragraph 5 __________

5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____________________.

6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition ____________________.

7. Coupons should be thrown away because ____________________.

8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact ____________________.

AEFCBCAD

第三篇 English and English Community

1. There is no denying that English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.

2. A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the community share common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in a neighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.

3. We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience, we may classify the speakers into two groups : one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.

4. English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language. English has been adopted as the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. Moreover, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.

5. Learning second language extends one‘s vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture; a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.

练习：

1.Paragraph 2 ___________

2.Paragraph 3 ___________

3.Paragraph 4 ___________

4.Paragraph 5 ___________

A. The Wide Use of English

B. Historical Account of English and Its Community

C. The Advantages of Learning a Second Language

D. The Composition of the English Community

E. The Threat That English Poses to Other Languages

F. The Definition of a Speech Community

5.Only through the shared language_______.

6. The idea of the national boundaries is often different from_______.

7. Speakers are classified into two groups_______.

8. An understanding of English_______.

A. that of a speech community

B. can a speech community be formed

C. in order to learn English better

D. for the sake of simplicity

E. has played an important role in the field of education

F. is widely used in several areas of public activity

答案与题解：FDACBADE

第四篇Alaska

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇六：2015职称英语综合类概括大意重要篇目含译文

第二篇 The Paper Chase 文件整理

练习：

1. Paragraph 2 _____A_____

2. Paragraph 3 _____E_____

3. Paragraph 4 _____F_____

4. Paragraph 5 _____C_____

5. Stephanie Denton is expert（专家） ____B________________.

6. You can put your file cart （文件车）anywhere you like, on condition _______________C_____.

7. Coupons（礼券） should be thrown away because ___A_________________.

8. "Mentally flexible" indicates（表明） the fact _____D_______________.

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇七：2014年职称英语教材综合类概括大意与完成句子word版下载

概括大意与完成句子部分

第一篇 The Making of a Success Story

1.Paragraph 2 ____.

2.Paragraph 3 ____.

3.Paragraph 4 ____.

4.Paragraph 5 ____.

A.Ingvar Kamprad – a born businessman

B.Success brought by the introduction of showrooms

C.The origin of IKEA

D.Specialization in selling furniture

E.Flat packaging – a feature of IKEA

F.World-wide expansion of IKEA

5. Even when he was only a child, ____.

6. ____, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.

7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA‘s showrooms because ____.

8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, ____.

A.IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things.

B.it is highly welcomed by both

C.Ingvar Kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business.

D.he lives happily in retirement

E.here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.

F.Ingvar successfully manages the company all by himself

答案与题解：

1.C第二^介绍了 IKEA这个店名的来源以及它刚开始的时候是一家什么样的小杂货店。

2.D第三段讲了 IKEA通过邮购方式销售自己设计、自己制造的家具，业绩喜人，从而扩大生产线，专事家具产销。

3.B 1^3年IKEA弓丨°入展示厅的做法得到很好的反响，销售大大增加。

4.E Kamprad从别人拆卸家具中得到启发，于是试行销售平板包装的家具，既利己又利人，并使独立自行成为IKEA的一个特色。

5.C时间状语从句告诉我们这里要讲的是Ingvar小时候的事情，文章的第一段就说了他从小就会做买卖。

6.A这句话的后半句说IKEA几年以后才变成一家专营家具的公司，前半句很可能讲它的前身是什么。

7.E这句的主句讲了顾客们喜欢IKEA的展示厅，从句用because引导，很清楚要求给出原因。

8.B这句先给了原因，即平板包装对双方来说都省钱，那么结果便是双方都欢迎。

译文：发迹史

宜家（IKEA)是世界上最大的家具零售商。它的幕后经营者是Ingvar Kampmd,可谓世界上最成功的企业家之一。Kampmd 1926年生于瑞典，天生就有做商人的资质。还是个孩子时，他就喜好卖东西，并在社区中通过售卖火柴、种子和铅笔赚了些小钱。Kampmd 17岁

时，他父亲给了他一些钱作为考试成绩优秀的奖励。当然了，他用这笔钱做了生意，成立了宜家。

设计和制造的。起初的销售额非常喜人，所以Kamprad扩大了生产线。因为家具销售成为宜家非常重要的一个生意份额，宜家于1951年成为了专营家具公司。

第二篇 The Paper Chase

练习：

1. Paragraph 2 __________ 2. Paragraph 3 __________ 3. Paragraph 4 __________ 4. Paragraph 5 __________ A. Find a Place to Work on B. Implementing a Workable Filing System C. What Is a Good Filing System D. How to Invest in a Rolling File Cart E. Get Rid of Unimportant Things F. Dealing With Bills 5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____________________. 6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition ____________________. 7. Coupons should be thrown away because ____________________. 8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact ____________________. A. they are useless B. in paper chase C. that it is easily reached D. that different people have different requirements E. they are not comfortable F. in investing in coupons

答案与题解：

1.A 这段的第一句是主题句，讲的是要为整理文件找到工作空间。 2.E 这段谈及的是，没有用的文件如各种复件、旧索引、优待券等，要及时扔掉。 3.F 这一段讲的是如何处理账单。 4.C 这段讲的是一个好的档案系统应具备的两个条件：既要灵活又要调理清晰。

5. B Stephanie Denton非常擅长整理档案，所以B是答案。虽然F在语法上讲得过去，但优待券不是可进行投资的东西，所以也就不存在是否擅长做此事的问题。

6. C 文中提到，档案车放在什么地方都可以，前提是使用方便。

7. A 文章说，优待券没什么用，所以应该扔掉。

8. D 文章的最后一段谈到，好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性，接下去又说，每个人的需要都是不同的。所以答案是D。

译文：文件整理

Stephanie Denton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和记录工作。他说，―打理房子更像做生意‖。如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供了如下建议：

你的档案系统不是一个严格的工具，而是一个活生生的、能够呼吸的、能适应你不断变化需要的系统。一个好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性。Denton说，每个人的需要都是不同的，但是在设计档案系统前问问自己，―我要到哪儿去找它呢?‖为你的档案系统加上主要的标题，比如投资、税务、孩子等，然后将文件夹分类放在标题下。不要把你的文件夹塞得过满。

第三篇 English and English Community

1 There is no denying that1 English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity2 to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.

2 A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the conimunity share a common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in aneighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇八：概括大意

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇九：第三部分概括大意与完成句子

第一篇：The Making of a Success Story

1。第二款_____ 2。第三项_____

3。4款_____

4。第五段_____

一个英格瓦•坎普拉德一一个天生的商人展厅的引入带来的成功 C宜家的起源 D专业化销售家具

E平整的包装一宜家的一个特性 F宜家的全球扩张

5。即使他只是一个孩子,_____。 6。_____,年后成为一个大公司专业生产和销售家具。

7。客户喜欢宜家的展厅的想法,因为_____。 8。作为宜家平整的包装可以节省资金和客户,_____

宜家开始作为一个小商店出售各种各样的便宜的东西 B非常欢迎

C英格瓦•坎普拉德对做生意有兴趣和天分 D他快乐的退休生活

E在这里他们可以看到并尝试他们要买的家

具

F英格瓦成功地管理自己的公司

第二篇

The Paper Chase 1。第二款才开会

2。第三项才开会3。4款才开会 4。第五段才开会答:找个地方工作

b .实现一个可行的档案系统什么是好的文件系统如何投资一个滚动文件车 e .摆脱一些无关紧要的事情上 f .处理账单

5。斯蒂芬妮·丹顿是专家____________________。 6____________________。你可以把你的文件车你喜欢的任何地方。

,条件7。优惠券应该扔掉,因为____________________。 8。“精神灵活”表明事实____________________。答:他们是无用的 b在纸里追逐它很容易达到不同的人有不同的需求 e .他们不舒服 f .投资优惠券

第三篇

English and English Community 1。第二款___________ 2。第三项___________ 3。4款___________ 4。第五段___________

英语的广泛使用

b .历史的英语和它的社区学习第二语言的优势 d .的组成英语社区英语对其他语言的威胁言语社区的定义

5。只有通过共享language_______。 6。国界的想法from_______往往不同。 7。人分为两个groups_______。 8。English_______的理解。言语社区的

社区的一次演讲中可以形成为了更好的学习英语为了简单起见

大肠在教育领域发挥了重要作用 f .广泛应用于多个领域的公共活动

第四篇Alaska 1. Paragraph 3________

2. Paragraph 4_________

3. Paragraph 5_________

4. Paragraph 6_________

） Rich resources of the state B

） Connections with the outside world C

） Transportation problem D

） The natives of the land E

） Cold climate F

） Land and population 5. For as long as three months of a yearthe sun ________ on the ice-covered land of ， Alaska.

6. the total area of Alaska has been used for According to statistics， _________ of farming.

7. Alaska was originally part of Russiabut was bought _______. ，

8. Gold did not bring to Alaska as much wealth__________

A. as fish does

B. because of its rich natural resources

by the United States in the 19th century D. shines day and night

E. only a very small percentage

F. a limited amount of the gold found there.

第五篇US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 1。第二款„„ 2。第三段„„ 3。4款_____ 4。第五段_____

什么《烟草控制框架公约》的要求 B我们签署的《烟草控制框架公约》 C反对《烟草控制框架公约》《烟草控制框架公约》是如何形成的《烟草控制框架公约》会带来什么 F批准《烟草控制框架公约》

5。toward__________签署《烟草控制框架公约》仅仅是第一步。

6。批准该公约的国家将不得不,除此之外,_____。 7。希望《烟草控制框架公约》将大大有助于减少deaths__________。

8。更多的国家比that__________签署了《烟草控制框架公约》。已经批准它 B批准它 C实施规定

D限制在公共场所吸烟由于烟草使用包括提高烟草税

第六篇

How We Form First lmpression 1。第二款_____ 2。第三项_____ 3。4款_____

4。第五段_____

离开的方式不成熟和简单的印象评论的第一印象如果你想问老板,重要的是要找出first________。

有必要明确boss____________

这不是明智的problem___________现在的老板 C的第一印象

D比较传入的感觉信息与记忆 E的威胁方面的第一印象运动员之间的差异,极客和狂 5。是认为through_____感官信息。

6。你已经解释_____通过比较它与记忆储存在你的大脑。

7。我们的刻板印象的人是一种不成熟的思考,这是类似一样。那么

8。我们可以用更成熟的思维方式谢谢一样。那么一种陌生人的不成熟的想法 B我们的皮质最复杂的地区

C一个非常年轻的孩子的不成熟的思维形式 D传入的感觉信息的意义世界的景象和声音

分析不同形式的思考的机会第七篇

How to Argue with your Boss 第二款______ 第三项______ 4款______ 第五段______ 答:降低你的声音站在老板的位置 c .提出你的解决方案 d .不要在当你生气大肠明确这个问题 f .从不屈服

你必须troubles__________的体贴和思考老板给你的建议他感觉如何 c .老板

d .你真正想跟他谈谈

e .没有暗示一种方法来解决这个问题 f .你有多么的不开心第八篇 1。第1款▁▁ 2。第二款▁▁ 3。第三项▁▁ 4。4款▁▁

为什么不现在许多科学家进行这项研究 B华秀的进展报告在学习手语 C华秀的一般信息公认的D园丁的贡献 E关于黑猩猩的智力

三个年轻的黑猩猩F华秀的爱 5。华秀可以让交流信号 6。一些科学家怀疑

7。华秀教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语 8。实验者认为华秀是聪明如果园丁的参数是合理的因为她比其他黑猩猩聪明当她想要吃

D当她在埃伦斯研究中心 E因为她可以用手语问水果 F当华秀学习手语

第九篇

Transport and Trade 1。第二款_____ 2。第三项_____ 3。4款_____ 4。第五段_____ 答:更高的生活标准 b .运输贸易的重要性各种各样的交通工具

d .运输相关产业和贸易的诞生在贸易大肠的角色信息 f .公共交通

5。现代交通工具的发展_____。 6。只有当货物可以快速运送到世界各地的___________。

7。交通使得人们能够吃任何他们想要的食物_____。

8。贸易的现代社会信息的传播规律一样重要的作用。

答:发送产品到世界各地 b .在任何时候极大地促进了贸易 d .是大规模生产成为可能 e .货物运输 f .可以大规模生产第十篇

Transport and Trade 1。第1款▁▁ 2。第二款▁▁ 3。第三项▁▁ 4。4款▁▁

为什么不现在许多科学家进行这项研究

B华秀的进展报告在学习手语 C华秀的一般信息公认的D园丁的贡献 E关于黑猩猩的智力

三个年轻的黑猩猩F华秀的爱 5。华秀可以让交流信号 6。一些科学家怀疑

7。华秀教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语8。实验者认为华秀是聪明如果园丁的参数是合理的因为她比其他黑猩猩聪明当她想要吃

D当她在埃伦斯研究中心 E因为她可以用手语问水果

F当华秀学习手语

第二篇 The Paper Chase 篇十：综合类概括大意与完成句子英文

第一篇 The Making of a Success

Story (发迹史)

1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one

the

world's

most

successful

entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.

2 IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not

furniture

company

the

beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings .

4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in

the

early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus

response

the

first

showroom

was

overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .

had

assemble

furniture

themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.

1. Paragraph 2 __. C. The origin of IKEA 2. Paragraph 3 _ D. Specialization in selling furniture

3. Paragraph 4 __. B. Success brought by the introduction of showrooms

4. Paragraph 5 __. E. Flat packaging – a feature of IKEA

5. Even when he was only a 6. big company specialized in manufacturing and

selling of furniture.

7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA’s showrooms because E. here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.

8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, _ B. it is highly welcomed by both答案与题

第二篇 The Paper Chase

文件整理

1. "Running a house is lot like running a business."

says

Stephanie

Denton,

professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:

1. Paragraph 2 ____A. Find a Place to Work on

2. Paragraph 3 ______E. Get Rid of Unimportant Things

3. Paragraph 4 _______ F. Dealing With Bills

4. Paragraph 5 _____ C. What Is a Good Filing System

6. You can put your file cart anywhere you 7. Coupons should be thrown away 8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact __ requirements.

第三篇 English

and

English

Community

英语和英语群体

1. There is no denying that English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in

the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.

5. Learning second language extends one’s vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture; a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage. 1.Paragraph 2 ____ F. The Definition of a Speech Community

2.Paragraph 3 ___ D. The Composition of the English Community

3.Paragraph 4 ____ A. The Wide Use of English

4.Paragraph 5 ____ C. The Advantages of Learning a Second Language

5.Only through the shared speech community be formed

6. The idea of the national boundaries is often 8. An understanding of English E. has played an important role in the field of education

第四篇 Alaska

阿拉斯加

In 1858 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state， symbolizing a change of attitude that hold in 1867， when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then， most Americans had little interest in 1，500，000 square kilometers ―of icebergs and polar bear‖-beyond Canada s western borders， far from the settled areas of the United States.

In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle， Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bear. Ice buried in the earth， which is permanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters， From early May until

early August， the midnight sun never sets on this flat， treeless region， but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.

Alaska is America s largest state， but only about 325，000 people live there. According to estimates， 800，000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640，000 hectares are being cultivated.

Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia， probably crossing Bering Strait， named for Vitus Bering， the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741. The Eskimos are the state s earliest known inhabitants. Russian fur traders established settlements but， by the time Alaska was sold to the United States， most of the traders had departed

In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousand of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike； some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again， although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the U.S mainland， and within the state， every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers， mail and freight to the most distant villages.

The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended， and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature， the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaska waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $ 90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams， and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing， the state s chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years， Alaska s single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal， copper， gold and other minerals.

1. Paragraph 3____ F） Land and population

2. Paragraph 4____ D） The natives of the land

3. Paragraph 5____C） Transportation problem

4. Paragraph 6____A） Rich resources of the state

5. For as long as three months of a year， the sunon the ice-covered land of Alaska.

6. According to statistics，E. only a Alaska has been used for farming. 7. Alaska was originally part of Russia， 8. Gold did not bring to Alaska as much 第五篇 US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty

美国签订了全球烟草协议 1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.

2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.

3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.

4 The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about

440,000 people die each year from

tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.

5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.

1. Paragraph 2_ B US Signing of the FCTC

2. Paragraph 3__ D How the FCTC Came into Being

3. Paragraph 4_ A What the FCTC Demands

4. Paragraph 5_ E What the FCTC Will Bring about

5. Signing the FCTC is only the first step toward_ B approving it

6. Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to, 第六篇 How We Form First Impression 对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的 1 We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" .

3 If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new，it says，"new-potentially，threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ， gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I don't like this person". Or else，"I'm intrigued" . Or your

brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;

so your brain says: "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong4

4 When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that

makes

simplistic

and

categorical

impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.

5 However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane.

1. Paragraph 2_____ D Comparing Incoming Sensory

Information

Against

Memories

2. Paragraph 3_____ C Illustration Of First Impression

3. Paragraph 4_____ B Comment on First Impression

4. Paragraph 5_____ A Ways Of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions

5. Sensory information is one that is perceived 6. You interpret D the meaning of by comparing it against the memoriesalready stored in your brain.

7. The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking，which is similar to_ C the immature form of thinking of a very 8. We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to__ B the most complex

第七篇 How to Argue with Your Boss

怎样与老板争论

Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss’s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss’s secretary, there are keys to timing: don’t apAproach the boss when he’s on deadline’; don’t go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don’t go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.

If you’re mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don’t let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then , maybe he will dismiss you.

Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it.

Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can’t put forward an immediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem . People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can’t get past the secretary.

To deal effectively with a boss, it’s important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work you to achieve your goals.

Paragraph 2________ D. Don’t Go in When You are Angry

Paragraph 3________ E. Make the Issue Clear Paragraph 4________ C.

Propose

Your

Solution

Paragraph 5________ B. Put Yourself in the Boss’s Position

5.If you want to ask the boss for anything, it is important to find out first B. how he is feeling 6.It is necessary to make clear to the boss___ D. 7.It is not wise to present the boss with a problem_ E. without suggesting a way to solve 8.You must be considerate and think of the troubles__F. how unhappy you are____

第八篇 Screen Test 透视检查

1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a, survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.

2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is ―not very significant‖ compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help ―optimise the technique‖ for breast cancer screening.

7. ―There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,‖ admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. ―On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.‖

1.Paragraph 2 A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman

2.Paragraph 3 B Investigating the Effect of Screening

3.Paragraph 4 C Effects Predicted by Two Different Models

4.Paragraph 5 D Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation

5.Early discovery of breast cancer may_ C 6.Advantages of screening women under 50 are_ D still open to debate

7.Delaying the age at which screening starts may__ E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

reduced to the minimum

第九篇 Transport and Trade

交通与贸易

Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce， transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer， the better for trade. When there were no railways， no good roads， no canals， and only small sailing ships， trade was on a small scale.

The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand， for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business， drawing supplies from， and selling goods to， all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.

Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.

By moving fuel， raw materials， and even power， as， for example， through electric cables， transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes， the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.

Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication， like telephones， cables and radio， send information about prices， supplies， and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way， advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.

1. Paragraph 2 _ B. Importance of transport in trade

2. Paragraph 3 __ A. Higher living standard

3. Paragraph 4 __ D. Birth of transport-related industries and trade

4. Paragraph 5 _ E. Role of information in trade

5. The development of modern means of transport _ C. has greatly promoted trade _.

6. Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly _ D. is it possible to produce on a large scale

7. Transport has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want _ B. at any time during the year

8. In the trade of modern society the transmission of information plays as important a role as E. the transport of goods

第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language .

学会了美国手语

1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanze5e named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Wash0e had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.

2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed. 3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.

4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.

5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.

1. Paragraph 1▁▁C General Information about Washoe

2. Paragraph 2▁▁B Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language 3. Paragraph 3▁▁E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence

4. Paragraph 4▁▁A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays

5. Washoe could make signs to 6. Some scientists doubted A if the

Gardeners' argument was sound

7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg

8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits

*第十一篇 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing 是否有办法使英国经济继续保持增长

1．In today's knowledge economy，nations survive on the things they do best．Japanese design electronics while Germens export engineering techniques．The French serve，the best food and Americans make computers．

2．Britain specializes in the gift of talking．The nation doesn't manufacture much of anything．But it has lawyers，stylists and business consultants who earn their living from talk talk and more talk．The World Foundation think tank says the UK's four iconic jobs today are not scientists，engineers，teachers and nurses．instead，thev're hairdressers，celebrities，management consultants and managers．But can all this talking keep the British economy going?The British government thinks it can． 3．Although the country's trade deficit was more than￡60 billion in 2006。UK's largest in the postwar period。Officials say the country has nothing to worry about．In fact，Britain does have a worldclass pharmaceutical industry?and it still makes a small sum from selling arms abroad．It also trades servicesaccountancy，insurance，banking and advertising．The government believes Britain is on the cutting edge of the knowledge economy．After all。me country of Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a literary

tradition

which

proud．Rock'n'roll is an English language medium。and there are billions to be made by their cuttingedge bands．In other words，the creative economy has plenty of strength to carry the British economy．

4．However，creative industries account for only about 4 percent of UK's exports of goods and services．The industries are finding it hard to make a profit，according to a report of the National Endowment for Science。Technology and the Arts The report shows only 38 percent of

British

companies

were

engaged

in"innovation activities"，3 percentage points below the EU average and well below Cmcnany(61 percent)and Sweden(47 percent)。 5．In tact，it might be better to call Britain a"smwant"economythere are at least 4 million people"in service"．The majority of the population are employed by the rich to cook，clean，and take care of their children。Many graduates are even doing menial jobs for which they do not need a degree．Most employment growth has been，and will continue to be，at the lowskill end of the service sectorin shops，bars，hotels，domestic service and in nursing and care homes。

1.Paragraph 2___E Gift of talking

2.Paragraph 3___ C Strength of the Creative Economy

3.Paragraph 4___ D Weakness of the Creative Economy

4.Paragraph 5___ B ―Servant‖ Economy 5.Every country has its own way．_ C .to ．

6.The British government doesn't seem__ F 7.The creative industries find it difficult__ ．

8.Many graduates are employed__ B .to do *第十二篇 Intelligence: a Changed View 智力：一个转变了的观念

1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore, was as a predictor of children’s future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.

2. Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates.

3. There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence. Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigation what happens in this interaction.

4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predicable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child

relationship.

Much

the

difference in measured intelligence between ―privileged‖ and ―disadvantaged‖ children may be due to the latter’s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.

5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed, one of them is learning how to learn.

6. The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label ―low IQ‖ which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society’s eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.

1. Paragraph 2 ____ C. Effect of Environment on Intelligence

2. Paragraph 4 ____A. Main Results of Recent

Researches

3. Paragraph 5 ____ F. A Changed View of Intelligence

4. Paragraph 6 ____ E. Impact on School Education

5.It was once believed _ D. that intelligence was something a baby was born with __ and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence. 6.More recent researches has shown that partly has to do with a child’s living environment

7.It can be inferred from the passage that a child will _ B. have a better chance to develop his intelligence __if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.

8.Children were not just _ A. born to be more taught to be more intelligent at school. +第十三篇：Ward off Travel Bugs

防止旅行中的疾病困扰 1 As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn2. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems.

2 You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria3, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to4 poisoning brought on5 by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria.

3 By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.6 The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut.

4 In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However, if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over.

5 Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel7 can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses, allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include

grapefruit-seed extract8, which is an excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral and anti-fungal agent.

6 Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger

capsules9 ward off motion sickness, but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing, you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure.

7 The greatest concern is ―economy class syndrome‖, the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol.

8 You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin C with the bioflavonoid quercetin10. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat.

9 Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor.

1．Paragraph 1 C Avoiding Holiday Troubles

2．Paragraph 4 _ A Basics of What to Eat and Drink

3．Paragraph 5 _ B Medicine Against Bacteria and Viruses

4．Paragraph 6 _ D Basics of Having a Pleasant Flight

5．Food-poisoning may pose a problem _ D when you are travelling

6．Special earplugs can make you feel better _ A when your plane is about to land

7．It is important to drink a lot of water _ C 8．Don’t forget to bring necessary medicine E when you are packing for your 第十四篇 Heartbeat of America

美国的心博

1. New York—the Statue of Liberty（自由女神）, the skyscrapers, the beautiful shops on Fifth Avenue（第五大街） and the many theaters on Broadway（百老汇）. This is America's cultural capital. It is also her biggest city, with a population（人口居民） of nearly 8 million. In the summer it is hot, hot, hot and in the winter it can be very cold. Still there are hundreds of things to do and see all the year round.

2. Manhattan（曼哈顿） is the real center of the city. When people say ―New York City,‖ they usually mean Manhattan. Most of the interesting shops, buildings and museums（博物馆） are here. In addition, Manhattan is the scene of New York’s busy night life. In 1605 the first Europeans came to Manhattan from Holland（荷兰）. They bought the island from the Native Americans for a few glass necklaces worth about $26 today.

3. Wall Street（华尔街） in Manhattan is the financial（金融的） heart of the USA. It is also the most important banking center in the world. It is a street of ―skyscrapers.‖ These are those incredible（难以置信的）, high buildings, which Americans invented, and built faster and higher than anyone else. Perhaps the two most spectacular（壮观） skyscrapers in New York are the two towers of the New York World Trade Center. When the sun sets, their 110 floors shine like pure gold.

4. Like every big city, New York has its own traffic（交通） system. Traffic jams can be terrible. It's usually quickest to go by subway(地铁). The New York subway is easy to use and quite cheap. The subway goes to almost every corner of Manhattan. But it is not safe to take the subway late a night because in some places you could get robbed（抢劫）. New York buses are also easy to use. You see more if you go by bus. There are more than 30,000 taxis in New York. They are easy to see, because they are bright yellow and carry large TAXI signs. Taxis do not go outside the city. However, they will go to the airports. In addition to the taxi fare, people give the taxi driver a tip of 15 percent of the fare's value.

5. Central Park is a beautiful green oasis（绿洲） in the middle of New York’s concrete（水泥） desert. It is surprisingly big, with lakes and woods, as well as organized recreation areas. New Yorkers love Central Park, and they use it all the time. In the winter, they go ice-skating, and in the summer roller-skating. They play ball, ride horses and have picnics（野餐）. They go bicycling and boating. There is even a children's zoo, with wild birds and animals.

6. Along the east side of Central Park runs Fifth Avenue, once called ―Millionaire's Row.

（百万富翁之街）‖ In the 19th century, the richest men in America built their magnificent homes here. It is still the most fashionable street in the city, with famous department stores.

7. Broadway is the street where you will find New York's best-known theaters. But away from the bright lights and elegant clothes of Broadway are many smaller theaters. Their plays an called ―off-Broad-way‖and are often more unusual than the Broadway shows. As well as many theaters, New York has a famous opera house. This is the Metropolitan, where international stars sing from September until April. Carnegie Hall is the city's more popular concert hall. But night life in New York offers more than classical music and theater. There are hundreds of nightclubs where people go to eat and dance.

1. Paragraph 3 ______A The Financial Center of USA

2. Paragraph 4 ______ C. The Traffic Facilities of New York

3. Paragraph 5 __F. Central Park—A Place of Recreation for the New Yorkers

4. Paragraph 6 __ D. Shopping Center for the Rich

5. The island of Manhattan was bought by the Hollanders from the native 6. Central Park is a good place where the New 7. Fifth Avenue is the place _ E. where the

8. For those play-lovers who are interested in what is unusual, the small theaters might be more attractive + 第十五篇 Smoke Gets in Your Mind

吸烟会影响人的精神

1. Lung cancer(肺癌), hypertension（高血压）, heart disease, birth defects（先天性缺陷）—we are all too familiar with the dangers of smoking. But add to that list a frightening new concern. Mental illness（精神疾病）. According to some controversial（有争议的） new findings, if smoking does not kill you, it may, quite litter, drive you to despair（绝望）。

2. The tobacco industry openly pushes its product as something to lift your mood（精神） and soothe（缓解） anxiety. But the short-term feel-good effect may mask（掩盖，面具） the truth: that smoking may worsen or even trigger anxiety disorders（不安）, panic（恐慌） attacks and depression, perhaps even schizophrenia（精神分裂）.

3. Cigarettes and mental illness（精神疾病） have always tended to go together. An estimated 1.25 billion people smoke worldwide. Yet people who are depressed or anxious are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 per cent of those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia smokers. A recent American survey concluded that around half of all cigarettes burn in the fingers of those with mental illness.

4. But the big question is why? The usual story is that the illness comes first. Mentally ill people take up smoking, or smoke more to alleviate some of their distress. Even when smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up. But perhaps something more sinister is going on.

5. A growing number of researchers claim that smoking is the cause, not the

consequence of clinical depression and several forms of anxiety. ―We know a lot about the effects of smoking on physical health, and now we are also starting to see the adverse effects in new research on mental illness,‖ says Naomi Breslau, director of research at the Henry Ford Health Care System in Detroit.

6. Breslau was one of the first to consider this heretical（异端的） possibility. The hint came from studies, published in 1998, which followed a group of just over 1,000 young adults for a five-year period. The 13 per cent who began the study with major depression were around three times more likely to progress from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study, though there was no evidence that depression increased the tendency to take up smoking. But a history of daily smoking before the study commenced roughly doubled the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period Smoking, it seems, could pre-date（提早，预先）illness. 7. At first Breslau concluded that whatever prompts(促使) people to smoke might also make them depressed. But as the results of other much larger studies began to back the statistical link（统计学联系）, she became more convinced than ever that what she was seeing were signs that smoking, perhaps the nicotine itself, could somehow affect the brain and cause depression.

8. One of these larger studies was led by Goodman, a pediatrician（儿科医生）. She followed the health of two groups of teenagers for a year. the first group of 8,704 adolescents were not depressed, and might or might not have been smokers, while the second group of 6,947 were highly depressed and had not been smokers in the past month. After a year her team found that although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers,

experimentation

with

smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour, not the depression itself. What is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers. Goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens. ―Current cigarette use is however, a powerful determinant of developing high depressive symptoms（症状）.‖ 9. Breslau, too, finds that smokers are as much as four times more likely to have an isolated（孤立的） panic attack and three times more likely to develop longer-term panic disorder than non-smokers. It’s a hard message to get across, because many smokers say they become anxious when they quit,（戒掉） not when they smoke. But Breslau says that this is a short-lived effect of withdrawal which masks the reality that, in general（总的来讲）, smokers have higher anxiety levels than non-smokers or ex-smokers（不在抽烟者）. 练习：

1.Paragraph 3 D. Close Association Between Depression and Smoking

2.Paragraph 4 __ A. Doubt(怀疑，未确定) about the Usual Belief

3.Paragraph 6 _ F. Effect of Smoking on mental Health Initially Proved

4.Paragraph 8 E. Breslau’s Conclusion Supported by Another Larger Study

5.Nowadays many doctors have become aware that smoking is not only a hazard to people’s 6.The cigarette ads which claim that

smoking can help soothe anxiety A. have been proved to be misleading

7.Breslau’s study D. involved fewer people _than Goodman’s but lasted longer.

8.To contradict Breslau’s conclusion, many smokers say that they are less anxious when they smoke F. but their level of anxiety 1 The Making of a Success Story (发迹史) 2 The Paper Chase 文件整理 3 English and English Community 4 Alaska 阿拉斯加

5 US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty

美国签订了全球烟草协议 6 How We Form First Impression 7 How to Argue with Your Boss怎样与老板争论

8 Screen Test透视检查

9 Transport and Trade 交通与贸易 10 Washoe Learned American Sign Languag

学会了美国手语

11 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's

Economy Growing 是否有办法使英国经济继续保持增长

12 Intelligence: a Changed View 智力：一个转变了的观念

13 Ward off Travel Bugs防止旅行中的疾病困扰

14 Heartbeat of America 美国的心博 15 Smoke Gets in Your Mind吸烟会影响人的精神

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