中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用

2012-02-11 | 职称英语 |

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中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇一：2012年中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用

第三部分

UNIT 1 Composition of Petroleum 石油的组成

Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface.. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals.

石油或原油是天然形成的、有毒的、可燃性的液体，是含有不同分子量的碳氢化合物以及其它有机化合物的复杂混合物。它是在地球表面下的地址层中发现的。石油大部分是通过石油钻探开采得到的。石油很容易按不同馏程进行炼制和分离成为大量的消费产品，从汽油、煤油到沥青以及用作制造塑料和药品的化学试剂。

In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes both crude oil and natural gas. Both crude oil and natural gas are predominantly a mixture of hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, the lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while the heavier ones from pentane and up are in the form of liquids or solids. However in the underground oil reservoir the proportion of gas and liquid varies depending on the subsurface conditions, and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture.

严格意义上说，石油仅仅包含原油，但是在惯用法上，它包含石油和天然气。石油和天然气主要是烃类混合物。在地球表面压力和温度条件下，轻质的碳氢化合物甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷以气体的形式出现，而重质的碳氢化合物如戊烷和重于戊烷的烃都是以液体的形式出现。然而，在地下油藏。气体或液体的比例变化取决于亚地表层条件和石油混合物的相图。 An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominately natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. Under surface conditions these will condense out of the gas and form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oil.

油井主要生产原油，伴有一些天然气溶解在其中。因为地表的压力低于低下的压力，一些气体将从溶液中溢出，或者以伴生气或溶解气被回收（或燃烧）。气井主要产生天然气。然而，由于地下温度和压力比地表面高一些，气体中或许含有较重的碳氢化合物，例如气态的戊烷、己烷和庚烷。在地表条件下，这些较重的碳氢化合物将会从气体中析出，形成天然气的凝聚物，经常简称为凝析油。凝析油外观上类似于汽油，组成上类似于一些挥发性的轻原油。

Exercise: 汉译英

任何石油产品中，都不希望硫的含量高，柴油也不例外。对于这些燃料油，人们声称硫加剧了磨损和沉积物的问题，但对其产生的后果的大小仍有争议。不过，不管对柴油要求的低硫含量有无技术上的理由——对于减少空气污染这个道理是不辩自明的。生成模式已经确立，炼油厂必须接受这一规定。正因为如此，许多炼油厂通常安装有粗柴油加氢脱硫的工艺

装置。

In any petroleum product, a high sulphur content is considered undesirable, and diesel fuels are no exception. For such fuels, sulphur is claimed to aggravate problems of wear and deposits, but the magnitude of the effect is still a matter of some controversy. However, whether or not there is technical justification other than that of abatement of air pollution – for the low sulphur levels demanded for diesel fuels, the pattern has been established and must be accepted by the refiner. For this reason, processing units for the hydrodesulphurization of gas oils are commonly installed in refineries.

UNIT 2 Petrochemicals 石化产品

Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by –products from the variety of processes that are during the refining of petroleum. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, lubricating oils, waxes, asphalts, and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals, since they are not, in the true sense, chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.

石化产品通常指直接或间接从石油中提炼的化合物，这些化合物往往是石油炼制各种过程中产生的副产品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青以及诸如此类的产品不属于石化产品。因为，从严格意义上说，它们不是化合物，而是(性质相近的)烃类的混合物。 The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds, but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources, and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification.

像“石化产品”这样的物质分类用来表明化合物的来源。但应记住，许多我们所熟知的石化产品也可以通过其它途径生产，因而这一术语只用来识别原料的来源。

The manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response of the various compound type to basic chemical reactions, such as oxidation, halogenation, nitration, dehydrogenation, addition, polymerization, and alkylation. The low-molecular-weigh paraffins and olefins, as found in natural gas and refinery gases, and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can readily be isolated and deal with. A wide range of compounds is possible, many are being manufactured, and we are now processing the stage in which a sizable group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum. For example, the carious reactions of petroleum heavy ends, in particular the asphaltenes, indicate that these materials may be regarded as chemical entitied and are able to participate in numerous chemical or physical as conversions to, perhaps, more useful materials. The overall effect of these modifications is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes comparatively easily or the formation of bearing functional groups that may be employed as a nonfuel material.

丛石油生产化学品是基于各种类型的化合物对各种基本化学反应响应迅速，如氧化反应、卤化反应、硝化反应、脱氢反应、加成反应、聚合反应和烷基化反应。迄今为止，人们最感兴趣的是从天然气和炼厂气中所得到的低分子量的链烷烃和烯烃，以及轻质芳烃，因为这些物质能够进行迅速分离和处理。大量化合物都有望达到，其中许多化合物正在生产。目前我们正在探索如何从石油的重质馏分中提炼数量可观的产品。比如石油重质馏分，尤其是沥青质的各种反应表明可以将这些物质当作化学单体，能够通过各种化学反应和物理反应将其转变成更有价值的产品。这些转化的总体效果是，所生产的物质能够相对容易的用作高品质芳焦，或者能够形成带有官能团的产品，用作非燃料原料。

Exercise: 汉译英

石化工业的初始原料大概通过一到两种方法从原油中提取。这些原料物质，也许本身就存在于原油当中，因此通过物力方法加以分离，如蒸馏和溶取。同时，这些物质也可能因含量低而在炼制过程中生成了合成物。实际上，原油中一般不存在非饱和烃，几乎所有的非饱和烃都是在各种炼制过程中作为中间产品而产生的。

The starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from crude oil in one or two general ways. They may be present in the crude oil and as such, are separated through physical methods, such as distillation or solvent extraction. On the other hand, they may be converted to synthetic during the refining operations because of lower content. In fact, unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are not usually present in crude oil, are nearby always manufactured as intermediates during the various refining processes.

UNIT 3 Petroleum refining 石油炼制

Petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the subsequent treating of these fractions to make them into petroleum products. Most petroleum products, including kerosines, fuel oils, lubrication oils, and waxes, are fractions of petroleum that have been treated to remove undesirable components. Other products, for example, gasolines, aromatic solvents, and even some asphalts, are totally or partly synthetic in that they have compositions that are impossible to achieve by direct separation of these materials from crude petroleum. They result from chemical processes that change the molecular nature of selected portions of crude petroleum; in other words, they are the products of refining or they are refined products.

石油炼制就是将石油分离成各种馏分，然后将这些馏分经过各种后续处理，制成各种石油产品。大部分石油产品，包括煤油、燃料油、润滑油和蜡，都是原油经过处理脱除不需要的成份而得到的石油馏分。其它石油产品，如汽油、芳烃溶剂、甚至包括某些沥青，则是完全或者部分合成而制成的。因为组成这些产品的物质成份无法通过直接分离原油获得，而是通过化工过程，改变原油选定产品的分子性质而获得的。换言之，它们是通过炼制得到的，或成为炼制产品。

Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and, perhaps more important, in the amounts dictated by the market.

石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品不仅满足质量要求，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场需求。

In fact, a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced; refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is, crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each. For example, the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components. If the latter cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such a situation , the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. This usually means more processes – a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the lubricating oil stocks and asphalt – to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market.

实际上，炼油厂从根本上是一组生产装置，其数量根据产品的不同市场需求。炼油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每种产品的销售量而进行。比如：

从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定量的高沸点产品。如果这些高沸点产品不能作为重燃料油销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应灵活采取措施，并根据需要改变操作。一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求；运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦炭成为副产品；或者运用减压蒸馏工艺将重油分离成润滑油基础油和沥青。

Exercise: 汉译英

此外，一套完整的炼油装置必须包括以下设备：所有必要的非工艺设施；充裕的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成品；可靠的电力来源和物料装卸设备；用于维持一天24小时，一周7天连续运转所需的车间和物资；废料和污水处理设备；以及产品调和设施。 In addition, a complete refining installation must include the following: all necessary non-processing facilities; adequate tankage for storing crude oil, intermediate, and finished products; a dependable source of electrical power, material-handling equipment; workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day, 7 day/week operation; waste disposal and water-treating equipment; and product-blending facilities.

UNIT 4 Catalytic Cracking 催化裂化

Catalytic Cracking is a process for the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon fraction mainly into high-quality gasoline and fuel oil components, which are lighter, less viscous and thus more valuable than the feedstock..

催化裂化主要是把重质轻馏分转化成优质汽油和燃料油组分的工艺，这些产品较轻，粘度较低，因而比其原料更有价值。

The conversion, or cracking, predominantly takes place in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalyst. This catalyst, which is available as pellets or as a powder, has the ability to enhance the rate of cracking reactions and selectively to promote certain types of reactions. This results in product and product properties that are characteristic of the catalytic cracking process, e.g. formation of relatively large quantities of olefins, iso-components, and aromatics. These components contribute significantly towards the high octane number of the gasoline.

这种转化或裂化主要是在气相并在有催化剂存在的条件下发生。这种制成颗粒状或粉末状的催化剂，具有提高裂化反应速度并有选择的促进某种类型反应的能力。其结果是生产具有催化裂化工艺特点的产品和产品性质，如较多数量的链烯烃、异构组分和芳烃。中旬组分对提高汽油的辛烷值具有很大的作用。

Although catalysts are now being developed that can tolerate some metals deposition and thereby facilitate processing of residual material containing moderate accounts of asphaltic material and metals, a catalytic cracker complex usually includes a vacuum distilling unit for feed preparation. It, furthermore, includes distillation columns for separation of the products, and treaters for the final products.

尽管正在开发能够容忍某些金属沉积物的催化剂，以便加工含有沥青质和金属的渣油原料，催化裂化联合装置通常包括用于原料制备的减压蒸馏装置，它还包括用于产品分离的蒸馏塔和最终产品的处理装置。

Exercise: 汉译英

近几年来，世界能源状况已推动了更有效的转化过程的开发和应用，使炼油厂的原油加工手段能够升级，以生产出更多价值高的轻质馏分油和较少的燃料油。因此，相对于直馏产品而言，炼油厂的转化或者裂化产品的含量正在增加。因为这些转化产品的特点通常是除硫以外，烯烃、芳烃和氮的含量也较高。由于这个原因，加氢脱硫过程已经发展到了目前这种

作为一种加氢精制过程的状况，通过采用合适的催化剂和操作条件，已经能够把这些不合要求的质量特性减少到可以接受的水平。

In recent years, the world energy situation has encouraged the development and application of more effective conversion processes, whereby the crudes processed by the refineries can be upgraded to give larger quantities of lighter, more valuable distillates and less fuel oil. As a consequence, the quantity of converted or cracked products within the refineries is increasing relative to straight-run products. Since these converted products are often characterized by high olefin, aromatics and nitrogen contents, in addition to sulphur. For this reason the hydrodesulphurization process has evolved to its current status as a hydrotreating process with, by application of suitable catalysts and operating severity, the capability of reducing these undesirable quality features to an acceptable level.

UNIT 5 Co-catalysts 共催化剂

Due to rapid changes in fuels supply and demand, the US refining industry has experienced volatility in the relative pricing of its products. As a result, the drive to maximize either gasoline or diesel from the FCC has been constantly changing. How does a refiner respond to these variations to maximize the value of the products from the FCC unit?

由于燃料油市场供需关系的急剧变化，美国炼油工业产品的相对价格也经常变化。因此，从催化裂化装置中得到最大量的汽油或柴油的生产方案也经常变化。炼油商如何从炼化装置中得到最大的产品价值以应对市场变化呢？

Co-catalysts are a new product category providing the refiner with the flexibility to change the product slate of the FCC without changing the FCC catalyst. Changing between a maximum gasoline co-catalyst and a maximum LCO co-catalyst will allow the refiner to rapidly capture the most favorable economics at all times – maximizing FCC profitability.

在炼油商需要灵活改变催化裂化装置的产品方案而不改变催化裂化催化剂的情况下，共催化剂（应运而生）成为一种新的产品产品种类。在最大量生产汽油的共催化剂和最大量生产轻循环油的共催化剂之间变换，可以使炼油厂总能迅速地获得最大的经济效益——使催化裂化的效益最大化。

Co-catalysts are added to the base catalyst to rapidly change the core performance of the FCC. Due to their exceptional catalytic properties, co-catalysts drive this fundamental change in unit performance and displace at least the equivalent rate of the base catalyst. They can be added quickly to the unit making the unit performance respond to rapidly changing product values – in the shortest time – optimizing profitability far more quickly than can achieved by reformulating the FCC catalyst.

将共催化剂加入到基础催化剂中能快速的改变催化裂化装置的主要性能。由于其优良的催化性能，共催化剂能够促使装置的性能发生根本变化，并可替代至少同等量的基础催化剂。它们可以快速加入催化装置中，使得装置性能快速的发生相应变化，在最短的时间内重塑产品分布和产品价值——远比通过调整催化裂化催化剂的配方快得多地实现利润的优化。 Exercise: 汉译英

共催化剂与助剂和催化剂具有相似之处，但是作为独立和新系列的产品而与众不同。催化剂能够提供催化裂化装置核心的催化效果。助剂加入到基础催化剂中能促进其它工艺过程或产品的效果，如最大化生产丙烯、汽油脱硫、促进一氧化碳燃烧、减少氮氧化物和硫氧化物等。将共催化剂加入到基础催化剂中，比常规助剂的添加速率更快，以改变催化裂化的核心效果。

中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇二：中石化职称英语(高级含教授级)汉译英复习材料(通用+炼化工程)

U1 How to be happy

1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。

Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.

2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪。

A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.

3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。

We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.

4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。

If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.

5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。 We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.

1、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。

The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.

2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。

The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.

3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。

One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10000 by 2012.

4、如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。

These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.

5、全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。

It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world s population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities).

1、亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。

Asia makes up twenty -nine per cent of the world s land area.

2、人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。

The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.

3、我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。

We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.

4、我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。

I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.

5、中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。

The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational (mobility) and population mobility.

1、会议的准备工作正在顺利地进行着。

Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly.

2、科技发展在解决老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。

As technological advancement solves old problems, it also creates new ones.

3、1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。

The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disasters in history.

4、近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。

In recent years, China, Japan and the U.S have made certain progress in forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur.

5、地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。

Earthquakes cause severe casualties and destroy constructions like buildings, dams and bridges.

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1、如何尽快处理墨西哥湾的原油泄露是BP公司最为关注的问题。

How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains the biggest concern for BP.

2、这起事故使环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。

This accident has many environmentalists concerned about the damage it does to the ecosystem.

3、原油泄露不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来很大的威胁。

Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean, to make things worse, they pose great threat to many species of aquatic life as well.

4、所有小动物都要依靠妈妈给它们提供食物和保护。

All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection.

5、南极洲是多种企鹅的家。 Antarctica is the natural habitat for many species penguins.

1、许多政府机构继续执行鼓励使用绿色电脑的标准和规定。

Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing.

2、绿色设计是指设计节能和对环境无害的零件。

Green design means designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components.

3、今年该公司将实行公司范围内的成本削减计划。

The company will carry out (embark on ) its company-wide cost-cutting plan this year.

4、环保、慈善和良好的员工关系是该公司成长壮大的重大因素。

Environmentalism, philanthropy and good employee relations have been important factors (tenets) during the growth of the company.

5、绿色使用是指减少计算机和其它信息系统的能源消耗，并尽量以环保的方式来使用。

Green use means reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound (harmless) manner.

1、如今不管男女老少几乎都拥有手机。

Today almost everyone, men and women, old and young has a cell phone.

2、这种新的网络连接形式能使大量的数据得以快速得传输。

The new type of Internet connection could carry much data at a very high speed.

3、电子邮件正在取代传真、电话、快速邮递。它缩短了科学合作者之间的距离。

E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, express mail ,which shrinks distance between scientific collaborators.

4、手机从发明到现在已有很长的历史，而且在技术方面有了长足的进步。

Mobile phones have come a long way since their invention and have advanced by leaps and bounds in regard to technology.

5、快速的数据传输速度可以帮助解决网络传输量巨大增长的问题。

The high speed of data transmission can help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous growth in the Internet.

1、这项技术使移动通讯行业产生了突破性变革。

This technology revolutionized mobile communication.

2、多触摸功能是其最大的卖点之一（eye-catching feature）.

The multi-touch capability is among its most eye -catching features.

3、戴尔是一家跨国技术公司，总部设在德克萨斯州。

Dell inc. based in Texas, is a multinational company.

4、制造商经常在用户购买新电脑的时候提供免费更换服务。

Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.

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5、很多多点触控界面（interfaces）的产品已经出现，而且正在广泛地应用。 Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied.

1、大多数替代能源不仅可以给我们带来清洁空气，它们还是可再生的。

Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air, they are renewable as well.

2、许多工作生活日用品都是由石油制成的。

Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.

3、尽管许多国家在研发并开始使用不同的替代能源，在未来很长一段时间化石燃料仍是占据主导地位的能源。 Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alternative energy, fossil fuels will remain crucially important for a long time in the future.

4、专家预计北京的汽车占有量将超过每千人200辆。

It is estimated (projected) that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200perthousand people.

5、在未来几十年，世界人口仍将持续增长。这意味着能源需求将进一步增加。

World population will continue to grow in the next few decades. This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.

U10

1、在很多以煤为主要能源的发展中国家，减少碳排放是一件极具挑战的工作。

Reducing carbon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where coal is a major source of energy. 2、20世纪末的世界人口是20世纪六十年代的两倍。

The world population by the end of the 20th century was twice as much as that of the 1960s.

3、如果没有先进的技术，环境污染无法得以改善。

Without advanced technology, environmental pollution could not be improved.

4、过量饮食对人体带来的危害与过量饮酒带给人体的伤害一样严重。

Excessive eating could be as harmful to health as excessive drinking.

5、该公司正在就如何有效减少二氧化碳排放做一项实验性研究 The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort to cut carbon emission efficiently.

U11

1、一些污染源已经通过立法得到控制。

Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation.

2、用电动车来取代汽油和柴油车可减少城市污染。

Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars can free our cities from pollution.

3、要从源头（at source）来规范危险化学品的生产和使用。

The production and use of dangerous chemicals should be regulated at source.

4、最近所发生的一切除了会造成明显可见的短期影响外，也会导致严重的长期问题

In addition to the visible short -term impacts, what has happened recently can also cause/result in severe long-term problems.

5、污染的海岸水域引发的死亡和疾病每年要耗费全球经济128亿美元。 Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US $12.8billion a year.

U12

1、环境污染和自然灾害是经济发展应付出的代价。

Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.

2、化石能源的紧缺促使很多能源公司去开发替代能源。

The shortage of fossil fuels has made many energy companies develop alternative energy sources.

3、丰田汽车公司已经开始大规模生产其混合动力车Prius,这在很大程度上超过了其它汽车制造大企业。 Toyota auto has begun mass-producing its hybrid model prius, which has leapfrogged other auto giants.

4、政府通过政策激励来促使国有企业节能减排。

Governments are boosting (promoting) energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.

5、随着人口的成倍增长（multiply）,世界将会对能源有如饥似渴般的需求。

As population multiplies, the world will become energy-hungry.

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当今，经济学在商业方面起着越来越大的作用。商人们清楚地认识到研究工作的重要性，他们需要通过研究来发现什么样的条件有助于出售他们的商品，对他们的商品有什么需求，以及能够得到什么样的国际市场等等。 Economics plays an increasingly important part in business today. Businessmen see clearly the necessity for research. They need research to discover what sort of conditions will help them sell their goods, what demand there will be for their goods, what foreign markets will be available and so on.

U14

20世纪30年代的大萧条（Great Depression）对大部分的美国人产生了巨大的影响。工厂倒闭，工人失业，公司和银行破产，农民不能偿付贷款并失去了他们的农场，他们中的许多人只能离开家乡去寻找工作。20世纪30年代的大萧条不仅影响了美国，它把整个世界都搅乱了。

The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound (serious)effect on most of the population of the United States. Factories closed and workers were out of work; businesses and banks collapsed; farmers could not repay their loans and lost their farms. Many of them had to leave their farms to search for jobs(look for jobs).The Great Depression of the 1930s didn’t only affect the USA alone but turned the whole world upside down.

U15

近几年来，计算机不仅被越来越多的人运用生产和技术领域，而且也用于日常生活。原因很简单，因为计算机比人的效率高的多。它们比人有更好的记忆力，能储存大量的信息。计算机可以做许多我们做的事情，而且做的更快、更好。它们可以在工厂里控制机器，计算出第二天的天气，甚至可以做翻译工作。

In recent years more and more people have used computers not only in production and technology, but also in every life. The simple reason is that they are far more efficient than man. They have much better memories and can store large amounts of information. Computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can control machines in factories, work out tomorrow's weather, and even do translation work.

U16

最初，ipad主要被当做一款媒体消费设备-用它来读书、看视频、或翻阅带有视频、或翻阅带有视频以及文字和图片的新型电子杂志，要比用iphone的效果更理想。但是，与ipone一样，关键之处将在于人们如何接受它、使用它，以及应用程序开发者多快能寻找到利用其特征打造新体验的办法。人们当然有理由对它持有疑虑。它的屏幕更大，因此它可能不如智能手机那么便携；它缺少内置的键盘，因此作为一个输入设备，它可能不如PC或Mac那么有用。但Ipad 的9.7英寸高分辨率显示屏，将成为计算机业播种梦想的下一个处女地。

Ipad used mainly as a media consumption device-a better place than the iphone to read books, watch video, or flick through new electronic versions of magazines that offer video as well as text and pictures. But, as with the iphone, the real story will lie in how it is taken up and used -and how quickly other application developers find ways to exploit its unique characteristics to create new experiences. There are certainly reasons for doubt. The larger screen may make it less portable than a smartphone, its lack of a built-in keyboard less useful as an input device than a PC or Mac. But the ipad's 9.7 inch, high-resolution screen is about to become the a PC or Mac. But the ipad's 9.7inch, high-resolution screen is about to become the virgin territory on which the computer industry's next dreams will be sketched.

U17

3G的全称为第三代数字通信。1995年问世的第一代数字手机只能进行语音通话；而1996到1997年出现的第二代数字手机便增加了接收数据的功能，如接收电子邮件或网页；第三代与前两代的主要区别是在传输声音和数据的速度上的提升，它能够处理图像、音乐、视频等多种媒体形式，提供包括网页浏览、电话会议、电子商务等多种信息服务。

3G is short for the Third Generation Digital Communication. The first generation of digital communication developed in 1995 only allowed voice transmission on the phone. By 1996 and 1997, the 2G digital cellphones had a new feature that is data transmission, such as emails and access to the Internet. The biggest difference between 3G and the first two generations lies in the features that voice and data can be transmitted at much faster speed and that photos, music , and videos can be transmitted and that it provides services like access to the Internet, teleconferencing, e-commerce and the like.

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1、目前，碳捕获和存储设施已经安装到其它应用程序设计的部件上。以石油公司为例，几十年来，他们已经将二氧化碳注入衰退井中以提高采收率。

Current Carbon Capture Storage facilities have been patched together with components largely designed for other applications. Oil companies, for example, have been injecting carbon dioxide into fading wells for decades in order to enhance recovery.

2、一个普遍存在的问题是关于海底或地下储存安全的长期预测是非常困难和不确定的。储存的二氧化碳可能会泄漏到大气中。

A general problem is that long term predictions about submarine or underground storage security are very difficult and uncertain and CO2 might leak form the storage into the atmosphere.

U19

全球气候变暖主要是由于人们焚烧化石矿物以生成能量时产生的二氧化碳等多种温室气体导致。全球平均气温总体看为上升趋势。进入20世纪八十年代后，全球气温明显上升。全球变暖后果，会使全球降水量重新分配，冰川消融，海平面上升，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。

Global warming is primarily caused by the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels for energy by humans. The global average temperature is generally on a rise. We've seen a significant rise in global temperature since the 1980s. Global warming will result in the reallocation of global rainfall, the melting of glaciers, and the rise of sea level. This will damage the balance of the ecosystem and threaten food supply and the living condition for human beings.

U20

清洁能源是不排放污染物的能能源，它包括核能和"可再生能源"。可再生能源是指通过自然现象补充的能源，如水力发电、风力发电、太阳能、生物能、海潮能这些能源。可再生能源不存在能源耗竭的可能，因此日益受到许多国家的重视，尤其是能源短缺的国家。

Clean energy refers to energy sources that release zero pollutants. This includes nuclear energy and renewable energies. Renewable energy comes from natural processes that are replenished constantly, hydroelectric power, wind power, solar power, biofuels, tidal power are all renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and therefore have attracted the attention of many countries, especially those with a great shortage of energy sources. U21

生物燃料必须有四个特性。需要低成本-我们成功的基准是1美元1加仑，即每桶40-50美元。生物燃料还必须要低碳。先进的生物燃料还需要有规模效应。如果只是生产出精品类型的生物燃料，那是毫无意义的。只有大规模的生产和销售才能够改变局面。第四，先进的生物燃料从环境，社会和经济效益的角度讲，必须有可持续的。 Biofuels have to have four qualities. They need to be low-cost-our benchmark for success is $1 a gallon, $40-50 a barrel. They must be low-carbon. Advanced biofuels also need to be scalable. There is no point making boutique biofuels. Only mass production and mass distribution can turn the dial (change the situation). Fourth, advanced biofuels have to be sustainable-environmentally, socially and economically.

U22

煤的气化在煤化工中占有重要地位，用于生产各种气体燃料，是洁净的能源，有利于提高人民生活水平和环境保护；煤气化生产的合成气是合成液体燃料等多种产品的原料。煤直接液化，可以生产人造石油和化学产品。在石油短缺时，煤的液化产品将替代目前的天然石油。

Coal gasification plays an important role in the coal chemical industry. The gasified products can be used as gaseous fuels which are clean energy sources, and which can improve people's living standards and benefit environmental protection. The synthesis gas can be used as raw materials for many chemical products. Coal can be directly liquefied and can be converted into artificial petroleum and other chemical products. At such a petroleum-short time, liquefied coal products can replace the natural oil that we are dependent on today.

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中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇三：2012中石化职称英语教材

第三部分

UNIT 1 Composition of Petroleum

石油的组成

Exercise: 汉译英

任何石油产品中，都不希望硫的含量高，柴油也不例外。对于这些燃料油，人们声称硫加剧了磨损和沉积物的问题，但对其产生的后果的大小仍有争议。不过，不管对柴油要求的

低硫含量有无技术上的理由——对于减少空气污染这个道理是不辩自明的。生成模式已经确立，炼油厂必须接受这一规定。正因为如此，许多炼油厂通常安装有粗柴油加氢脱硫的工艺装置。

UNIT 2 Petrochemicals

石化产品

丛石油生产化学品是基于各种类型的化合物对各种基本化学反应响应迅速，如氧化反应、卤化反应、硝化反应、脱氢反应、加成反应、聚合反应和烷基化反应。迄今为止，人们最感兴趣的是从天然气和炼厂气中所得到的低分子量的链烷烃和烯烃，以及轻质芳烃，因为这些

物质能够进行迅速分离和处理。大量化合物都有望达到，其中许多化合物正在生产。目前我们正在探索如何从石油的重质馏分中提炼数量可观的产品。比如石油重质馏分，尤其是沥青质的各种反应表明可以将这些物质当作化学单体，能够通过各种化学反应和物理反应将其转变成更有价值的产品。这些转化的总体效果是，所生产的物质能够相对容易的用作高品质芳焦，或者能够形成带有官能团的产品，用作非燃料原料。

Exercise: 汉译英

UNIT 3 Petroleum refining

石油炼制

cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such a situation , the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. This usually means more processes – a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the lubricating oil stocks and asphalt – to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market.

实际上，炼油厂从根本上是一组生产装置，其数量根据产品的不同市场需求。炼油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每种产品的销售量而进行。比如：从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定量的高沸点产品。如果这些高沸点产品不能作为重燃料油销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应灵活采取措施，并根据需要改变操作。一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求；运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦炭成为副产品；或者运用减压蒸馏工艺将重油分离成润滑油基础油和沥青。

Exercise: 汉译英

UNIT 4 Catalytic Cracking

催化裂化

催化裂化主要是把重质轻馏分转化成优质汽油和燃料油组分的工艺，这些产品较轻，粘度较低，因而比其原料更有价值。

treaters for the final products.

Exercise: 汉译英

UNIT 5 Co-catalysts 共催化剂

将共催化剂加入到基础催化剂中能快速的改变催化裂化装置的主要性能。由于其优良的

中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇四：2015年中石化高级职称英语考试参考书1-30

第一课 HOW TO BE HAPPY 如何获得幸福 2-5

过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁.塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。

STEP 1: Peace and quiet

Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.

第一步：平和宁静

乔纳林.海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵的环境中，

请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双都感到舒适。

STEP 2: Relationships

This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.

第二步：人际关系

这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。

Step 3:Share

If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends; Passing on what words is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.

第三步：分享

如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。

一、阅读理解：

1、What is the happiness formula according to the passage? 幸福公式的定义是什么？

答：The formula refers to H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+C(the conditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make).

2、Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? 为什么说我们不可能完全适应新近的或长期的噪音污染？

答：Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.

3、How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? 如何能使我们自己和邻居都感觉舒服？

答：If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors.

4、Where does the unhappiness come from? 痛苦和不幸来自于哪里？答：Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others. 5、What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? 用什么积极的途径改善极度冲突的人际关系？

2 绪。

答：What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.

二、汉译英：

1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。

Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.

2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情

A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wrechedness.

3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。 We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.

4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。

If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.

5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。 We should not avoid these problems but face them instead. 三、英译汉：

There are many benefits to being happy. Happy people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at

relationships and smile more of what psychologists call ―Duchenne‖ or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious.

幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的―杜兴微笑‖，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。

According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specifically , they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life.

全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯福勒和尼古拉斯克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人和邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。

具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹（14%）和邻居（34%）。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。

So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.

那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。

第二课 City Design 城市设计 6-8

When I‘m being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn‘t help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots. The word‘s cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.

当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。

rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods. The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.

针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。

Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars. Cars promise mobility. But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city. After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.

现在，各地政府的规划者们都在浓度寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。

Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car. Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars. A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted-all mechanism and no human. In order to avoid this disaster, we‘d better start designing sustainable cities.

基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的—全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。

一、阅读理解：

1、What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?

(He takes) a bus .

2、According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars?

Cars not only do harm to people s health but also cause heavy traffic jam. 3、What does the last sentence ―the vision of a city designed for people ―in paragraph 2 mean?

Design cities for people not (for) cars.

4、Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas?

Because people depend largely on cars.

5、How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all cars (mechanism) no human. 二、汉译英：

1、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。

The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.

2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。

The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.

3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。

One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10000 by 2012.

4、如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。

These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.

5、全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。

It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world‘s population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities).

三、英译汉：

Once at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags. The supermarket claimed

that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn‘t biodegradable. Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport, so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic. It got me thinking further. Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times, or until they start falling apart, you have really done a good thing. You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.

有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。

第三课 Population 人口 9-11

A very important world problem is the increasing number of who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.

在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。

So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as ―Death Control‖. You have no doubt heard of the term ―Birth Control‖, ―Birth Control‖ ―Death Control‖ is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors

中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇五：中石化2011职称英语教材(综合)

1. How to be Happy如何获得幸福

In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). Next, we'll look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁塞利格曼定义的。H(幸福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)。接下来我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。

Step 1: Peace and quiet第一步：平和宁静

Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, 'The Happiness Hypothesis', notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. 乔纳森海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。

Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. 巨大噪声会引起我们某种面对恐惧本能反映(另一种是对于坠落的恐惧)，如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。

Noisy neighbours are one of the most emotive causes of domestic upset for a very good reason. 这样看来，吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和起到很大影响。

It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. 每日保持平和宁静事关重要。如果你的生活环境不幸比较吵，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。

Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to give you some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.另外，试试实用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你一定要大声看电视、听收音机放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机。别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。

Step 2: Relationships第二步：人际关系

This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. 这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的内部条件。

Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. 我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。如果一个在职同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言语的抑郁情绪。

A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. 与拍档或者爱人的关系陷入残酷竞争之中，会让我们感到背叛和背弃。

A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. We never fully adapt to hostile relationships, they invidiously contaminate our wellbeing, squatting inside our minds as unresolved, destructive ruminations. 与父母孩子之间的关系缺乏同情心和无私关心，那么这会造成隔阂生产痛苦。我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康，长久留存在我们心里，会让人陷入无以解决的恶性心理困境。

When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法，就是直面难题，挽救关系，或者学着继续前进。

Step 3: Share第三步：分享

If I have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved my wellbeing, I would like to share them with you. 如果我发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有极大帮助的话，我很想说出来同你们一起分享。

Passing on what works is essential to improve our own and the wellbeing of others.将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。

阅读理解【题目及参考答案】

1. What's the happiness formula according to the passage? The formula refer to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make)

2. Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.

3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? If we need our TV, radio or music up loud，wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors．

4. Where does the unhappiness come from? Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others．

5. What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? What you call do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on．

【练习题目及参考答案】

A．汉译英

1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.

2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness．

3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships，which inevitably damage our wellbeing.

4．如果这种坏情绪长时问留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind，it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression．

5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.

B．英译汉

There are many benefits to being happy．Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more．They also tend to volunteer more，be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne” or genuine smiles．What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious．幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。

According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis，authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends， family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future．More specifically，they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life．全球畅销书《关联》饷作者詹姆斯•福勒和尼古拉斯•克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸

福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25％。

Similar effects are seen in co—resident spouses(8 per cent happier)；siblings who live within a-mile of each other(14 per cent)；and next-door neighbours(34 per cent)．What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections．Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace．具有同样效果的还有同居配偶(幸福感提升8％)、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14％)和邻居(34％)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度(与地域邻近相关)，而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。

So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family(for example，by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous)．Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them．Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious．那么，为什么幸福能够传染?一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气(例如，提供实际的帮助。或在经济上慷慨解囊)。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。

2. City Design城市设计

When I'm being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn't help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots. 当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。

The world's cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is

deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. 全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正继不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。

The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。

In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergence of a new urbanism.针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。

In just a few years, many cities banned the parking of cars on sidewalks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-based rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees, and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods. 在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。

The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。

Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars. 现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。

Cars promise mobility. But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city. 汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。

After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。

Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increasing urban mobility by moving away from the car. 基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。

Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars. 让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。

A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted-all mechanism and no human. In order to avoid this disaster, we'd better start designing sustainable cities.挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的—全是机械没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。

阅读理解【题目及参考答案】

1. What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center? (He takes)a bus．

2. According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars? Cars not only do harm to people's health but also cause heavy traffic jam．

3. What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed for people” in paragraph 2 mean? Design cities for people not(for)cars．

4. Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas? Because people depend largely on cars．

5. How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all Cars(mechanism)no human．

【练习题目及参考答案】

A．汉译英

1. 随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。The demand for Cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.

2. 生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.

3. 预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车（fuel-cell vehicles）投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012.

4. 如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.

5. 全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world's population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities).

B．英译汉．

further．Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times，or until they start falling apart，you have really done a good thing．You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets．Instead of purchasing plastic trash bags．有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢?如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。

3. Population人口

A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. 在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。

The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。

So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as "Death Control".那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢?这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。

You have no doubt heard of the term "Birth Control" - "Death Control" is something rather different. 毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。

It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. 它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。

Through a wide variety of technological innovations that “include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。

If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. 如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。

If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land, we would each have about 50,000 square meters. 如果这个星球上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。

This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the world's land cannot produce food.这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。

Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. 显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。

But we are not? Instead, we are consuming its "capital" - its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. 但是，我们并没有这样做!反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。

We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share

中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇六：中石化2011职称英语教材(综合)

1. How to be Happy如何获得幸福

Step 1: Peace and quiet第一步：平和宁静

Noisy neighbours are one of the most emotive causes of domestic upset for a very good reason. 这样看来，吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和起到很大影响。

Step 2: Relationships第二步：人际关系

This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. 这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的内部条件。

A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. 与拍档或者爱人的关系陷入残酷竞争之中，会让我们感到背叛和背弃。

Step 3: Share第三步：分享

Passing on what works is essential to improve our own and the wellbeing of others.将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。

阅读理解【题目及参考答案】

3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? If we need our TV, radio or music up loud，wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors．

4. Where does the unhappiness come from? Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others．

5. What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? What you call do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on．

【练习题目及参考答案】

A．汉译英

1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.

3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships，which inevitably damage our wellbeing.

5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.

B．英译汉

2. City Design城市设计

The world's cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. 全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正继不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。 The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。

In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergence of a new urbanism.针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。

After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。

Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars. 让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。

阅读理解【题目及参考答案】

1. What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center? (He takes)a bus．

2. According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars? Cars not only do harm to people's health but also cause heavy traffic jam．

3. What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed for people” in paragraph 2 mean? Design cities for people not(for)cars．

4. Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas? Because people depend largely on cars．

5. How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all Cars(mechanism)no human．

【练习题目及参考答案】

A．汉译英

1. 随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。The demand for Cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.

2. 生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。The eco-city will combine elements of

traditional design with the latest green technologies.

B．英译汉．

Once at a supermarket，I read a thought-provoking sign at the check—out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags．The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn't biodegradable：Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport，SO the store．Believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic．It got me thinking further．Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times，or until they start falling apart，you have really done a good thing．You can also use them to line your small

wastebaskets．Instead of purchasing plastic trash bags．有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢?如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。

3. Population人口

A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. 在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。

We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share earth with us. 我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。

阅读理解【题目及参考答案】

1．What can be learnt about the population growth at present? It continues to increase／grow at its present rate．

2．According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? Death Control

3．What is the doctors' job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive．

4．Why isn't there enough land to support human beings? Because the world's land has already been taken up occupied by the ever-increasing population．

5．In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as_____. nonrenewable

【练习题目及参考答案】

A．汉译英

1. 亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29％。Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world's land area．

中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇七：2011年中石化职称英语考试用书

一、阅读理解：

(一)How to be Happy如何获得幸福 In the past two weeks

过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁.塞里格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。第一步：平和安静

Jonathon Haidit in his excellent

乔纳森.海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪音会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种时对于坠落的恐惧）。如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵得环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果需要大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得带上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。第二步：人际关系

This is the most important

这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们感觉到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂和痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法是直视难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前进。第三步：分享

If you have discovered conditions

如果你发觉生活状态或做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友分享。将有用的发现和更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极的作用。问题：（1） What’s the happiness formula according to the passage？The formula refers to H=S+C+V （2） Why can we never completely adapt to…

Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. （3） How could we make both ourselves and the ….

If we need our TV,radio or music up loud,wearing headphones demonstrateasour kindness and consideration to our neighbors. （4） Where does the unhappiness come from?

Our unhappiness ofen comes from poor relationships with others. （5） What is the positive way to face with the cruelly…

What you can to do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. （二）City Design城市设计

When I’m being driven through a city from

当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因为街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。

In response to these conditions,we are seeing

这对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤的以缓解，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。 Now government planners everywhere are experimenting

现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车涉及城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。

Based on this perspective,some cities in industrial

基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，而不是为了汽车建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的——全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。

1、What means of transportation does the author take to the He takes a bus.

2、According to the first paragraph what is happening in

Cars not only do harm to people’s health but but also cause heavy traffic jam. 3、What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed….. Design cities for people not cars.

4、Why is there an inherent conflict between the autommobile Because people depend largely on cars.

5、How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all cars no human. （三）Population人口

A very important world problem is the increasing

在我们这个星球上那个居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。

So why is this huge increase in population taking

那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听说过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。

If we examine the amount of land available for

如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球的每个人都平均分一块地、我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，二当我们计算一下每个人实际可用耕地之后，就知道这个情况不容乐观。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。

Obviously,with so little land to support us,we should

显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这么做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其他矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会消耗殆尽。我们对待其他通常看做是不可再生的重要资源亦是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。 1、What can be learn about the population growth at present? It continues to increase at its present rate.

2、According to the article,what contributes to the population increase? Death Control

3、What is the doctors’ job according to paragraph 2?

They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive. 4、Why isn’t there engough land to support human beings?

Because the world’s land has already been taken up by the ever-increasing popuiation. 5 、In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as ___. nonrenewable

(四)Earthquake地震

Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most

地震是人类众所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计有地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。地震造成的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引发的建筑倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象造成，而不是由于地震本身。

The great majority of all earthquake occur

大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置上。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔比卑斯地区。那里随时随地都可能发生地震。 This element of the unknown has for

几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大增加了地震的可怕和恐惧性。但近几年来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。通过分析动物行为的变化，地壳运动的方式，地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及检测到轻微地震的频率，科学家在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。因此，世界性地震预警网络已经运转，而且已经帮助人们对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也可能是完全不能预料的。 It is doubtful that man will ever be able

人类是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破坏力还未可知。但是，随着我们对地震发生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震发生之前，我们就能更好的应对可能造成的破坏。

1、What are the causes of the great part of the damage and loss of life?

Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides,floods,fire,disease and other ohenomena from earthquakes. 2、Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world?

The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses,East Indians To the Atlas Mountains. 3、What fact does “element of the unknown” in paragraph 3 refer to? It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time. 4、What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity? a)analyzing changes in animal behavior b)patterns of movements in the earth’s crust

c)variations in the force of gravity and the earth’s magnetic field d)observation df the frequency of minor earth tremors

5 、What is the author’s attitude toward the possibility of earthquake predictions? Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.

（五）The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏 In the aftermath of the BP oil spill,President Obama 英国石油公司原油泄漏事件后，奥巴马总统的一次公开讲话表达出了无数科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在讲话中提到“我们正在应对的是一场巨大的、史无前例的环境灾难”。每天足有21万加仑的原油泄漏并污染者墨西哥湾，这使得很多人认为这次事件对环境所造成短期和长期的危害感到担忧。 The oil spill could severly damage fragile

这次原油泄漏事件对脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会持续很多年，甚至数十年。被石油污染的海滩很难被清理干净。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油对海滩造成的污染事件正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上那个孵蛋的季节。 Even worse is the effect the oil spillcould have

还有更糟的事情，石油污染还可能影响敏感的湿地和红树林海岸，而这将是几乎不可能被处理干净的，有些人甚至担心这将是永久性的毁坏。这些湿地是捕渔业和水产品工业的摇篮，也是多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。由于这些湿地面积远远大于海滩面积，所以它们面临破坏的风险就大大增加了。

Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish

在墨西哥湾捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有98%依靠河口生存，这些河口就是江河与海水汇合的地方。而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水产品供应链提供基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、七喜和繁殖的场所。 The watets of the Gulf of Mexico are homes

墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物的家园。石油对海水造成污染的时间越长，水产品食物链得污染的程度就会越大，这最终会造成大量的鱼类死亡以及水产品被严重的污染而无法食用。 1、In the first sentence “President Obama voiced the… Voice here means “to express an idea of…”

2、How long could the damage to the ecosystem last? The damage to the ecosystem could last decades. 3、How important are the wetlands to the wildlife?

The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife. 4、Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands?

Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains. 5、How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico?

Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption. (六)Green Computers“绿色”电脑

Computer manufacturers,chipmakers and software

目前，电脑生产商、芯片制造者和软件公司都纷纷开发“绿色”产品来满足那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需求。一些科技公司开发了更节能

的生产线，还有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。电子制造企业不断扩展工艺利用循环材料生产新电脑，并鼓励消费者循环利用旧电脑。某些环保电子产品可能需要消费者多花些钱，但人有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑差不多。 Several factors are pushing companies to be greener.

有几大因素推动着电脑公司更注重环保。许多企业希望走在环保法规的前面，赢得环保投资者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正常是吸引那些设法节省费用的消费者。

The computer industry has been working on improving

计算机工业多年来一直致力于减少能源消耗，新焦点已经放到了毒性和循环利用上来了。例如，联想集团使用的塑料中10%到25%使用回收的水瓶制造的。上个月，英特尔集团将新款芯片投放市场，据称这些芯片不用耗费更多的能量就可以加快计算的速度。该公司还开发了一种叫做“远程唤醒”的技术，可以使计算机在使用者不需要通过网络检索文件的时候保持低耗能的模式。惠普开发了一个叫做自动开关的新功能，可以不再工作状态的打印机进入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又会很快的恢复到工作模式。惠普2009年生产的个人桌面激光打印机就已经安装了这项功能。惠普公司还将注意力优先是放在了制造材料商，他们生产的一块喷墨打印机就是由83%的回收塑料制造的。 Experts say that keeping your old computer

专家表示，就对环境的影响而言，对旧电脑再利用，让其避免流入垃圾场填埋比买台新电脑更好。 1、Why are computer manufacturers considering developing greener products?

Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers. 2 、Compared to the old computer,the price of the greener machine is__. A little bit more expensive

3、From the three examples,Lenovo,Intel and HP,we can know that___.

Companies want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to get good impression from green investors.On the other hand they are trying to appeal to people who want to save their expenses because of high energy price. 4、What is the function of Auto-On/Auto-Off?

It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again. 5、What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean?

Don’t throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean. (七)Cell Phones手机

What would life look like without cell phones?

没有手机的生活会变得怎么样呢？今天畅销的手机都有MP3播放器、电视、音乐、无线相片打印等功能。手机在过去几年里的变化非常大，随着每次新产品的问世，手机商们都会再次陷入苦恼之中。该怎么创造下一代人气商品呢？制造商们该怎样做才能了解手机使用者们不久的将来真正想要的东西，并且区分畅销与滞销的产品呢？业内人士指出最受欢迎的手机具有能够简单的迎合顾客个人喜好尖端功能的手机。 Manufactures believe that the success of the cell phones

制造商相信手机成功取决于高速网络的构建和开发以提供如影像或视频、音乐、高速互联网的服务。在这些网络运营的同时，业内人士正在考虑将电话、显示屏以及服务进行彻底的重新设计，使其新的功能使用简化。这些开发产品结合了一种让使用者可以代替PDA（掌上电脑）和其他装置。手机制造商确信，在不久的将来，消费者将用手机完成一切事务，从看电视到学习和学校考试。开发商们现在应当集中精力设计外形更吸引人的新手机，因为除了手机的外形、颜色或款式所引起的情绪反应外，还几乎没有别的东西对消费者多变的购买行为起到更直接的影响。

1、What are the features of today’s mobile phones?

They are lasded with MP3 music players,TV,music and wireless photo printing. 2、What will manufacyures face if they produce a new product? They will face a big dilemma.

3、What should the most popular phones have?

The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customizer for individual tastes. 4、What will people do with cell phones in the future?

People will use phones for everything from watching TV to syudying and writing school exams. 5、Why does the writer mention “the enotional respones” in the last sentence? Because he thinks that affects customers’ buying behavior. (八)Touch Tech触屏技术

For mobile touch technology,it’s only the beginning.

就移动触摸技术而言，现在只是刚刚开始。苹果公司的电话产品使移动电话行业产生了突破性变革，其便利的触摸屏技术可以便于用户浏览网络、发送短信或掌控许多新颖的应用软件。 Deveiopers are working on new applications for

开发人员正致力于新“多触点”屏幕的应用软件。这些屏幕可以处理用户用多手指同时给出的指令，这也增加了这项技术被应用的可能性。其他开发人员正在研究“触觉”反馈的升级技术——即现在所应用的震动和其他物理感知技术，他们不但可以用来提醒游戏玩家已经过关，也可以用来进行情感交流，并且有可能很快就能使触摸屏具有真实键盘的感觉。对于那些更喜欢使用手机键盘的人来说，即便传统的键盘也能发挥与触摸指令相对应的功能。

Software developers set to work on multi-touch

软件开发人员开始研发多触点应用软件。例如，有些软件可以使用户在电话上弹奏虚拟乐器。但是多触点开发人员主要以开发游戏为主。 Haptic technology already has many non-mobile

触觉技术已经在非移动领域得到广发的应用。例如，视频游戏中，他可以让游戏玩家感到自己好像真的在驾驶它们所控制的荧屏赛车。在医疗培训中，他可以让在模拟器上操作的内窥镜检测法等程序感觉异常真实，从而使医疗人员更自如的操作这些仪器。触觉技术在手机方面的使用仍然处于初创阶段，但是触觉技术手机的广泛应用将为这项技术得以更多、更新的应用开辟新的途径。 For now,at least many mobile users prefer the

目前看来，至少还有许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，他们对触摸屏并不十分感兴趣。开发人员设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：即可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。 1、Why do we say Apple’s iPhone is a revolution?

Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen. 2、What is the advantage of multi-touch screen?

The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger. 3、What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations.

4、What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The gamers feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games.

5、Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard.

（九）Fossil Fueis and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活 Oil and natural gas are and important part of

石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。安们不仅使我们出行方便，它们还可以使我们的住所冬暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成，如塑料、治病救人的药品、服装、化妆品等等。 In the United States,97% of the energy that drives

在美国，交通运输系统（私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、火车、飞机等）的运行所依赖的能源中有97%来自石油炼制的燃料。 Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run

虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用象电、氢气和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，但是，汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然气。燃料电池所需要的氢气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。 In areas of the world that are still developing

在全世界的发展中地区，不论是企业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便还是为销售公司的产品，对交通出行的需求都大大增加。据预测世界汽车保有量将由1999年的每千人122辆增加至2020年的每千人144辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展中国家。同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不断增长。在可预测的将来，石油人将是世界各地交通的主要能源，预计到2020年交通燃料将占全世界石油消耗总量的57%。

World population is currently around 6 billion

目前世界人口为60亿，但是到2020年将会产至约76亿。这将意味着人们对石油和天气制成的交通燃料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加。

1、According to the text,how important is oil to our life?

Oil and gas give us mobility,they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.They can also be made into many products that we use every day. 2、What is a disadvantage of electric batterues……

They must be changed and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas. 3、Can atlternate energy completely repace oil and gas…

No ,it can’t.Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future. 4、Where in the world can we see the big increase in… In the developing world.

5、What will the increase of world population indicate?

That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels,electricity,and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas. (十)Carbon Emissions碳排放

The task—in which carbon emissions are pumped

将燃料燃烧排放出二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对于任何一种燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。尤其对于煤炭来说，这项任务就更为困难，因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。 Under optimal current conditions,coal produces more

在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭而产生的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。在发展中国家，情况则更糟，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档次的。 Without carbon capture and stotage,coal cannot be green.

如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能源。但是解决这一问题不仅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。 There are a few dozen small demonstration projects

虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。 The European Union had pledges

欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设12个试验性碳捕获项目。很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实验室转化为安全、低价的实际应用，但他们都把这项任务比作把人送往月球那么难。挪威睛在对此大量投资做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为“月球登陆计划”。 Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide

碳捕获之后面临的问题就是碳封存。碳封存从某种程度上来说则属于地域问题。地质学家们需要确定地下是否有合适的地点，计算其对二氧化碳的存储量，然后再配备设施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以确保安全。地下二氧化碳一旦发生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一样危险。 1、In paragraph 1,what does the underlined word “so” The word “so” refers to “challenging”.

2、What can be learn about carbon emissions

The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient.As a result,produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.

3、How can the use of coal become “green”?

Coal can become “green” through carbon capture and storage. 4、According to the text,what has Norway been doing?

Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology. 5、What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at…

The carbon sored at an underground site could leak,and a large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel. （十一）Marine pollution海洋污染

By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population

至2050年，估计世界人口可能会增加到120亿。其中大约有60%的人口居住在距离海洋60公里的范围内。为养活这些人口而进行的农业和工业活动将会加大富饶的沿海地区已面临的巨大压力。 One significant impact of human activity is marine

人类活动产生的一个重大影响是海洋污染。最显而易见和为人熟知的是油轮事故和海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。

Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts,the total

虽然这些影响有一定的规模、且显而易见，但是，与其它直接和间接的海洋污染源（包括民用污水、工业排放物、废料堆泄漏、都市和工业污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋倾泄垃圾的行为、石油生产、采矿、农业肥料和杀虫剂、热源废料和放射性排放物“相比，一系列油轮发生灾难性油泄漏而赞成的海洋污染物质总量还是显得很少。 Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture

污水排放物和农业生产所造成的肥料污染使海岩水域里的藻类开出难看而且可能危险的花朵。这些花朵死亡和腐烂将耗尽水里的氧气，使这

些地区变成了“逐渐蔓延的死亡区“。

Radioactive pollution has many causes,including

放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常运转的核电站。远在格陵兰岛西部海岩的海草里都能发现核燃料再处理所产生的放射性元素。 Trace metal pollution from metal mining,producation

金属采矿、生产和加工所造成的微量金属污染会损害海洋植物和动物的健康，使一些海产品不再适合人类食用。 1、Why is it difficult to support the population on…

Because 60% of the world’s population will live within 60km of the sea. 2、How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned…

There are four:marine pollution,nutrient pollution,radioactive pollution,trace metal pollution.. 3、What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar… Oil pollution.

4、Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of… Oxygen.

5、The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by___ Radioactive elements.

(十二)China’s Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术 China’s upprecedented growth in recent years has come

中国近年来史无前例的经济增长是以可怕的代价换来的。中国2/3的河流湖泊污染严重，无法用于工业，更别说农业或饮用了。中国近6亿城市人口中只有1%的人呼吸着按欧洲标准堪称安全的空气。在可耕地紧缺之际，受到污染的洪水又毁坏大量良田。 The immensity of these troubles has prouced a result that

诸如此类的众多问题却产生了一个令很多国外人士感到惊讶的结果：中国逐渐成为清洁技术的培育基地，在若干领域走到了前列。凭借尚德太阳能电力有限公司等本土厂商，中国现在是世界上最大的光电太阳能电池板生产国。中国也是全球第二大风电机组市场。在汽车制造方面，中国的比亚迪汽车有限公司已超过全球汽车巨头，推出了第一款可大批量生产的充电式混合动力车。 Understanding they are in a global race,China’s leaders

中国领导人认识到了他们正处于一场全球竞赛中，于是以各咱政策和激励措施对企业予以扶持。北京前不久将中国的汽车里程标准大幅提高到美国估计要到2020年才能达到的水平。北京还表示，到2020年，中国的可再生性资源发电量所占比例将从目前的16%上升到23%，与欧洲的类似指标不相上下。北京的绿色环保意向很快将受到考验。中国睚处于以史以来最大的建筑热潮中。一项研究估计，到2025年，中国将有超过3.5亿人从农村迁入城市。中国将新增500万幢建筑，包括5万幢摩天大楼，相当于10座纽约市的规模。随着新建办公室和房屋的成培增长，那些耗费能的计算机、电视、空调等设备也要装备到这些建筑中，这就大量增加了电力的需求，而大部分电力是来自以煤做燃料的发电厂。

1、What are some of the downsides to China’s growth?

Rivers,lakes and air seriousiy polluted.Water and agricultural land have been poisoned. 2、According to the passage,how many people in… 6 million

3、What can be learned about Suntech Power?

It is a domestic manufacture of photovoltaic solar panels. 4、What are Beijing’s green intentions?

Beijing will boost the country’s share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020. 5、What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population.

(十三)Market Economy市场经济

There are pros and cons for command and 计划经济和市场经济各有利弊。

Let’s look at the command evonomy first.

首先我们来看一下计划经济。计划经济的基础是由中央集权的政府指导和控制。计划经济意味着政府涉足经济生活的每一步。计划经济还有其它的负面影响。工厂经常会达不到配额，市场的需求会被低估，一种产品可能会很快销售一空等等。总的来说必须做出调整：产品和价格可能不得不或升或降；也可能会限制人们购买产品的数量等等。 Mow let’s look at the market economy.

现在我们来看一下市场经济。这意味着企业私有制政府并不能为它们做任何决定。我们用服装行业的例子来说明它的运行方式。假如某人，我们就叫他杰克，决定开一家服装制造公司。他设计和制造时尚的服装，使人们愿意购买和穿着。如果服装受欢迎，杰克会提高价格，并维持价格的攀升。通过这种方式，杰克可获取更大的利润。或者通过扩展业务，创造更多的财富。与此同时，别人将注意到他做的很优秀，于是这些人将创办新的企业和杰克竞争。这样价格将稳定下来，甚至可能降低，因为人们都愿意买更便宜的衣服。各家公司将不得不降低成本、减少利润，使自己在行业内得以生存。在这种情况下，市场经济才是正确的方向。 With a command economy the government runs

在计划经济下，政府掌管每件事和每个人；而在市场经济下，政府提供帮助来解决市场不能解决的问题。计划经济逐渐导致长期物质短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市场经济能够更大程度地带来经济增长、技术进步和社会繁荣的良机。 1、What is the roble of government in the command…

The economy is directed,controlled by the centralized government. 2、What might be restricted in the command economy? How much of an item a person can buy. 3、What is the market economy?

Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions. 4、Who is Jack according to the text?

Jack is a virtusl person who owns a company yhat makes clothes. 5、What does the market economy provide?

The market economy provides greater opportunities for economoc growth,technological progress and prosperity. (十四)CPI消费者物价指数

If the CPI，Consumer Price Index was 2.1%...

如果某个国家的消费者物价指数为2.1%，那意味着什么？简单地说，这意味着这个国家的消费者为消费者物价指数篮子里的商品及服务的支出比上一年多了2.1%。虽然商品和服务的价格随时间而上下波动，但是如果价格变动幅度过大，则会给经济带来负面影响。为了说明经济是否正在经历通货膨胀、通货紧缩或者是滞胀，我们把CPI作为衡量商品及服务价格的尺度。

When the Department of Labor’s Bureau…

劳工部劳动数据统计局每月颂CPI数据的时候，很多人都期待关注CPI结果。你或许会问什么会会热切地等待着这些结果？CPI对许多重要的财政决策者来说起着重要的作用，其中包括个人投资者、中央银行和美国联邦贮备银行。CPI帮助中央银行预测主要银行和企业的利息政策和其它决策。

I mentioned the CPI basket before and now…

前面提到过CPI篮子，现在我想进一步说明一下这个篮子是什么，以及我们如何获取信息。组成CPI的基本年度市场篮子是在调查了成千上万户家庭的详细支出信息之后得出的。这些信息不是随机搜集来的，而是通过对那些愿意公开自己购买习惯的消费者所进行采访和记录中得到的信息。基本篮子可分为8个组，包括了200多个种类，食品和饮料、住宅、服装、交通工具、医疗、休闲、教育和通讯以及其它商品的服务。最后，市场篮子中的8万件物品的价格是从成千上万个零售商店、服务部门、租赁店、诊所等的每个月汇总中得来的。 1、What is CPI short for? Consunmer Price Index.

2、What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3% in a country…

Consumers in a country have to pay 3.3% more than in the previous year for the goods and service. 3、What will happen if prices change a lot? They can have negative effects on a economy.

4、Who are eager to await the results of the CPI?Why?

Many key finacial decision makers.Because the CPI plays an important role for them. 5、How is the information of the CPI basket collected?

The information is collected through interview and diaries kept by the participant. (十五)The Internet互联网

The Internet is the largest repository of information

互联网是最大的信息宝库，它可以提供非常巨大的网络资源。这种网络资源可分为网络设备资源和网络信息资源。网络设备资源使我们能够进行远程计算和通信。网络信息资源为我们担任中种各样的信息服务，如科学、教育、商务、历史、法律、艺术和娱乐等等。 The most commonly used network service is

最常被使用的网络服务是电子邮件。电子邮件允许网络用户彼此传送文本消息。计算机和网络负责传递邮件，这样一来，邮件用户不必关心传递的细节，而且没有必要在同一时间或地点出现。 Before you can use the Internet,

在上网之前，你必须选择一种方法，在网络和你自己的电脑之间移动数据。这个连接可能是一个高速数据通信线路、局域网（LAN）、电话线或无线频道。大多数情况下，你可以使用一个连接到你的电话线年调制调制解调器来实现网络连接。 Worldwide web(is a networked hypertext

万维网（WWW）是一种网络的超文本协议和用户界面。像Gopher一样。它能提供多种服务和文件接入方法，但其功能更加齐全。向其它互联网服务的跳转可在“网”页上由鼠标器点击“热链接”的文字、图像或按钮来启动。 As more and more systems join the Internet,

随着越来越多的系统加入互联网，而且越来越多的信息可以转变成数字形式，用户能得到的信息量也在持续增长。随着互联网在全国（然后在全世界）开通，人们便会开始将互联网看作是一个社区。 So we can say that the Internet is your PC’s

所以我们可以说，互联网是你的个人计算机通向世界其它地方的窗口。 1、What can network resources be divided into?

They are divided into network facilities resources and network information resources. 2、What’s the function of each network resource?

The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication and also provide us all kinds of information services. 3、Why do most people choose the Internet to… Because it is the fastest and most convenient way. 4、What is the most possible way you choose to … Using a Modem attached to the telephone line.

5、Why do people regard the Net as a community …

Because people can get and do whatever they want at home as more and more sustems join the Internet and more and more forms of information are available to the amount of Internet users.

(十六)Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision苹果公司用ipad延续梦想 The launch of Apple’s iPad in the US is a polarising

当苹果公司在美国推出iPad时，引发了两种截然不同的反应。电视新闻会把镜头长时间对准苹果专卖店外的长队，以及苹果粉丝们是如何垂涎于这些亮丽的、吸引科技迷们的新产品。而与此同时，怀疑人士则会指出，这类多功能平板电脑以往在市场中一直遭遇惨败——而且，如果触摸屏界面真的如此具有革命性，那么苹果公司为何还打算出售供iPad外接的老式键盘呢？ To focus on issues such as these,though,would

不过，若是纠缠于这类问题，我们就抓不到这件事情的关键。无论这个新设备有多令人想往，它都决非仅仅是另一件个人高科技硬件产品。这是因为，iPad是个人电脑诞生以来，计算机领域最重要的一项新发展的延伸。如果它能够大受欢迎，就将确保苹果公司重新登上计算机业的巅峰位置。该公司先是在2007年推出iPhone，随后又在同年推出iPad Touch，它一直在改变着人们与智能便携设备接触的方式：触摸已成为人机界面，在线“应用程序商店”（App Store）则成为人们获取服务和内容的新场所。 Between them,the iPone and the Touch already

摩根士丹利互联网行业分析师玛丽.米克称，iPhone与iPad Touch已经代表了有史以来发展最快的新型计算机平台。通过推出iPad，苹果公司如今又让这一平台延伸出一块广袤的新领域。其主要目的是用多功能平板设备证明了以往多家高科技公司在此领域的失败。但有iPhone作为基础，苹果平板电脑的起点高于别人。而且，即使iPad最初的销售情况不尽人意（就如iPad与iPhone最初的销售情况一样），苹果公司也至少为大批软件开发商勾勒出了一片大有潜力的新市场的轮廓，而这些软件开发者已经把自己的财富与苹果公司的技术绑在了一起。 1、What will be the television news focus after the…

The television news will focus on the long line standing in front of Apple stores,and fans who are drooling over these latest shinly objects of techno-lust.

2、In what situation will Apple rebound to the very…

If the iPad becomes popular,it will help Apple rebound to the of the business. 3、What changges has Apple already brough to …

Apple has been changing the way people relate to intelligent portable devices.Tough has become the interface and connected “app stores” the new place to find services and content.

4、What’s Mary Meeker’s analysis to iPhone…

The iPhone and the Touch already represent the fastest-growing new computing platform in history. 5、In the sentence “Tablet-style devices have proved”

It means that the table-style devices will disappear from listory. （十七）3G Technology3G技术

Cellular technoiogy has been evolving since

无线电通讯技术自其发明以来就一直在不断更新和进步。随着贝尔实验室和AT＆T公司开发了第一代无线电通讯网络，无线电通讯

技术在使用便捷、声音质量以及数据传输上便开始了飞跃的发展。我们今天所熟悉的手机这个奇妙的技术是由一系列创造革新逼睐的，而且将来还会有更新的技术出现。

3G technology,the current standard in cekkuar

第三代（3G）技术，当今无线电通讯服务所使用的标准，又进一步改进了无线电通讯服务。在网络方面，它比第二代（2G）技术更

加有效，容量也更大了。数据连接速度也更快，接近于宽带速度。它还可以使用户同时使用语音和数字功能。 However,the march of technology goes ever forwatd

但技术是不断发展的。现在第四代技术已经初露头角。与其它几代不同，4G并不是为语音服务而是为因特网而设计的。这代技术

会消除无线通讯网络中不同运营商和国家之间的不兼容性。它有超高的数据传输速度，从100Mbps最高可达到1Gbps，并可用于手机和静态计算机。

The developments in celluar technology promise

无线电通讯技术的发展给我们带来了一个未曾见过的世界范围的语音和数据通讯网络。试想一想与因特网的宽带连接，还有不论你身在何处都能听到的清晰电话对话。准备迎接4G的到来吧！ 1、What contribution did Bell Lab and AT

The developed the first cellular telephone networks. 2、What are the advantages of 3G technology …

3G is even more efficient than 2G and allowed greater capacity on the cellular network.It also allowed much faster data connections and allowed a consumer to use both voice and data features on their phones at the same time. 3、How is 4G desogned differently from the previous

4G is not designed around voice services but is designed around the Internet. 4、Name the major advantages of 4G.

It will do away with many of the celluar network incompatibilities between carriers and countries.It will have blazing fast data speeds.It is designed to be used with both mobile phones and more static computers. 5、In the sentence “It will have blazing fast data” It means “the fastest speed can reach 1 Gbps”.

(十八)Carbon Capture and Storage碳捕获和储存 Carbon capture and storage(CCS) is a means

碳捕获和储存（CCS）是一种从大型发电厂等污染源捕获二氧化碳，并运用不同方式储存在非大气层的环境中，以减轻化石燃料排放对全球变暖影响的手段。它也可以用来描述从大气中洗涤二氧化碳的一种地球工程技术。 The term carbon dioxide capture and storage

碳捕获和储存这一概念已经被用于描述以下这些生物技术，如生物碳埋藏。这是一种利用树木和浮游生特等从空气中捕获二氧化碳的生物技术。然而，碳捕获和储存现丰通常用来描述从燃烧源捕获二氧化碳的非生物过程。 CCS applied to a modern conventional power

碳捕获和储存技术应用到传统发电厂可以减少约80-90%的二氧化碳排放。据政府间气候变化专门委员会估计，到2010年，在碳减排总投资中，碳捕获和储存的经济投入将达到10%至55%。 Capturing and commpressing CO2 requires much

捕获和压缩二氧化碳需要大量能源，一个应碳捕获和储存技术的燃烧电厂的燃料需求将增加25%-40%。那么新的应用碳捕获和储存的燃煤发电厂的能源和其它系统成本估计将增加21-91%。而这样的预算只适用于在碳储存地附近专门建设的碳捕获和储存发电厂：如果在现有的远离碳储存位置的发电厂采用该技术，那将更加昂贵。 Storage of the CO2 is envisaged either in deep

预计会选择将二氧化碳储存在地层深处、深海、或在矿物碳酸盐中。如果在深海中储存，很有可能存在增大海洋酸度的风险。海洋酸化问题也主要起源于大气和海洋中过多的二氧化碳。 1、What is Carbon Capture and Storage?

Carbon capture and storage is a method to reduce the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming by capturing carbon dioxide form large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants,and storing it away from the atmosphere by different means. 2、How is carbon dioxide capture and storag defined„

It is described as biochar burial,which use trees,plankton,etc. to capture CO2 from the air. 3、What is the effect of applying carbon dioxide…

It could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by appoximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS. 4、Where will the captured carbon be stored?

The captured carbon will be stored either in the deep geological formations,in deep ocean masses,or in the form of mineral carbons. 5、What is the problem of deep ocean storage?

There is a risk of greatly increasing the problem of ocean acidification,a problem that also stems from the excess of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere and oceans.

（十九）Global Warming全球变暖 Global warming may or may not be

全球变暖或许是也或许不是21世纪的环境大危机。但不管是与否，我们都不会采取什么措施。我们会对其争论不休，甚至作为一个国家发表一些听起来庄重的誓言来避免全球变暖。但这些誓言听起来越激动人心、越意味深长，实现它们的可能性却越小。 Al Gore,former US Vice President

美国前副总统弋尔将全球变暖称作“令人不快的真相“，似乎只要我们认识到这个真相就可以找到解决这一问题途径。但是实际的真相是我们并没有足够的能力消除全球变暖；若没有重大的科技突破，我们根本无能为力。 From 2003 to 2050,the world’s population

2003年至2050年世界人员预计将增长42%，即从64亿增长至91亿。如果人均消耗能源和技术水平不变，到2050年，能源消耗总量和温室气体排放将增加42%。但是这只是一个保守数字，因为社会的进步和富足意味着更多的能源消耗。经济发展是必需的，除非不再提高人们的生活水准，让世界上的贫困人口永远过贫穷的生活。但即使经济保守地发展，到2050年，能源消耗及温室气体排放也会增加一倍多。 No government will adopt rigid restrictions 任何政府都不会采取刚性的措施限制经济发展和个人自由（如：限制用电量、开车出行、外出旅行等），尽管这样的措施会减缓全球变暖。但是政治家们依然想证明他们没有对全球变暖“置之不理”。“京都议定书”就是个实例。其中规定所有签约国家有权利惩罚那些非签约国。但是“京都议定书”并没有使二氧化碳的排放有所减少，况且很多签约国也并没有采取足够严厉的措施以实现2008-2010年碳排放目标。 The practical conclusion is that if global

我们得出的现实的结论就是如果全球变暖是一场潜在的灾难，解决全球变暖的唯一办法是新技术。只有靠我们大力的研究和技术开发才能使我们打破对化石燃料的依赖或找到应对全球变暖的方法。 1、What is said about global warming„

Human being will not do much about global watming. 2、According to the author’s understanding,what

Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth”,as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path a solution. 3、Why will greenhouse emissions double by

Because the world popuiation will grow by 42% by 2050,and as economy will grow,and so will the energy consumption and greenhouse emission. 4、In Paragraph 4,the sentence “It allowed countries”

“Those that didn’t”here refers to “those countries that didn’t join the Kyoto Protocol.” 5、What message does the author try to convey

We must develop breakthrough technology in order to deal with the problem of global warming. （二十）Alternate Energies替代能源 There is a lot of energy that we can harness

只要我们努力去研究和开发所需技术，有很多能源都可供我们利用。我们完全可以远离化石能源和老式电网，去使用这些替代能源。 One of these alternative energy resource

这些替代能源之一就是风能。人们不断开发改进风力涡轮发电机使其更加节能也越来越便宜。在很多国家建立起越来越多的“风电厂”。而且，考虑到以前的风力涡轮对鸟类造成了危害，人们在设置这些新的风力发电机时也更加注意了策略性。另外一种替代能源是为大家广泛熟知的太阳能。太阳能技术需要生产太阳能电池来聚焦并收集太阳光发出的能量，并将其转变成电能或有时提取热水。和风能一样，太阳能是零污染能源。海洋潮汐能是被很多国家和投资商看好的拥有巨大潜力的能源。在法国已经有一个潮汐发电设施在运行发电，几年的运行使用证明这项技术是成功的。爱尔兰和苏格兰目前也正在测试他们的潮汐能发电设施。水力发电已经为人类使用了相当一段时间了，水力发电厂可以产生很多电能，比电网发电更加清洁。但是水力发电存在一定的制约——不是每个地方都能建造大坝，因此水力发电并不能被广泛使用。鉴于这些制约，最近，很多河床式发电厂，或者小型的水利发电设施已在兴建。地热能的储量极其丰富，因为地热能就在我们脚下，离地面只有几英里的地下。地热能是通过地热球内部的高温熔岩活动将地下水加热而形成的能量。这些被熔岩加热的水变为蒸汽，这些蒸汽可用来驱动涡轮机最终发电。我们应该对地热能的开发利用做大量的研究。乙醇是汽油的替代品，它是由麦子、甘蔗、葡萄、草莓、玉米、木屑和木纤维这些物质制成的。对于乙醇是否能成为既经济又实用而且没有地域局限性的能源仍存在很多争议，而乙醇的提取和混合的技术也正在不断地改进。

1、What are some of the advantages of wind power?

Wind power is energy-efficient and less costly and it is clean. 2、How do the solar cells work/?

Solar cells gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun,and translate it into electricity or hot water. 3、Where in the world is ocean wave energy applied? Currently,it is used in France,Irelandand Scotland.

4/、How is geothermal power converted into electricity?

The steam underground can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which can genergy electricity. 5、What is the controversy over the use of ethanol as …

The controversy is whether ethanol as a source of energy can be economical or practical except in very localized areas. （二十一）Biofuels生物燃料

In order to understand the role of biofuels

为了了解生物燃料的未来走向，我们需要搞清楚我们现在正处于能源发展过程中的哪个阶段——150年前埃德温.德雷克的发现将我们带到了这个位置上。事实上我们这个世界已经变得非常依赖于丰富的能源供应；目前的预测显示，到2030年我们对能量的需求将增加45%。满足这个需求将是很艰难的，这将需要每年至少1万亿美元的投资。因此，就新的燃料而言，生物资料是在未来20年实现为车辆提供安全、可持续发展和低碳排放的主要手段。

Crude oil is proving to be remarkably difficult

原油将是很难被取代的。到目前为止，生物燃料是唯一可行的竞争者。我们保守地估计，到2030年生物燃料将会占到高达20%的能源市场份额。

Biofuels are the only transport energy

作为交通能源的替代产品，生物燃料是唯一确实出现在像“国际能源机构的低碳”450”纲要”这样的关于碳减排类的数据预测中的。当然，先进的生物燃料将作出越来越大的贡献。国际能源机构450纲要的数据预测指出，到2020年先进生物燃料将占据新的生物燃料的大多数；到2030年，将占所有生物燃料的一半份额。 So biofuels have a major strategic role

因此，生物燃料在未来能源战略中将起到重大作用。我们已经开始为此努力。这将引导我们在新技术和商业模式的支持下，逐步建设一个全新的、规模庞大的行业，这是一个挑战，也是一个很大的机遇，一个我们可以将石油和天然气行业所获得的技能应用的机会。 That therfore this industry,perhaps more

所以，这个行业也许比任何其它行业都更需要合作才能取得成功。最近我们已经可以清楚地看到生物燃料实际上是我们的传统核心业务的一部分。从许多方面看，生物燃料都将成为新的石油。所不同的是，它们是从鲜活的原源不断地制造出来的，而不是源于有限的化石类生物物质。生物燃料为我们提供了一个“可再生的油井”。它们不仅仅是对汽油的简单补充，而且是对我们的传统核心产品的补充。 1、What is the fact of the world energy supply？

The fact is our needs on energy will rise by up to 45% in demand for energy by the year 2030. 2、What is the role of bioyuels in the next 20years?

Biofuels will play a role as the primary means of bringing secure,sustainable,low-carbon fuel to vehicles in the next 20 years. 3、What does ‘projections’ of IEA 450 mean„

It’s the estimated statistics for the carbon emission in IEA450. 4、What does ‘our journey’refer to?

‘Our journey’refers to the journey which leads us onto a realisation that the challenge of building a whole new industry,at vast scale,with a reliance on new technology and business models.

5、Why is it said that biofuels industry,perhaps„

Because it relies on new technology and business models and it also needs the skills we have built up in the oil and gas business. (二十二)Coal Chemical Industry煤化学工业 Coal chemical industry is the industry which

煤化学工业是通过化工工艺将煤转化为气体、液体、固体燃料和化学品，生产出各种化工产品的工业。焦化、气化、液化、合成气化工这些不同的煤加工技术都属于煤化工工业。 Coal gasificationis a process that converts

煤的气化是通过催化剂将煤由固体转化为气体状态的过程。煤炭气化的产品可用作燃料、化工产品原材料，也可用于发电。

Coal gasification has a history of nearly煤气化在煤化工工业中已有将近100年历史。在煤气化技术发展过程中，大多数早期煤气化都是通过将大量煤做原料经过高压转化而成的，但这种方法可持续性较差。它会导致一系列问题，如：由于能量消耗高，规模较小，煤粉资源使用效率很低，还会造成严重的环境污染。从上世纪60年代起，煤气化技术得到了显著的改进，尤其在70年代，石油危机的出现以及煤燃烧带来的环境污染问题，致使全球许多国家和研究机构对此给予了极大的关注。 The modern coal chemical industry can be

现代煤化工的工业化可以分为三个层次。首先是一次加工合成气，就是将水煤浆或干煤粉部分氧化变成合成气（一氧化碳和氢气）。水煤浆气化技术已经在中国投入工业生产。第二个层次是二次加工（合成气加工），这主要包括三个途径：酒精、碳水化合物及其它碳氧化合物的合成。酒精合成又包括甲醇、DIVIE、乙醇的合成还有乙二醇的进一步合成。第三个层次是深度加工，主要是对甲醇和下游烯烃产品进行深度加工。这也是煤化学工业的支柱。 1、How can coal be processed?

Coal can be processed through carbonization,gasifiction,liquefaction,synthetic gas chemical engineering. 2、What are gasified coal products used as?

They can be used as fuels,as raw materials for chemical products and for electricity generation. 3、What were some of the drawbacks of coal„

In the early stage,coal was converted in a very unsustainable way through using large amount of raw material.It can lead to ineffective utilization of powdered coal resources with energy consumption and small scale,and serious environment pollution etc. 4、What initiated the significant progress in„

The petroleum crisis and the serious coal-burning environmental pollution. 5、What are the three levels to industrialize„

The synthesis gas,synthetic gas processing and further processing. （二十三）Resource Curse资源诅咒 Many African countries are blessed with

非洲很多国家都拥有丰富的石油和矿物资源，这些丰厚的资源本可以彻底改变这些国家的经济面貌。但是以往的历史告诉我们这些资源更多倒像是个咒符而并非是个祝福。

There are numerous examples of African

非洲国家中有很多这样的例子，自然资源的发现带来的是经济不稳定、冲突和环境破坏。这样的实例极其常见，以至于人们给这种现象起了个“资源诅咒”的名字。

Resource curse applies specifically

资源诅咒这个说法尤其适合于一开始就没有什么财富的贫困国家，石油或铜或金矿等重要资源的发现使得这些资源突然成了这个国家的主要财富来源。

Theoretically the development of that

理论上讲这些资源的开发会给拥有这一资源的国家带来巨大的财富，但是历史证明这些财富却集中到了一小部分人的手中——这些人垄断着收取矿藏和石油的开采费，使得大多数人不能从这些财富中得到任何利益。 The result is repressive government that

这样的结果导致了垄断资源开发收入的残暴强权政府和贫困人口的出现，这就将引发冲突。 The reource curse is by no means

资源诅咒并不仅是非洲的特别现象，但它确实在非洲大陆引发了多次重大灾难和破坏。 Government forces and armed groups

用出售资源换来的资金装备的政府部队和武装组织一直为这些资源的控制权争斗，使这些国家的暴力持续不断。 Bloody conflicts in DR Congo,Liberia

在民主刚果、利比亚、象牙海岩和塞拉利昂发生的流血冲突都是由带血的钻石交易得来的钱资助的。 As well as promoting conflict,extracting

除了暴力冲突，开采矿藏和石油还会对环境逼睐巨大破坏，尼日利亚三角洲地区有记录可查的6800起石油泄漏事件就是很好的例子。 1、What has the wealth of oil and minetal„

It has brought economic instability,conflict and environmental damage. 2、What is the “resource curse”?

Resource curse applies specifically to poor countries that don’t have a lot of sources of wealth to begin with,then there’s a discovery of a major resource-oil or copper or goid-that suddenly becomes a major source of wealth for that country. 3、Who owns the wealth of resource in many„ Only a few of the people.

4、Is the resource curse only a problem„.

No ,the resource curse is by no means limited to African countries. 5、What has “extracting minerals and oil”„

Many incidents of oil spills have a devastating environmental impact on Nigeria. (二十四)Company Managemment公司管理 Management in an organization can be in

公司管理层可以分为不同级别，公司越大，所需要的管理层级也越多。一般来说，第一线经理对商品的生产和服务直接负责。根据企业的不同情况，他们可能被叫做销售经理、部门负责人或者生产监督。他们的下级雇员直接进行企业中的基础的商品生产或服务工作。这一层的管理是连接部门的经营和企业的其它部门之间的环节。大多数公司的第一线经理极少花时间和高层管理人员或其他企业的人在一起。他们的大部分时间都花在与他们所监督的人和其他的一线经理身上。第一线经理通常需要丰富的专业技术来指导下属并监督他们的日常工作。 As an organization grows,however,so a

随着企业的不断成长，管理上就相应出现一些难题。有些大企业的经理必须集中精力来协调雇员的活动，确定生产什么产品或提供什么服务，决定如何向顾客推销这些产品和服务。这些是中层经理们所面临的问题。中层经理从高层经理那儿接受总体的和一般的规划和政策，然后把它们分解成具体的目标和计划，交给第一线经理们去实施。中层经理通常有这样一些头衔：比如部门主任，工厂经理和财务主任等。他们负

责指导和协调第一线经理的活动。中层经理用大部分的时间来计划、组织、领导，以便使第一线的经理和他们的部下能够尽可能高效率地工作。

The overall direction of an organization

高层经理的责任是决定一个企业的总体方向。高层经理的典型头衔是首席执行官、总裁和执行副总裁等，高层经理为整个企业制定目标、政策和战略。他们确定企业奋斗目标，然后通过逐级下传，最终到达每个工人。 1、What is the main idea of the passage?

The main idea of this text is the different levels of managerment in a company. 2、What are required of first-line managers?

Frist-lire managers need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks. 3、Wha are the first-line managers responsible to?

First-line managers are responsible to the middle managers. 4、In the sentence “These are the problems of middle” “Translate” here means “转变为”、“变为”。 5、At an organization,people with what titles

Chief executive officer,president,executive vice-president.

（二十五）Recruitment Drives Talent from Wide Pool人才库 Widening the pool from which top employers

在工作岗位不够分配的当下，扩充人才库，以便让顶尖雇主从中招聘毕业生，颇有些不合时宜的味道。但这正是雇主团体伦敦发展局与一家招聘咨询公司联合发起的“Leading London”项目为自己设定的目标。 The program airms to talent-spot students

该项目旨在物色严自1992年后大学（即过去的技术学院）不同专业的学生，再把他们介绍给伦敦金融城的雇主和一流企业。 Advocates of the program say action to

该项目的介导者表示，增进社会流动性的需求从未如此迫切。在经济繁荣时期，雇主将少数族裔、社会收入较低的人群、以及女性等弱势群体视为“隐藏的人才库”。而如今，许多人才多元化项目都受到挤压。 Leading London ,which has been piloted

Leading London项目先在伦敦城市大学试点，邀请导师和在校大学生推荐那些表现出事业心和卓越领导力的大四学生，用这种新颖的方式，让潜在的杰出人才引起项目的企业赞助商的关注。 Supporters argue that diversity is about

赞助商们认为，人才多元化的意义不仅仅在于社会公平。他们表示，企业要创新，就需要多元化的思维，而雇用生活经历各不相同的员工，能帮助企业与客户良好地沟通。花旗集团纽约多元化招聘主管法蒂玛.吉列姆表示：“如果我们的客户群十分多元化，那我们也应该拥有多元化的员工队伍”。

How can businesses maximize the payback

企业怎样才能使人才多元化项目的回报最大化呢？一种办法是进行合作，分摊招聘推介活动的费用。相对于由单个雇主资助的独立项目，这更容易让目标群发现工作机会。

1、What’s the goal of “Leading London”?

The goal of “Leading London” is to widen the pool from which top employed hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go round. 2、Who are seen as “hidden talent pools”?

It refers to the under-represented groups,such as ethnic minorities,lower social income groups and women. 3、What is the “novel method to bring potential”

The novei method is to ask tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership. 4、Why do companies need diversity?

Diversity can help businesses relate to their clients since companies have diversified client base. 5、How could the employers make target

One of the methods is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing. （二十六）Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀 You’re in-between jobs and you want to be

如果你目前正处在找工作阶段而且期望在此期间有所收获的话，下面就是一些可以让你忙碌起来的方法。 Get a short-term continuing education.

参加一些短期继续教育培训。你可以报名参加模块式学术培训或与你的领域相关的学术研讨会。比如，如果你是做销售的，你就可以找一些有关如何谈判或怎样实现销售目标这样的研讨会。要知道提升技能并不一定要花钱。你可以在网上找到免费的学习模块，也可以在报纸上找到不收费的研讨会学习信息，布告栏和广播都是你发现这些学习信息的来源。只要你去找，你就会发现你可以不花一分钱就能找到丰富的学习资源和机会。

Freelance.You don’t need to be employed

做一名自由职业者。谋生并不一定非要找个老板，这种情况尤其适合那些从事服务行业的人群，比如：作家、绘画设计、室内装修等等。从事自由职业还是一个推销自己的最好方式。在你为很多人做项目的同时，你也拓宽了你的客户网，说不定这些客户当中会有你将来的老板呢。在发布招聘之前，人们一般会先考试聘用他们熟悉的人。如果你被客户所欣赏，合作时又让他们物有所值，当合适的时机到来时，你肯定会收到一份满意的工作邀请。

Learn a new skill.Explore your talents and

学一门新手艺。可以去开发一下你的天赋和全新的兴趣。施展你的创造力。你可以学学如何去制作香烛、泰迪熊，或学学插花。不论你做什么，重要的是把时间花得有成效、有意义。掌握了这门新技术之后，你就可以考虑在这一行找份工作了。要知道有一些最成功的企业就是从业余爱好开始起步的。享受工作或把工作当成乐趣的人一般都会把工作做好。即使在将来找到了新工作，你也可以把这门新手艺当做第二职业去做。

Keep up a proacyive job search.

要不断主动地寻找工作机会。现在找工作不是一件容易的事。大多数时候你寄出去的求职信要远远我于你所收到的回复。不要因此灰心，因为最好的机会永远惠顾做好最充分准备的人。也不要因不断地寄求职信和在媒体上搜索工作空缺职位而烦恼。尝试一下招聘网站。设计自己的求职宣传册并亲自到不同的公司做一下自我推销，说不定哪一天你想要的工作就在那儿等着你呢。 1、What does “in-between jobs” in the first„

It possibly means you quit your old job and are now looking for a new job. 2、How much money does the author„ Zero.

3、What does the author say the advantages„

中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇八：中石化职称考试英语复习题

英译汉

There is an increase in damand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our coun-trry. 译为：我国各地对各种消费品的需求量正大大增加。

We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectoymned to pur-sue it .译为我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门工业化。

They are deeply convinced of the ourrectness of this pocicy and firmly determined to pur-sue it. 译为：我们深信这一政策是正确的，并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。

过加强我们之间的经济、文化、科学、技术和人员等方面的交流来加深彼此的了解。Weseek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication of our economic, cultur-al,scientific , technical and human ties.

译为：我们要通Rockets heve found applications for zhe exploration of the universe译为：火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom ,it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics 译为：如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们我们就不可能研究核子物理学。

Electronic control techniques can be designed to take full advantage of quick response in-herent in a gas turbine proulsion system译为：电子控制技术可以充分地利用燃气轮机推进系统固有的反应快的优点。

His treatise aims at discussing the propertiesof the newly discovered elements译为：他着篇论文的目的是讨论新发现元素的特征。

These pumps are featured by their simple operation ,easr maintenance, low power con-sumption and durable service译为：这些水泵的特点是操作简便，维护容易，耗电量少，经久耐用。

No one has ever seen a single atom or molecule even with the most powerful microscope译为：即使用倍数最高的显微镜，也没有人看到过一个单个的原子或分子。

Cargo insurance is to protect the trede foum losses that many dangers may cause.译为：货物保险就是保护贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。

English is the language of commerce and second language of many countnes whicih for-merlr had French or german in that position译为：英语是国际贸易中通用的语言，在许多国家已取代法语或德语成为第二语言。

Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man ;and writing an exact man译为：阅读使人充实，会话使人敏捷，写作使人精明。

The problem of acquiring ,tracking and discriminating all the targets needs the fuil capa-bility of the phased array radar译为：解决捕获、跟踪和识别所有目标的问题，要求发挥相控阵雷达的全部能力。

The princioal function that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification,amplify-cation, oscillation, modulation and detection译为：真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。

A key is a piece inserted between a shaft and a hab to prevent relative rotation译为：键是一种装在轴和轮毂之间的零件，用以防止相对转动。 My work ,my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time译为：我干工作，我作家务，我有朋友来往，这些占用了我的全部时间。

The former is more common in adult ,the latter in children译为：前者在成年人中较常见，后者在儿童中较常见。

Tinghter tolerances are possible, but with lower yield and greater cost译为：使公差再小一些是可能的，但这会降低成品率，使成本增加。 This experience has been obtained in the realm of far less stringent operational require-ments and conditions, particularly in regard to power dissipation 译为：这种经验是在极不严格的工作要求和工作环境下取得的，

The experience has told us that this lind of material is of good quality经验告诉我们这种材料的质量很好

The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory译为：产品在出厂之前就应该进行质量抽样检查。 They have fitted themselves to the land and the rhythm of its seasons译为：他们已经适应了当地的水土和季节。

Physics is the study of heat ,sound ,magnetism , electricity, light, the properties ofmat-ter and what it is composed of 译为：物理学研究的是热、声、磁、电、光、物质的性质和成份

We have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at 译为：我们已经解决了这个问题，并且得出了和他们相同的结论。

Edison and his men were very much excited as the first electric light sent out its glow译为：当第一盏灯放光时，爱迪生和他的工作人员非常兴奋。

It is to increase the friction that the surfaces of automobile tyres are made with projec-tions正是为了增加摩擦，才把汽车胎的表面做成有了许多突起的小块。

英译汉

When we want to move a body of great mass , we must apply agreat force译为：要移动质量大的物体，就要用大力。

The high temperature and high rotational speeds at which the gas turbine operates present difficulties in manufacture译为：燃气轮机工作时的高温与高转速使制造产生了一些困难。

Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled译为：实际上一切物质都是热胀冷缩的。

what I was learning was what dick darman later said at ben‘s goodbye party two tears later译为：我所学到的，是两年以后迪克。达曼在欢送本的告别会上所说的。

That the british and American governments remained unperturbed was due in great part to a unique service provided by the british broadcasting corporation译为：当时英美政府之所以能够保持镇定自若，主要是由于英国广播公司提供了一项很不寻常的服务。

Out position has always been that such intervention is totally unjustified译为：我们的一贯立场为：这种干涉是完全无理的。

I don‘t think that he at all weighed the advantages of changing his job against the disadvantages译为：我认为他根本就没有把换工作的利弊加心权衡比较。

she told ne that she would often spend a whole morning working upon a singlepage译为：她对我说，她往往要花整整一个上午来修改一页稿子。

we knew that we never could find peace as long as we as were filled with hatred译为：我们明白了，如果我们心里总是充满了怨恨，就永远也安宁不下来。

I had heard you were coming ,but we had no idea it would be this soon译为：我们听说你要来，可是没想到你来得这样快。

There is no question that the soviet union will seek to gain from the instability译为：毫无疑问，苏联将利用不稳定的形势捞到好处。

The 25-year teaching veteran says he was denied a promotion and pay raise last year because he hadn‘t published a sufficient number of research papers. 译为：这位有25年教龄的老师来说，由于他未能发表足够数量的科研论文，去年没有给他提职、提薪。

what America has lost is the cocky ,do-anything assurance of the 1950s译为：美国已经失去了50年代那种趾高气扬、为所欲为而毫无顾忌的劲头。

And it is not whether universities have produced valuable research and scholarship译为：问题也不在于大学是否已取得有价值的科研成果和学术成就。

we should remember that the scientific developments in one field are closely related to the developments of the same time in other fields译为：我们应当记住，一个领域的科学发展与其他领域在同一时期的发展有着密切的联系。

It has been said that in America ,people think in terms of decades ;in Europe ,they think in terms of generations ;in china ,dthey think in terms lf centuries,译为：有人说：在美国，人们以十年为单位来考虑问题。在欧洲，人们以一代人为单位来考虑问题。而在中国，人们以世纪的眼光来考虑问题。

Don‘t take for granted that it will be all plain sailing,译为：不要以为一切都会一帆风顺。

legend has it that da yu was made emperor because of his success in controlling floods译为：据传说，在禹是因为治水成功而当上皇帝的。

There has never been a man around me who wrote so many memos. 译为：在我周围没有一个人像他那样写过那么多的备忘录。

He wishes to write an article that will attract pubic attention to the matter译为：他想写一篇文章，来呼吁公众关注此事。The sun emit a large amount of invisible rays of a mature similar to radio waves and light which are electromagnetic waves 译为：太阳发射大量与光和无线电波性质类似的不可见的射线，这些射线就是电磁波。

The melting point of which the carbon content is higher ,is lower译为：如果铸铁的含碳量较高，其熔点就较低。

This factory produced machine tools to which precision instruments were attached译为：这家工厂生产附有精密仪器的机床。 Such people as they are will never do that sort of thing译为：像他们这样的人绝不会做那种事情。

China‘s isolation from the west was finally broken in the 19th century ,when it was invaded from the sea.译为：中国与西方隔绝的状态终于在19世纪被打破了，当时中国遭到了从海上来的侵略。

The whole staff consisted of about 250doctors and nurses, nearly half of whom were women.译为：在全体工作人员中，大约有250名是医生和护士，几乎半数是妇女。

The reason why john failed was his laziness译为：约翰之所以失败是由于他懒惰。

英译汉

I would like to live in a place where trees are green all the year round.译为：我喜欢住在树木四季常青的地方。

when a giant radio-telescope turns in on the messages sent from a rocket in space ,a com-puter guides the turning of the telescope in the right direction 译为：当一架巨型电望远镜为了对准宇宙中的火箭所发回的电讯而转动时，计算机便会指引望远镜转到所需要的角度。

The drill may just miss the oil although it is near : on the other hand , it may strkeoil at a fairly hingh levl译为：钻头可能到了离油很近的地方而没有碰到油；另一方面，也可能在相当浅的地方打出油来。

The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness : if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication , and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated 译为：润滑油的浓度必须适当，太稀则起不到应有的润滑俢，太稠则流不到需要润滑的所有零件。 We do not read history simply for pleasure , but in order that we may discover the laws of politic growth and change译为：我们读历史不单纯是为了娱乐，而是为了从中发现政治发展和演变规律。

The more corporate staff abroad who can communicate well in English the greater your trading opportunity 译为：驻外公司职员能用英语熟练交流的越多，做生意的机会就越多。

As divorce retes in Asis are on the rise , moral education is getting more and moreimpor-tant译为：在亚洲，由于离婚率不断上升，道德教育越来越重要

He knew nothing about the blue print until I told him译为：这个蓝图在我告诉他之前，他一点也不知道。 This material is no more elastic than that one这种材料并不比那种更有弹性。

Many centuries had passed before man learned to make fire译为：许多世纪以后人类才学会了生火。

He speaks quickly , the tone of his voice so arresting that it sobers everyone译为：他快快地讲着，语调十分引人注意，大家也都安静地听。 Current well not flow continually , since the circuit is broken by the insulating material译为：电流不再继续流动，因为电路被绝缘材料隔断了。 The werking plan well be examined by a special committee first译为：这个工作计划将先由一个特别委员会加以审查。

If the pressure in a closed vessel is allowed to rise too high , the vessel will burst译为：如果听任密封容器中的压力过分升高，容器就会爆炸。 Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily; only a few questions of second im-portance remain to be discussed译为：大部分问题已经圆满解决了，只剩下几个次要问题有待讨论。

Wow so much has beed published on all kinds of subjects that even a specialist whodevot-ed all his time to reading could not keep up with it现在就各种问题发表了许多材料，即使是专家整天看材料也跟不上。

Therefore, when we are received with so much honor and so much kindness in this great country, I believe that the people,s Republic of china is doing a very significant thing译为：因此，当我们在这个伟大的国家里受到这样隆重和盛情的接待时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是有重大意义的

Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of increase-ing number of people in the world译为：现在淡水越来越不足，而由于世界人口日益增长，淡水的需要量却越来越大。

It is required that the machine should be maintained at regular intervals译为：机器需要定期维修。 It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation译为：应该指出这一过程是氧化。

It is generally recognized that the insulation resistance of a cable is inversely proportional to its length译为：普遍认为电缆的绝缘电阻与其长度成反比。

Such a poor state could not possibly have waged against irs neighbor without backing form other countries 译为：这样贫穷的国家如果没有他国的支持，本来根本不可能对其邻国发动战争。

Nothing in the world moves faster than light 译为：世界上没有任何东西比光走得快。 All these metals are not good conductors 译为：所的这些金属不都是良导体。 Not enery minute difference is noted译为：并不是每一点细微差别都能注意到了。

There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force译为：在力的作用下，各种材料或多或少都要变形。 They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains译为：他们工作一不为名二不为利。

英译汉

The speed of light is too great to be measured with a simple unit译为：光的速度太大，以至于不能用简单的单位来度量。 Although he explained it to her , she was still completely at sea 译为：尽管他给她作了解释，可她仍然迷惑不解。 We were kept in the dark as to future plans译为：我们对未来的计划一无所知。

Japan is the last country to invent radar , but England译为：发明雷达的国家决不是日本，而英国。

（三）Nuch more important than the element itself are some of its compounds译为：比这一元素本身更重要的是它的一些化合物。

Of considerable interest is that many planets revolve round the sun besides the earth译为：相当有趣的是，除地球外，有许多行星环绕太阳旋转。

With the development of electrical engineering , power can be transmitted over a long distance译为：随着电气工程的发展，电力可以远距离输送。

Surrounding the earth is a layer of air of great thickness译为：环绕地球的是一层厚度很大的空气。

Between atoms there is enough space for them to move , and move they do译为：原子之间有足够的空间让原子运动，而它们有确在运动。 Different metals do differ in their conductivity译为：不同的金属一定具有不同的导电性能。

It is the power station that supplies the motive power to the whole city译为：供给全城动和的就是发电站。

It was Newton who proved mathematically theat the path of a planet must be an ellipse译为：用数学证明行星的轨道是个椭圆的，就是牛顿。 It is only through a great deal of practice that we shall be able to operate this machine tool译为：只有通过大量实践，我们才能操作这台机床。 The notions of energy thermodynamics emphasizes能的概念为热力学所强调。

（四）If these stamps were genuiue , they would be worth a lot of money译为：这些邮票如果是真的，可就值大钱了。

If this bridge had been built of armoured concrete , its strength would have been much greater译为：这座桥要是当初用钢筋混凝土建造，它的强度就会大大提高。

If any country were in the same position that we aer , they would be making the same case with the same foyce and conviction译为：假如任何国家处在我国所处的地位的话，他们也会跟我们一样坚定不移地持同样的态度。

The nation was on its knees and, were nothing done , would soon be prostrate译为：国家处境不妙，如果不想一点办法，就会完蛋。 Without her advice , I would have failed假如没有她的劝告，我想必已失败了。

I suppose poor Mary is all broken up . I would be in her case译为：我想可怜的玛丽已伤心透了。如果我处在她的地位，我也会是这样的。 If computers were not used , our research work would be difficult译为：假使没有用计算机，我们的研究工作就困难了。

How could he have operated the machine-tool if he hadn‘t learned the techniquesomeweeks ago?译为：要是他在几个星期前没有学习技术，他怎么能操作社台机床呢？

She wished she had stayed at home译为：也但愿那时留在家中就好了。

I suppose when I was a young man I should have done the same fool thing译为：我想，如果我是一个年轻人，我大概也会干出社样的蠢事来。 Laser , its creation being thought to be one of today‘s wonders , is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights only in that it is many times more powerful and so can be applied in fields that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in 译为：激光的发明被认为是当代的奇迹之一。其实激光也只不过是一种光线，与普通光线不同之处在于它的强度要大很多倍，因而能够腫任何光线或其他物质从未能进入的领域。

A good way of learning to make the sound of a new language is to use recordings which have pauses after each sentence giving you time to say what you have learnt before the next sentence comes.译为：学习一种新的语言的发音有一种好办法，那就是利用录音，它可以在每句话后多留些间隙，以便你有时间在下一句还没出现之前练习你刚刚学过的东西。

Automatic control which is known as automation is limited to such operations as have some connecti on with the controlling or adjustment of individual machines or instruments ,the system set up with automatic controls being ,in a wider sense ,a long producing line which enables materials to be fed from one end and the products to be turned out at the other with the whole process being controlled automatically译为：自动控制，通常称为自动化，不仅限于那些与控制或调整个别机器或仪器有关的操作，从更广泛的意义上来说，这种自动控制建立的系统，是一个很长的生产线，从一端投入原料，到另一端制成产品，整个过程都是自动控制的。

英译汉

Those who have scrupulously studied the national statistics have concluded that there is nothing in them that would support the general belief that there has been some lessening of eco-nomic inequality in the United States in recent decades 译为：认真天空过国家统计数字中没有任何资料可以证实这个普遍的看法，即近几十年来美国的经济不平等现象有所减轻。

China has always been a disciplined and cultured nation , and if it seemed to old China hands thatit was not , it is likely that it was the disturbing influence of western materialism and amorality that corrupted the personality of the Chinese who were in contact with it , and who thus became , in essence , its victims译为：中国一直是一个守纪律有文化的国家，如果对某些中国通来说，中国看来并不是那样，那很可能是由于西方的那种物质享受不讲道德是非的风气破坏性的影响，腐蚀了那些与这种影响接触的中国人的品格，在实质上这些人是这些影响的受害者。

Galileo wasthe first to explain by this method that any falling object, whether it weighs little or much , gains speed at the same rate weile it falls, and any ball thrown, whatever its size and speed , has the same pull from the earth bringing it down 译为：伽里略首先用这种方法来解释下述现象：即任何下落的物体，不管它是轻还是重，当它下降的时候，都以同样的加速度落下；人们抛出的任何球体，不管它体积的大小和运动速度如何，都受到同样的地球引力使它下坠。

Owing to the fast to electricity can be transmitted from where it is generated to where it is needed by meansof power lines and transformers , large power stations can be built in remote places far from industrial centers or large citics , as is often the case with hydroelectric generating stations that are inseparable from water sources译为：由于借助动力线和变压器，电可以从发电厂送往用电的地方，因此，大型发电厂可以建立在远离大工业中心和大城市的遥远的地方，不能离开水源的水力发电厂通常就是这样。

There are several reasons why he no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be , an illusion which he failed to discourage because , as he would admit himseIf , he has a tendency toward megalomania 译为：国际新闻界曾经把他渲染成魔术师一般的人物，他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象，因为他自己也承认有一种自大狂的倾向。现在他不再像是这样的人了。这里面有几个原因。

While the higher IMF(International Monetary Fund ) estimates may be better yardsticks of economic progress , they have also aroused Third world concern that some hard-pressed devel-oping nations may suddenly be seen as too well-off to receive needed world bank loans译为：国际货币基金组织的较高估计可能是经济增长较快的衡量标准，但也引起了第三世界的担心，一些财政拮据的发展中国家也许会突然被认为很富裕，以致不能获取所需要的世界银行贷款。

There is just the same kind of difference between the mental operation of a man of sci-ence and those of an ordinary person , as there is berween the operations and the methods of a baker or butcher weighing out his goods in common scales , and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights科学家与普通人的思维活动的区别，无非是面包师或屠夫操作与化学家的操作的区别；前者是普通的秤来货物，后者则用天平和分得很细的砝码来进行艰难而复杂的分析。

翻译综合练习

Doctors also say eating less fat will reduce the amout of dangerous cholesterol in the blood . this cholesterol can stick to the wall of blood passages , blocking the flow of blood . In eat arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle , such blockages cause a heart attack . Instead . eat more foods low in fat . This includes low –fat milk and dairy products, lean meats , poultry without the skin, and fish and shellfish , Experts also say cooking foods in olive oil and fish oil will help lower cholesterol , And they say it is best to steam , bake , roast or broil foods , not to fry . They also say eating dried peas and beans and beans helps lower the amount of fat in the blood . 医生们还说少吃多脂肪食品将减少血液中有碍人体健康的胆固醇含量，这种胆固醇可以紧贴在血管壁上从而堵塞血流。在负责把血液送入心脏肌肉的动脉血管中，这种堵塞会导致心脏病。所以，更好的方法是，吃低脂肪牛奶、乳制品、瘦肉、去皮的禽肉、鱼类和水生贝类。专家们还说用橄榄油和鱼油烹饪将有助于降低胆固醇，专家们建议最好采用清蒸、烘或焙的方法烹饪食品，而不是用油炸。他们还认为吃干豌豆和豆类会帮助降低血液中的脂肪含量。

Health experts also say we should eat moye fruit and vegetables , and foods high in fibers such as whole grain breads and cereals and brown rice . Some fibers help lower levels of dangerous cholesterol . This would help reduce the danger of heart disease . Most experts agree that fiber al-so can protect against cancer. They are not sure how fiber does this . some believe it helps the body to quickly remove fat that may cause cancer to develop 健康专家们认为，我们应该多吃水果和蔬菜以及那些纤维含量高的食品，如粗面面包和各类谷类或糙米。有些纤维会帮助降低有害的胆固醇，这有且于减少得心脏病的危险。大多数专家认为纤维也可以预防癌症，他们还不大肯定纤维如何能做到这点，但专家认为，纤维可以帮助身体快速消除可能导致癌症的脂肪。

Doctors say that emotional problems also can cause growth disorders . A child may suddenly stop growing because of stress , form being sick or perhaps from reaction to a family problem . such a growth disorder is temporary . The child will start growing again as suddenly as he stopped , just as soon as the cause of stress is removed 医生说，情绪方面的问题也会妨碍生长发育。一个孩子可能会由于疾病或由于家庭问题的影响，产生压力，从而突然停止生长。这种生长发育的障碍是暂时性的，一但紧张的原因消失，这种孩子就会象突然停止生长一样，重新开始生长。

Doctors also note that most growth hormone is produced during sleep . This means that a child with serious sleeping problems may not grow normally . However , normal growth would re-turn once the sleeping problem is solved 医生们还注意到，大多数生长激素是在睡眠时产生的。这就是说，在睡眠方面存在严重问题的儿童可能无法正常生长发育。不过，一旦睡眠问题得到解决，正常的生长发育就可得以恢复。

Doctors say that some growth disorders are apparent at birth . O thers may not be noticed for years until the child falls behind normal growth rates , So growth experts urge parents to measure a child at least once every year ,Children grow at different rates , of course , Most girls grow faster than boys , and they stop growing sooner . But generally a child grows five centimeters or more each year , They say par-ents should talk to a doctor if a childs yearly growth falls below five centimeters医生们说，有些生长发育方面的问题一生下来就很明显，另外一些问题可能过了若干年，等到儿童落后于正常的生长速度以后才会发现。因此，生长发育问题专家主张家长至少每年要给孩子测量一次身高。当然，儿童们生长的速度各不相同，大多数女孩比男孩生长发育的快，并更早地停止发育。一般来说，儿童每年长5cm或5cm以上，如果一个孩子张个子不足5cm，家长就应该找医生谈一谈。

The most important psychological discovery of this century is the discovery of the ―self-im-age .‖ Whether we realize it or not . cach of us carries about with us a mental blueprint or picture of oueselves , It may be vague and ill-defined to our conscious gaze . In fact , it may not be con-sciously recognizable at all . But it is there . complete down to the last detail . This self-image is our own conception of the ―sort of person I am,‖ It has been built up from our own beliefs about ourselves , But most of these beliets about ourselves have unconsciously been formed from our past experiences , our successes and failures , our humiliations . our triumphs . and the way pther pro-ple have reacted to us , especially in early childhood , ftom all these we mentally construct a ―self‖(or a picture of self) Once an idea or a belief about ourselves goes into this picture it becomes ―true‖ , as far as we personally are concerned , we do not question its validity , but pro-ceed to act upon it just as if it were true 本世纪最重要的心理学发现就是“自我意象”。不管我们意识到与否，我们每个人的脑子里都有一副自我“蓝图”或自我画像。在我们有意识的凝视之下，它也许是模糊不清的，事实

上，我们也许根本无法不意识地去认识它，但它确实是存在的，每一个细节都完整完缺。这一自我意像就是“我是怎样一种人”的自我概念人。它建立在我们的自我信念之上。但是，这些自我信念大部分是根据我们过去的经历，我们的成功和失败，我们的羞辱，我们的胜利以及他人对我们的反应，特别是根据童年时期的种种经历在不知不觉中形成的。根据所有这些以往的经历，我们便在自己的脑子里形成了一个“自我”（或一幅自我画像）。就我们个人而言，一旦关于我们自己的某种想法或信念进入这幅画像，它就变成了“真实的”。我们从不怀疑它是否可信，而是根据它去行动，就好像它是真的一样。

Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times , In the business world of today , supply is usually greater than demand . There is great competition between different man-ufacturers of the same kind of product to persuade customers to buy their own particular brand . They always have to remind the consumer of the name and the qualities of their product , They do this by advertising . The manufacturer advertises in the newspapers and on posters , He some-times pays for songs about his product in commercial radio programs . He organizes competitions , with prizes for winners , He often advertises on local cinemas . Manufacturers often spend large sums of money on advertisements , We buy a particular product because we think that it is the best , We usually think so because of the advertisements that say so . Some people never pause to ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth. 广告宣传已成为了现代高度专业化的活动了。在今天的商业世界中，供过于求是普遍现象。为了说服顾客购买有自己商标的产品，大规模的竞争就在同类商品的工厂主之间展开了。他们得经常设法向消费者提醒他们产品的名字和优等质量，这就要靠广告了。他们在报纸上登广告，在海报上做宣传，他们有时出钱在广播节目中播出产品宣传歌。他们组织各种竞赛活动。给获胜者赠送奖品，他们经常在当地电影院的银幕上打出宣传广告。为了这些广告，工厂的老板们要花掉大量的金钱。我们购买某个商品时，总认为它是最好的货色，我们有这种看法，因为广告就是这么说的，有些人从来未冷静地问问自己：这些广告是否说了真话？！

By and large , business can make profits only by producing goods and services that people want to buy autos, houses, dry cleaning , dogfood . If these is no consumer who is willing and able to buy , the businessman is out of luck . Maybe the government will temporarily come to his rescue with a subsidy , or maybe he can keep going by using up his invested capital . But over the long pull , it is the customers who are willing and able to buy who direct production in a private-enterprise economy . Since consumer demand largely directs production in a private-enterprise system , it is important to define ―demend‖ accurately at the outset . ―Demand‖ is the schedule of amounts of any product that buyers will purchase at different prices during the stated time period . This definition takes some explaining , since it obviously isn‘t what the word means in every conversation 一般来说，企业获取利润，只能靠生产和提供人们愿意购买的产品和服务，如汽车，房屋，干洗，狗食。如果没有愿意买而且买得起的消费者，企业主就倒霉了。也许政府会提供津贴来暂时帮他一把，或者他耗用自己的投资而得以维持下去。但从长远来看，正是那些愿意买而且买得起的顾客支配着私营企业的生产。既然私营企业体制中生产大都由消费需求来支配，那么一开始就给需求下一个精确的定义便是很重要的了。需求就是在一定时期内购买者想要按不同的价格购买的任何产品的数量一览表。这个定义需要解释一下。因为它显然不是这个词用于日常谈话时指的意思。

In future trade the key development to watch is the relationship between the industrialized and thedeveloping nations . Third world countries export their mineral deposits and tropical agri-cultural products , which dring then desired foreign exchange . Tourism has also been greatly re-sponsible for the repid deveopment of some developing nations . Many Third world nations with high unemployment and low wages have seen an emigration of workers to the developed nations . western Europe has received millions of such workers from Mediterranean countries . The devel-oping nations profit when these workers bring their savings and their acquired technical skills back home . many developing nations benefit when western nations establish manufacturing in their countries to take advantage of cheap labor.在将来的世界贸易中，要注意观察的重要发展是工业化国家与发展中国家之间的关系。第三世界国家出口矿物和热带农作物，以换取所需的外汇。旅游业对有些发展中国家的迅速发展也起了很大作用。在很多失业多，工资低的第三世界国家出现了工人移居发达国家的现象。西欧就接受了来自中海国家的这种工人数以百万计。当这些工人把他们的积蓄和学到的技能带回本国时，这些发展中国家就受益了，西方国家在发展中国家利用廉价劳动力开办工厂，这些发展中国家也从中得到好处。

International monetary cooperation will have a significant impact on future trade . If the IMF countries aer not able to agree upor a new international monetary order in the years to come , international trade may become too risky for some companies to get involved in . If the IMF is unable to create sufficient international liquidity reserves in the future , there may not be enough liquidity to sustain growth in trade . 国际货币合作对未来的贸易将会产生重大的影响，在今后的年月里，如果国际货币基金组织各国不能就新的世界货币秩序达成协议，从事国际贸易的风险就有可能变得很大而使一些公司裹足不前。如果国际货币基金组织今后不能建立起足够的国际清偿能力储备，就不会有足够的清偿能力来支撑住贸易的增长。

Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature , so marx discovered the law of development of human history ; the simple fact， hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology , that mankind must first of all eat , drink , have shelter and clothing , before it can pursue politics ,science ,art , religion , etc , that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the stare institutions , the legal conceptions , art , and even the ideas on religion , of the people concerned have been evolved , and in the light of which they must , therefore , be explained , instead of vice versa , as had hitherto beed the case . 正像达尔文发现有机界规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即以前芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃，喝，住，穿，然后才能从事政治，科学，艺术，宗教等活动。所以，直接的物质的生活资料的生产，因而一个民族或一个时代的一定的以济发展阶段，便阶段，便构成为基础。人们的国家制度，法律观点，艺术以至宗教观念就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而也必须由这个基础来解释，而不是像过去那样反道而行之。

But that is not all . Marx also discovered the special law of motion govering the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois

society that this mode of production has created . The discovery of surpus value suddenly threw light on the problem , in trying to solve which all previous investigations , of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics , had been groping in the dark . 不仅如此，马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。资产阶级经济学家和社会主义批评家一直在黑暗中摸索探测，企图加以解决的问题，由于剩余价值的发现，一下子变得一清二楚了。

Science is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts , insights , findings , and wisdom of the human race .

Science is not something new but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them . Through careful observations of these relationships ,. They began to know nature and , because of nature‘s dependability , found they could make predictions to enable some control over their surroundings. 科学是关于自然的知识总体，它代表了人类的共同努力，洞察力，研究成果和智慧，科学并不是什么新的东西，在有文字记载的历史以前，当人们最发现了在他们周围反复出现得各种关系时，就有了科学的开端。通过对这些关系的仔细观察，人们开始了解了自然，而由于自然的可靠性，人们还发现他们能够作出预测，从而有可能在某种程度上控制他们的周围环境。

Science made its greatest headway in the sixteenth century when people began asking answerable questions about nature –when they began

replacing superstition by a systematic search for order ---when experiment in addition to logic was used to test ideas . Where people once tried to influence natural events with magic and supernatural forces , they now had science to guide them . Advance was slow , however , because of the powerful opposition to scientific methods and ideas . 科学在十六世纪取得了最伟大的进展，因为这时人们开始提出了有关自然的可以回答的问题，开始对秩序的系统研究代替了迷信。而且除了运用逻辑外，还运用实验来检验各种观点。以前人们曾试图用巫术和超自然的力量来影响自然事件，而现在有了科学来指导他们，然而由于对科学方法和科学思想的强有力的反对，进展是缓慢的。

The greatest of all the accomplishments of twentieth-century science has been the discovery of human ignorance . W e live , as never before , in

puzzlement about nature ,the universe , and ourselves most of all . It is a new experience for the species . A century ago , after the turbulence caused by Darwin and Wallace had subsided and the central idea of natural selection had been grasped and accepted , we thought we knew everything essntial about evolution . I n the eigh-teenth century there were no huge puzzles; human reason was all you needed in order to figure out the universe . And for most of the earlier centuries , the church provided both the questions and the answers , neatly packaged . Now , for the first time in human history , we are catching glimpses of our incomprehension . Wecan still make up stories to explain the world, as we always have , but now the stories have to be confirmed and reconfirmed by experiment . This is the scien-tific method , and once started on this line we cannot turn back . We are obliged to grow up in skepticism , requiring proofs for every assertion about nature , and there is no war out except to move ahead and plug away , hoping for comprehension in the future but living in a condition of intellectual instability for the long time . 二十一世纪科学领域迄今取得的最大成就是发现人类蒙昧无知。我们对自然、宇宙、尤其对我们自身，从来没有象现在这样感到困惑不解。这是人类一种新的感受。一百年前，在达尔文和华来士引起的轰动平静下来，人们理解并接受了自然选择的基本观点之后，我们以为对进化论的实质问题全都一清二楚了。十八世纪不存在重大的难解之迷。当时欲知宇宙奥秘，只需借助人的理性就行了。在此以前的若干世纪里，多数时候由教会提出问题同时提出答案，近乎包办一切。如今，在人类历史上我们第一次觉察到了自己的无知。我们可以一如既往依旧想出种种说法来解释世界，但现在这些说法必须通过实验加以证实、再证实。这是科学方法。一旦开始按照这种方法去做，我们就不能走回头路了。我们只能始终带着怀疑的目光，对关于自然的每一个论断都要求拿出证据来。除了行动起来，埋头探索，没有其他办法。我们希望将来能够找到答案，但在此之前的这段漫长岁月里，我们只好处于一种谨慎非谨慎、一知半解的状态。

Transistors can be made with other materials . They are less costly , and produce less heat . But they also permit less electricity to pass through .

These other transistors are made with what is called amorphous silicon . This material is not as pure as silicon crystals . It has tiny spaces between the atoms that limit the flow of electrical current .半导体管也可以用其他的材料制成，产热少，不过可以通过的电流少。这种半导体管是由所谓的非晶体硅制造的。这种材料没有硅晶体那样纯，原子之间的空隙也小，因而限制了电流的流动。

The American company---Energy Conversion Devices of Detroit---said it found ways to treat amorphous materials physically and chemically . These treatments sharply reduce the num-ber of defects that block the flow of current . The company said it then was able to produce amor-phous transistors that carry one-hundred times more electrical current than was possible before . 这家美国公司－底特律能源转换设备公司说，他们找到了用物理和化学方法处理非晶体材料的办法，这些处理方法大大减少了材料中阻挡电流流动的诸多缺陷。这家公司说，他们因此能够制造出非晶体半导体管，其传输的电流为过去所能传输的电流的100倍。

Company scientists say their amorphous transistors are just as fast as silicon crystal transis-tors . But they cost much less to make . They produce much less heat . And thin layers , or films of amorphous silicon can be made in any size . This means it can be used to make electrical circuits or system as large as needed 公司的科研人员说，他们的非晶体半导体管与硅晶体半导体管电流速度一样快，但是造价却低的很多，产生的热量也大为减少。同时，非晶体硅薄片或薄膜可以制成任何尺寸，这意味着它可用于无论多大的电路或系统。

Experts says they now know that offorts to save species will be useless unless efforts are made to solve some human problems that help cause the destruction of wildlife and wild places . They say wildlife is disappearing partly because expanding human populations need more land , food and materials to live . 专家们说，他们现在知道，除非我们在解决造成野生生物和野生地区毁灭的一些人类问题上作出努力，否则保护生物物种的努力将是白费力气。他们说野生生物正在逐渐消失，部分原因是不断增加的人口为了生存需要更多的土地、食品和其他物质。

This is why some now plans to save endangered species and their natural areas include eco-nomic development plans as well as ideas for

protecting the environment . Scientists and other ex-perts feel human needs must be met if wildlife and wild places are to be saved 这就是为什么一些挽救濒于灭绝的生物物种和它们的天然生长地区的新计划要包括保护环境的计划和经济发展的计划。科学家们和其他方面的专家认为要挽救野生生物和野生地区，人类的需求必须得到满足。

One of these now plans is the ―World Conseration Strategy‖ . Another is the American ―Strategy for the Conservation of Biological Diversity in

Developing Countries .‖ Both call for programs that provide direct economic gains . The plans urge more studies of the ways many plans and animals can be used to provide food , clothing and housing . Andthey call for educating governments and citizens about polices that provide for development , while protecting the environment for present and future populations其中一项新的计划是“世界保护战略”。另一项是美国的“在发展中国家保护生物的多样性战略”。这两项计划都要求提供直接的经济效益。两项计划到在主张要多研究利用多种动植物供给人们衣、食、住的方法，它们要求在为人类的现在和将来保护环境的同时，使政府和公民了解有关确保经济发展的政策。

International efforts to protect wildlife and wild places gain strength when they link such protection to economic progress在人们把保护野生生

物哈野生地区与经济发展联系起来时，国际社会在这方面的力量就会加强。

Some scientists working on the question of extraterrestrial intelligence ,myself among them , have attempted to estimate the number of

advanced technical civilizations---defined operationally as societies capable of ridio astronomy----in the Milky Way Galaxy . Such estimates are little better than guesses . They require assigning numerical values to quantities such as the numbers and ages of stars ; the abundance of planetary systems and the likelihood of the origin of life , which we know less well ; and the probability of the evolution of intelligent life and the lifetime of technical civilizations , about which we know very little indeed .许多从事外星人研究的科学家，包括本人在内，均在努力估算银河系中有多少个先进的技术文明社会－为方便起见，我们给这种文明社会下的定义是：掌握了射电天文学的社会。这类估算无异于猜测。它要求将许多情况用具体的数字表达出来，诸如恒星的数目和年龄；行星系研究多达多少和生命起源的可能性—这些，我们知之甚少，以及有智慧的生命进化的可能性和技术文明社会有多长的生命期—对此，我们更是近乎一无所知。

When we do the arithmetic , the sorts of numbers we come up with are , characteristically , around a million technical civilizations . A million

civilizations is a breathtakingly large number , and it is exhilarating to imagine the diversity , lifestyles and commerce of those million worlds . But the Milky Way Galaxy contains some 250 billion stars , and even with a million civilizations , less than one star in 200 , 000 would have a planet inhabited by an advanced civilization . Since we have little idea which stars are likely candidates , we will have to examine a very large number of them . Such considerations suggest that the quest for extraterrestrial intelligence may require a significant effort计算结果，我们得出的具有典型意义的数字是大约一百万个技术文明社会。这可是个大得令人咋舌的数目。想象一下这百万个世界的千姿百态，各种生活方式和互相往来，真令人兴奋不己。然而，银河系大约有二千五百亿颗恒星，既便有百万个文明社会，平均每二十万颗恒星中，也仅有一颗不到的恒星，其周围的一颗行星上存

在着先进的文明社会。由于不知道哪些星球上存在这种可能性，我们不得不进行大量的观察。这表明，搜寻外星人需要作出巨大的努力。

Reading is a pleasure of the mind , which means that it is a little like a sport ; your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good

reader . Reading is fun , not because the writer is telling you something , but because it makes your mind work . You own imagination works along with the author‘s or even goes beyoud his . Your experience , compared with his , brings you to the same or different conclusions and your ideas develop as you understandhis 阅读是心智的乐事，颇有点儿像从事一项运动：热情、知识、敏捷三者具备才能做好。读书之所以有趣，不是由于作者告诉了你什么，而是由于书本促使你思考。你的想象与作者的想象一道展开，甚至超过作者的想象。你的体验与作者的体验进行对照，使你得出与作者相同或不同的饿结论，而你在了解作者思想的同时便形成了自己的思想。

Every book stands by itself , like a one-family house , but books in a library are likew houses in a city . Although they are separate , together they all add up to something ; they are connected with each other and with other cities . The same ideas , or related ones , turn up in different places ; the human probems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature , but with different solutions according to different wrtings at different times 单独一本书犹如独家小院，汇集到图书馆则好似城市中的千家万户。虽然仍是各自独立，结合起来变成为一个有意义的整体。千家万户彼此相依，又与其他城市的家家户户相连。相同的思想或相关的思想在不同的地方出现；人生中经常遇到的问题在文学中也是反复出现，但其解决办法则随着时代的不同和作品的不同而各异。

Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be . If you concentrate on books somebody tells you you ―ought‖ to read , you probably won‘t have fun . But if you put down a book you don‘t like and try another till you find one that meant something to you , and then relax with it , you will almost certainly have a good time 读书之所以能成为乐事首先必须是你期待着从中得到乐趣。如果你只读别人说是你“应该”读的书，那大概就不会有什么乐趣可言。但如果你把自己感到没劲的书放下另换别的，直到发现一本你认为有意思的书，然后轻松地读下去，那么几乎可以肯定你会感到很快活的。

We haveentered the age of ―thinking‖ machines . Fifteen to twenty years ago it was known in what direction certain formulas were to be found , but their calculation seemed impossible , as the exact solution of the problems would have required the total working lives of several hundred mathematicians . The scientists stood before an ocean of formulas , calculations and partial solutions , unable ―to reach the shore on the other side‖ . Here the electronic brains came to their help : if a mathematician could not solve equations with more than 12unknowns , the electronic brain could easily solve equations with 50,100 or 200 unknowns 我们已经进入了“思维”机器时代。十五到二十年以前，人们就知道沿着什么方向努力就可以找到某些公式，但是演算这些公式看来是件不可能的事，因为如果想让问题最终得到精确的解答就会需要几百个数学家付出他们毕生的精力来演算这些公式。当时科学家面对着满是各种公式、各种计算以及一个个局部解答的汪洋大海，无法“达到彼岸”。现在他们有了电脑的支援，如果说科学家无法解开含有十二个以上未知数的方程式的话，电脑很容易就解开含有五十、一百或二百个未知数的方程式。

Different branches of science and technology today are unable to fonction without ―artificial brains‖ : we have to solve problems for which the reactions of the human brain prove too slow . The human being . The solution of only a partial problem which would keep a mathematician busy for six months is completed by the electronic brain in seven minutes 没有“人工脑”，今天各个门类的科学技术便没法发挥作用：我们要解开的都是一些难题，而是这些难题面前人脑的反应显然是太慢了。电脑的计算速度比人所能达到的要快一千倍，而且更加准确。仅仅解决一个局部问题就会让一个数学家忙上半年，而电脑只需要七分钟就可以完成。

Petroleum is the largest source of liquid fuel , and , in spite of attempts todevelop synthetic fuels , and the continued use of solid fuels , world consumption of petroleum products is about four times greater now than in 1940石油是液体燃料的最大来源。尽管人们努力发展合成燃料，而且在继续使用着固体燃料，可是当今世界上石油制品的总消耗与1940年相比仍然增加了大约三倍。

Crude [etroleum oil from different oilfields is never exactly identical in composition . Al-though all petroleum is composed essentially of a number of hydrocarbons , they are present in varying proportions in each deposit , and the properyies of each deposit have to be evaluated . Samples are subjected to a series of tests in the laboratory , the object of which is largely to deter-mine the correct processing methods to be adopted in each case不同油田所产原油的组分，从来没有完全相同的。尽管所有石油基本上都是由若干碳氢化合物组成，但每个油层所含碳氢化合物的比例却有大小不等的差别。每个油层的油性都需要单独作出评价。油样要在化验室进行一系列的化验，其目的主要在于针对情况确定在提炼中所应采取的方法。 Petroleum is not normally used today in the crude state . The mixture of oils of which it is composed must be separated out into a number of products such as petrol , aviation spirit , kerosene , diesel oils and lubricants , all of which have special purposes . The main method of separation used in refineries is fractional distillation , although further processing is normally required to produce marketable petroleum products . The different hydrocarbons present in petroleum have different boiling temperatures , and the fractions can therefore be isolated according to their boiling temperatures . Pertrol, , for instance , is a mixture of the lower-boiling hydrocarbons , with boiling temperatures renging from 1000C to 4000C . Diesel oils on the other hand have boiling temperatures of upwards of 4000C现在人们一般不直接使用原油。组成石油的油质混合物必须分离成为一系列的石油制品：汽油、航空汽油、煤油、柴油以及润滑油。所有这些产品都有其特有的用途。炼油厂所使用的主要分离方法是分馏，不过分馏所得一般都需要一步加工才能成为可供销售的石油制品。石油中所含的各种碳氢化合物具有各不相同的沸点，因此可以根据沸点的不同将组分分离开。比方说，汽油就是一种由沸点较低的碳氢化合物组成的化合物，其沸点100℃-400℃，而柴油的沸点则在400℃以上。

A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps ; for there is a companionship of books as well as of

men ; and one should always live in the best com-pany , whether it be of books or of men我们往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人。这是因为人与人之间有友谊，同样的，人与书也就有了书谊。人们应该经常生活在与最好的书以及最好的人的友谊之中。

A good book may be among the best of friends , It is the same today that it always was , and it will never change . It is the most patient and cheerful of companions . It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress . It always receives us with the same kindness ; amusing and instructing us in youth , and comforying and consoling us in age 一本好书可以成为一个很好的朋友。它过去是这样，现在是这样，将来也是不会改变的。它是人们做有耐心、最能使人感到欢乐的伴侣。它不会在我们遇到不幸与危难的时刻抛弃我们。它永远以同样的好意对待我们，在我们年青时使我们欢乐和给我们指导，在我们年老时则给我们以愉悦和慰籍。

Books introduce us into the best society ; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived . we hear what they said and did ; we see them as if they were really alive ; we sympathize with them , enjoy with them , grieve with them ; their experience becomes ours , and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe书引导我们置身于最优秀的人群之中，让我们接触到历代最伟大的思想家。我们听到他们的所言所行，见到他们的身影仿佛他们仍是活着一样。我们和他们有同样的感受，与他们共享欢乐和分担悲痛，他们的经验变成了我们自己的经验，我们感到有点像是在他们所描绘的情景中与他们一道扮演着角色。

Today , we rarely , if ever,hear that a musician has just invented a now type of submarine . Knowledge has become divided and sub-divided into countlss , narrowly-defined compartments . The specialist is venerated ; the versatile person , far from being admired , is more often regarded with suspicion . The modern world is a word of highly-skilled ―experts‖ who have had to devote the greater part of their lives to a very limited field of study in order to compete with their follows今天，我们极其难得会天到一个音乐家刚刚发明了一种新型的潜水艇。知识被分了又分，分成无数个范围狭窄而且互不通气的部门。受人崇敬的专家；而多面手非但不受人钦佩，反而常常不为人所信服。当今的世界是精通业务的“专家”的世界，这些专家都不得不用自己一生的大部分时间研究一个十分狭小的领域，这样才能与同行竟争。

With this high degree of specialization , the frontier of knowledge are steadily being pushed back more rapidly than ever before . But this has not been achieved without considerable cost . The scientist , who outside his own particular subject is little more than a moron(白痴), is a modern phenomenon ; as is the man of letters who is barely aware of the tremendous strdes that have been made in technology . Similarly , specialization has indirectly affected quite ordinary peo-ple in every walk of life . Many activities which were once qursued for their own sakes , are often given up in despair ; they require techniques , the experts tell us , which take a life-time to mas-ter . Why learn to play the piano , when you can listen to the world‘s greatest pianists in your own drawing-room?随着专业化程度的提高，各门知识的边界正在以前所未有的速度往里收缩。但这种收缩是付出了相当大的代价才做到的。现在一个科学家离开了他自己的专业就不会比一个傻子强多少，正像一个文学家对科技方面的重大进展几乎一无所知一样，都是现代才有的怪现象。同样地，专业化也间接地影响到各行各业的普通人。以前仅仅是由于对它们本身感到兴趣而去从事的许多活动，现在常常因感到没有希望而被动放弃了。专家们说，从事这些活动所需要的技巧得付出毕生的精力才能掌握。当你能在客厅里欣赏到世界上最杰出的钢琴家的演奏时，你干吗还要学钢琴呢？

Too many managers let themselves get weighed down in their decision-making , especially those with too much education . I once said to Philip Caldwell , who became the top man at Ford after I left ; ―The trouble with you is that you went to Harvard , where they taught you not to take any action until you‘ve got all the facts . you‘ve got ninety-five percent of them , but it‘s going to take you another six months to get that last five percent . And by the time you do , your facts will be out of date because the market has already changed . That‘s what life is all about---tim-ing . ‖决策时感到压力太重因而举棋不定的经理人员太多了，尤其是那些受过太多教育的人。我曾对菲利普.考德威尔（在我离开福特公司后，他当上了总裁）说过：“菲尔，你的毛病就在于你读过哈佛。那儿的教授们教你在取得所有事实之后才能采取行动。你已经掌握了95%的事实，而为了取得最后的5%还要再花半年的时间。等你半年后掌握了那5%，你的事实已经过时了，因为市场行情已经发生了变化。生活的真谛就在于此—掌握时机。”

A good business leader can‘t operate that way . It‘s perfectly natural to want all the facts and to hold out for the research that guarantees a

particular problem will work . After if you‘re about to spend $ 300 million on a now product , you want to be absolutely sure you‘re on the right track一个优秀的企业领导不能那样做。希望得到所有事实，坚持等到研究工作确保某项计划定会成功以后才采取行动，这是非常自然的事情。如果你要花三亿美元开发一项新产品，你毕竟希望绝对肯定你的做法是对头的。

That‘s fine in theory , but real life just doesn‘t work that way . Obviously , you‘reresponsible for gathering as many relevant facts and projections as you possibly can . But at some point you‘ve got to take that leap of faith . First , because even the right decision is wrong if it‘s made too late . Second , because in most cases there‘s no such thing as certainty这在理论上是不错的，现实生活却并非如此。毫无疑问，你有责任尽量地多收集有关事实和预测数据。但到了某一时刻，你必须根据自己的信念跳一步，迅速地作出决定才行。因为，第一，即使是正确的决定，作得太晚，也会变成错误的；第二，在大多数情况下，根本就没有十拿九稳的。

What constitutes enough information for the decision-maker ? It‘s impossible to put a number on it , but clearly when you move ahead with only 50 percent of the facts the odds are stacked against you . If that‘s the case , you had better be very lucky-----or else come up with some terrif-ic hunches . There are times when that kind of gamble is called for , but it‘s certainly no way to run a railroad.决策者需要多少信息才算够用呢？要提出一个具体数字是不可能的；但如果你只有50%的事实就冒然行动，呢你成功的可能性显然就会微乎其微，如果是这样的话，你最好是吉星高照，不然就得有极妙的预感。有时候这种冒险是需要的，但管理铁路却决不可这样。

Instead of trying to make gradual changes in small increments , make bigchanges . After all , big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones . Some people assume that the way to bring about improvement is to make the change small enough so that nobody will notice it . This approach has never worked , and one can‘t help but wonder why such thinking continues . Every-one knows how to resist small changes ; they do it all the time . If however , the change is big enough , resistance can‘t be mobilized against it . Management can make a sweeping organizational change , but just let a manager try to change someone‘s desk from here to there ,and see the great difficulty he encounters . All change is resisted , so the question is how can the changes be made big enough so that they have a chance of succeeding ?不要试图缓慢地一点点地变革，而要大变革。毕竟，大的变革比小的变革相对来说更容易进行。有些人认为，改进的方法是使变革的步伐小到使人注意不到。这种办法从来就没有成功过。真不知道为什么这种思想还在继续流行。每个人都知道如何抵制下的变革，他们无时不在抵制小的变革。但是，如果变革足够大的话，要发动对它进行抵制就不可能了。管理部门能够大刀阔斧地进行全面的组织变动，但是你让一个经理把某个人的办公室从这儿挪到那儿，看他会遇到多么大的困难。一切变革都会遇到抵制，问题是如何使变革尽量大一些，以使它们有获得成功的机会。

Buckminster Fuller has said that instead of reforms society needs new forms , e .g ,inorder to reduce traffic accidents , improve automobiles and highways instead of trying to improve drivers . The same concept should be applied to human relations . there is a need to think in terms of social architecture , and to provide arrangements among people that evoke what they yeally want to see in themselves . Mankind takes great pains with physical architecture , and is beginning to concern itself with the design of systems in which the human being is a component . But most of these designs are only for safety , efficiency , or productivity . System designs are not made to affect those aspects of life people care most about such as family life , romance , and esthetic experiences . Social technology as well as physical technology need to be applied in making human arrangements that will transcend anything mankind has yet experienced . . People need not to be victimized by their environments ; they can be fulfilled by them 克明斯特.富勒曾经说过，社会需要的不是改革，而是要全新的模式。举例说，为了减少交通事故，那就改进汽车和公路，而不是试图去改进司机。这一观念也运用到人际关系中去。有必要从社会结构的角度进行思考，提出一种人际安排，这种安排能够唤起人们真正想看看自己内心的东西。人类一贯精心于有形的建筑，而现在开始关心起人作为其中组成部分的系统设计了。但是这些设计中的大部分，只是为了安全、效率和生产力。系统设计有用来影响人们最关心的生活中的那些方面，例如家庭生活、爱情、美的享受。我们需要运用社会科学和自然科学的技术作出人际安排，这种安排将超越人类迄今为止的一切经验，人不必成为其环境的牺牲品，人可以通过自身的环境充实自己。

Science fiction can help to explain what science and scientists are all about to the non-scientists . It is no accident that several hundred

universities and public schools are now offering science fiction courses and discovering that these classes are a meeting ground for the scientist-engineers and the humanists . Science and fiction . Reason and emotion科幻小说有助于向不从事科学工作的人解释科学是怎么一回事，科学家是干什么的。几百所大学和公立中学都开设了科幻小说课程，发现这些课是科学家、工程师和人文主义者聚会的场所，出现这种情况决非偶然的事。科学和小说可以打通，理性和情感能够交融。

Science fiction very clearly shows that changes---whether good or bad –are an inherent part of the universe . Resistance to change is an archaic , and nowadays dangerous , habit of thought . The word will change . It is changing constantly . Humanity‘s most fruitful course of action is to determine how to shape these changes , how to influence them and produce an envir-onment where the changes that occur are those we want科幻小说极其明确地揭示，变化—无论变好还是变糟—是宇宙的一条内部规律。抵制改变是陈旧的，如今则是危险的思想习惯。世界总是要变的。世界在不断的变。对人类而言，最有成效的行动莫过于确定如何形成这些变化，如何影响这些变化，从而创造一个所发生的变化符合我们需要的自然环境。 Perhaps this is the ultimate role of seience fiction : to act as an interpreter of science to hu-manity . This is a two-edged weapon , of course . It is

necessary to warn as well as evangelize . Science can lill as well as create ; technology can deaden the human spirit or lift it to the farthmost corners of our imaginations . Only knowledgeable people can wisely decide how to use seience and technology for humankind‘s benefit . In the end , this is the ultimate role of all art : to show ourselves to ourselves , to help us understand our own humanity.也许科幻小说的最大作用是：履行向人类解释科学的任务。当然，这是一件双刃武器，不仅要宣讲福音，还要发出警告。科学不仅能够创造，而且能够致死；技术能够使人麻木不仁，也能够把人的精神提到想象所及的最高境界。只有具有知灼见的人士能明智决定如何利用科学技术造福人类。归根到底，这是一切艺术作品的最大作用：让我们自己看自己，帮助我们认识自己身上的人性。

<模拟试卷一>短文

There are some unique problems in international trade 在国际贸易中有一些独特的问题。

A first problem is that of culture . When companies do business overseas , they come in con-tact with people from different cultures . These individuals often speak a different language and have their own particular custom and manners . These differences can create problems第一个问题是文化问题，在国外做生意时，各公司均会接触具有不同文化背景的人。这些人常常操有同的语言，有各自独特的风俗习惯。这些差异会带来麻烦。

A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversion . For example , if a transaction is conducted with the Soviet Union , payment may be made in rubles . Of course , this currency is of little value to the American firm . It is , therefore , necessary to convert the foreign currency to American dollars第二个常遇到的问题是货币兑换问题，比如，如果是与前苏联做生意，就可能采用卢布来付款。当然，这种货币对美国的公司是没有用的。因此，有必要将这种货币兑换成美元。

A third unique problem is trade barriers . All countries imposes trade barriers oncertain goods crossing their borders . Some trade barriers are directly related to exports . Most trade barriers , however , are designed to restrict imports . Two of the most common import barri-ers are quotas and tariffs 第三个特殊的问题是贸易壁垒。所有国家对通过它们过境的某些商品都有贸易壁垒。有一个贸易壁垒是直接和出口有关，不过大多数贸易壁垒是用来限制进口的。两种最常见的进口壁垒是配额和关税。

A quota is quantitative restriction that is expressed in terms of either physical quantity or value . For example , a quota that restricts the imporation of Class A widgets from Eu-rope to no more than 50000 each year is a restriction stated in terms of physical quantity . Mean-while , a quota that restricts the importation of a certain type of Japanese glassware to no more than $ 1 million worth a year is stated in terms of value配额是用物质的数量或价格表示的数额限制。例如，每年从欧洲进口的 A级小商品不得超过50000件的配额是一种以物质数量表示的限制。而对某种日本玻璃器皿的进口规定每年不得超过价值100万美元的限制是一种以价值表示的配额。

A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into the country . Thesetariffs can be of two types : revenue or protective tariff . A revenue tariff is designed to raise money for the government . These tariffs are usually low . A protective tariff is designed to discourage foreign businesses from shipping certain goods into the country . The basic reason fof a orotective tariff is to keep out goods that will undersell products made in the home country . For this reason , protec-tive tariffs are often very high 关税是对进口到一个国家的商品所征收的税额或费用。这类关税有两种：收入关税和保护关税。增设收入关税是为了增加政府税款。这些关税一般较底。保护性关税是为限制外国企业将某种商品运进一个国家而制订的，保护性关税的主要目的是阻止可能以低于本国产品价格出售的商品进口。由于这个原因，保护性关税通常是相当高的。

Researchers may be a step closer to creating a living computer 研究人员朝创造活计算机的方向似乎又迈进了一步。

A team of University of Illinoes scientists led by biochemistry professor Stephen is using ge-netic engineering to make protein molecules that collectively act as transistors or other electronic devices . The researchers believe thaqt , within the next 10 years , yhey will be able to emulate the brain by constructing a network of these molecules 一个以生物化学教授斯蒂芬为首的伊利偌利大学科学家研究小组，目前正利用遗传工程来研究蛋白质分子，它们能集中起到晶体管或其它电子件作用。这些研究人员相信，在今后的十年内，他们将通过构造出一种由这些分子组成的网络来模拟人脑。

Among the advantages that future biochips , or ―living computers ,‖ would haveover conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller , they do not generate as much heat , and they allow for the parallel processing of information , making them faster them today‘s semiconductor devices 未来的生物芯片或“活计算机”与普通半导体晶片相比优点是：它们体积较小，产生的热量少，并能并行处理信息，从而使其速度快与当今的半导体器件。

Another key advantage is that the biochips are created through genetic engineering and thus could be produced with specific senses in order to perform particular tasks .According to Ste-phen , ―One of the problems with semiconductor devices is that , while they can transmit electri-cal signals very fast , they are limited in sensing their environment . with genetic engineering , we can create protein molecules that recognize specific molecules .‖ 另一个主要优点是：由于这些芯片是通过遗传工程创造的，因此可以产生出一种具有特殊感觉的芯片以便执行特殊的任务。就斯蒂芬所言，半导体器件存在的问题之一是：“虽然它们能很快地传输电信号，但它们感知其环境的能力是有限的。利用遗传工程后，我们能创造出可以辨别特殊分子的蛋白质分子。”

In a power plant or other industrial facility , for example , biochips with genetically engi-neered sensors could identify a problem by sensing certain signals such as fumes and respond by shutting the plant down if necessary 比方说，在发电厂或其它工业设施方面，带有用遗传工程传感器的生物芯片可通过检测诸如烟雾之类的某些信号来查明问题，必要时它们可让工厂停工。

Sensor technology already exists , but more-sophisticated biological sensors capable of smell-ing or tasting specific molecules may be available within five years , ―The technology exists , al-though in a primitive state , to develop biochips . ‖ Says Stephen . ―The limits are only time and imagination .‖传感器技术已问世，也许在5年内，我们就可以得到能够嗅出或尝出特殊分之的更先进的生物传感器。“开发生物芯片的技术虽说在初始阶段，但它毕竟已经诞生了”斯蒂芬说，“只是时间和想象的限制了。”

Water problems in the future will become intense and more complex . On the onehand , our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes , primarily sewage . On the other hand , rapidily expanding industries which involve more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid wastes , and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious . To feed our rapidly expanding population , agrculture will have to be intensified . This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals . From this , it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem水的各种问题会在将来变得非常严重并越来越复杂。一方面，我们不断增加的人口将极大地增加城市垃圾，主要是污水。另一方面，迅速发展的工业包括教复杂的化学过程，将会产生出大量的液体废物，这些液体废物中许多都含有有毒的化学成分。为了满足迅速膨胀的人口的需要，就得加强对农业的发展，这将导致农业化学品的用量不断增加。鉴于此，显然必须立即采取重大步骤，制订出对付污染问题的正确措施。

There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be be dwindled . The firstrelates o treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard . This involves the processing of solid wastes ―prior to‖ disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes , or effluents , to permit the reuse of the water or minimize ollution upon final disposal 有两个办法可以减轻污染问题。第一个与降低污染危险的垃圾处理有关，它包括在固体垃圾被丢弃之前的处理以及液体废物或流出物的处理，使水的再利用或在排放前最大限制地降低其污染程度成为可能。

A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes .Farm manyre is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement . Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrient supplement contained . Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water . Many industries , such as meat and poultry processing plants , are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts . Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products 第二个办法是利用所有垃圾或部分垃圾的经济使用价值。农用肥料可作为滋养或有机补充肥料洒入田间，从污水处理厂排出的废水在某些地方即可用来灌溉，所含的滋养成份也可作为滋养补充肥料。从其他处理厂排出的废水也能用来作为水源的补充。许多工业，例如肉类和家禽的加工厂，正在把原来的废物变成可售的副产品，其他工业也正在挖掘其废品潜在的经济使用价值。

Advertising is a way of bringing information to the public for the purpose of selling a product , providing a service , giving an idea . The information is transmitted by means of the printed word or over the air . It may be presented as a simple statement of fact , as is more frequently the case , it may be offered in colorful or even emotional language . All advertising is intended to stimulate people to do some specific thing , such as buy a product , order a servce , join an organization , attend a meeting , or think sympathetically about a situation . Each advertisement is paid for by a person , a group , an organization , or a business enterprise seeking to advance his or its goals 广告是一种为大众传播信息的方式，其目的是为了销售产品、提供服务、宣传思想。信息是通过印刷文字和广播方式来传播的。也许它以一句有关事实的简单话来表示，但更常见的是以多姿多彩的甚至富有感情的语言来表示的。所有广告的目的都在刺激人们某件具体的事，比如购买产品、寻求服务、加入组织、参加会议、或出于同情而考虑某种情况，每个广告都是以个人、集体、组织、商贸企业为达到其目的而付费的。

In a modern society , everyone uses advertising in one way or another . A personmay obtain a job by answering a classified ad , In choosing food products and other items of daily living , he is usually guided or influensed by advertising . Advertisements may also influence his choice of a va-cation spot , restaurant , or recreational activity在现代社会里，每个人都以这样那样的方式使用广告。某个人可能通过回答专栏广告而得到工作。在选择食品其他日用品时他通常受广告的指导或影响。广告也可能影响他对度假地点、饭店、或娱乐活动的选择。

Product advertising is closely related to selling and , in most cases , is part of an overall sell-ing program . Such advertisements are intended to make people familiar with products and eager to buy them . This type of advertising is an indirect selling tool , because the actual selling job is done later in a retail store or by a salesman who calls on the buyer . However , advertisements are also used for direct selling . Mail—order advertisements are intended to do the complete selling job without the help of salesmen , Almost all product advertising is profit –seeking business operation .产品广告与其销售密切相关，在大数情况下，是整体销售计划的一部分。此种关高是为了让人们熟悉产品而渴望购买它们。这类广告是间接销售工具，因为实际销售工作是由以后的零售商店或拜访顾主的销售员完成的。但是，关高还用于直接销售。邮购广告旨在没有推销员的帮助来完成任务。几乎所有的产品广告都是寻求利润的商业性操作。

Many services , such as televsion repair , product introduction and so on are advertised for profit –making purposes . On the other hand , organizations and governmental agencies devoted to public welfare advertise certain services with no thought of profit许多服务，比如维修电视，产品介绍等等，都以赚钱为目的的广告。相反，一些组织和政府机构在为公益事业做某些服务广告时是不考虑赚钱的。

The shortcomings inherent in patent protection may be avoided by using copyrightand trade secret protection , which are better suited to meet the needs of the software industry , and are a preferable protection for most software 专利保护固有的缺点可以通过使用版权和贸易秘密保护加以避免。这两种保护能更好地满足软件产业的需求，对多数软件来说，它们是更为可取的保护措施。

Trade secret protection is a product of the common law and arises in the contexts of property rights , contract rights , and protected or confidential relationships . It is not constitutionally based and , for the most part , is not even statutory , unlike copyright and patent protection . Trade se-cret protection is available both mdomestically and internationally , thus avoiding the territorial lim-itation of patent , and to some extent copyright, protection 贸易秘密保护是常规法的产物，它产生于有关财产权利、合同权利和受保护的或秘密的相互关系文件的字里行间。贸易秘密保护与版权和专利保护不同，它不以宪法为基础，甚至大部分都不是依照法令的。贸易秘密保护在国内国际都是有效的，因而避免了专利的地域限制，在某种透明度程度上也避免了版权的地域限制。

Computer programs and softwart are protectable subject matter under trade secretlaw . Thade secret can protect the idea , the information , the invention , the design , and the expression of the idea . Trade secrets are not protected against independent discovery计算机程序和软件都是贸易秘密保护法的受保护对象。贸易秘密能保护设想、信息、发明、设计和设想的表达方式。但是保护贸易秘密并不是要阻止独立的发现。 The copyright Act of 1976 extended the privilege of copyright to computer programs and data bases , in both unpubished and published form 美国1976年的版权法案把版权这个特权扩大到未出版的计算机程序和数据库。

copyight protection of softwart is effective and should be pursued by any proprietorwishing to protect his interest in software/firmware . proprietors , however , should understand the limita-tions of copyright , as well as trade secret protecyion and use a combination of both to cover the shortcomings in each . The combination of trade secret protection under state law and copyright protection under the 1976 Act will provide the maximum amount of legal protection for a comput-er program shor of patent 软件的版权保护现已生效，因此，任何希望保护自己软件/固件利益的所有人都应采取版权保护。然而，所有人应该了解版权保护和贸易秘密保护的局限性，利用两者的结合来克服各自的缺点。(美国)州法里的贸易秘密保护和1976年法案里的版权保护这两者的结合，将最大限度地对尚未获得计算机程序提供法律保护。

The interplay of trade secret and copyight in a dual protection scheme provides ideal syner-gy(协同作用) . Whereas trade secret protection can be diminished by marketing absent restric-tions by contract or confidential relationships , a copyright can provide protection even in the case of unrestricted sales that would forfeit(丧失) trade protection . Conversely , although a copyright is not diminished by marketing , it dose not protect the idea , which trade secret protection guards 在双重保护方式下，贸易秘密和版权之间取长补短提供了理想的协同作用。当贸易秘密的保护因没有以合同关系或保密关系加以限制而在营销中受到削弱时，版权也能提供保护。甚至是在有可能丧失贸易保护的自由买卖的情况下提供保护。反之，即使版权未被销售所削弱，它也不保护贸易保护所维护的设想。

Each civilization is born , it culminates , and it decays . There is a widespreadtestimony that this ominous fact is due to inherent biological defects in the crowded life of cities . Now , slowly and at first faintly , an opposite tendency is showing itself . Better roads and bertter vehicles at first induced the wealthier classes to live on the outskirts of the cities . This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards . But a new set of conditions is just showing itself . This new ten-dency is to place the home in the immediate suburbs , but concentrte manufacturing activity , business relations , government , and pleasure in the centers of the cities . Apart from the care of children and periods of sheer rest , the active lives were spent in the cities . In some ways the con-centration of such activities was even more emphasized , and the homes were pushed outwards even at the cost of the discomfort of commuting . Still more , the reasons for the choice of sites for cities sre also altering . Mechanical power can be transmitted for hundreds of miles , men can communicate almost instantaneously by telephone , the chiefs of great organizations can be trans-ported by airplanes , the cinemas can produce plays in every village . Music and speeches can be broadcast . Almost every reason for the growth of cities , concurrently with the growth of

中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇九：2014年中国石化职称英语教材-排版打印

UNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福Text ............ 2 UNIT 2 City Design城市设计Text ............................. 2 UNIT 3 Population人口 ............................................... 3 UNIT 4 Earthquake地震 .............................................. 4 UNIT 5 The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏 ........................................................ 4 UNIT 6 Green Computers“绿色”电脑 ..................... 5 UNIT 7 Cell Phones手机 ........................................... 6 UNIT 8 Touch Tech触屏技术 ...................................... 6 UNIT 9 Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活 .................................................................................... 7 UNIT 10 Carbon Emissions碳排放............................ 8 UNIT 11 Marine Pollution海洋污染 ............................ 8 UNIT 12 China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术 .................................... 9 UNIT 13 Market Economy市场经济 ....................... 10 UNIT 14 CPI消费者物价指数 .................................... 10 UNIT 15The Internet互联网 ........................................... 11 UNIT 16 Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision苹果公司用iPad延续梦想 ..................................................... 12 UNIT 17 3G Technology3G技术 ............................... 12 UNIT 18 Carbon Capture and Storage碳捕获和储存 .......................................................................................... 13 UNIT19 Global Warming全球变暖 ................................ 14 UNIT 20 Alternate Energies替代能源 ....................... 15 UNIT 21 Biofuels生物燃料 ....................................... 16 UNIT 22 Coal Chemical lndustry煤化学工业 ......... 16 UNIT 23 Resource Curse资源诅咒............................ 17 UNIT 24 Company Management公司管理 ............... 18 UNIT 25 Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool人才库 .............................................................................. 19 UNIT 26 Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀 .......... 20 UNIT 27 Chinese Oil Market中国石油市场 ......... 20 UNIT 28 Oil Trade石油贸易 ................................. 21 UNIT 29 How I Lost My Head in the Volcanic Ash Cloud令人发疯的火山灰 ............................................... 22 UNIT 30 Project Management项目管理 .................... 22 第二部分石油化工专业英语 .......................................... 23 油气工程UNIT l Origin of Oil and Gas石油和天然气的成因 .............................................................................. 23 UNIT 2 Evolution of Petroleum Exploration Concepts and Techniques石油勘探概念和技术的演变 ................ 24 UNIT 3 Exploration Methods勘探方法 ..................... 24 UNIT 5 Geophysical Methods of Exploration地球物理勘探方法 .......................................................................... 25 UNIT 6 Shale Gas页岩气........................................... 26 UNIT 7 Petroleum System含油气系统 ...................... 26

UNIT 8 Offshore Development海上开发 .................. 26

UNIT 9 Pressure of the Reservoir油藏的压力 ........ 27 UNIT 10 Oil Extraction采油 .................................... 27 UNIT 11 Artificial Lift and Enhanced Recovery人工举升和提高采收率 .......................................................... 27 UNIT 12 Reservoir Simulation of Incised Valley Fill深切谷充填的油藏模拟 ...................................................... 28 UNIT 13 Outline of Natural Gas Gathering and Transmission天然气集输概述 ........................................ 28 UNIT 14 H2S and Hydrocarbon Monitors H2S和油气监测 .................................................................................. 29 UNIT 15 Intelligent Well智能井 ................................ 29 UNIT 16 Target constraints of air drilling空气钻井目的层的限制 .......................................................................... 29 UNIT 17 Precipitation of Salt井下盐的析出 ........... 30 UNIT 18 Logging or Measurement While Drilling随钻测井或测量 ...................................................................... 30 UNIT 19 Resistivity Logs电阻率测井 ..................... 30 UNIT 20 A Focus on Adding Reserve Value聚焦储量增值 .................................................................................. 31 炼化工程UNIT 1 Composition of Petroleum石油的组成 ...................................................................................... 31 UNIT 2 Petrochemicals石化产品 .............................. 32 UNIT 3 Petroleum refining石油炼制......................... 32 UNIT 4 Catalytic Cracking催化裂化......................... 33 UNIT 5 Co-catalysts共催化剂 ................................... 33 UNIT 6 Distillation蒸馏............................................. 33 UNIT 7 Adsorption吸附............................................. 34 UNIT 8 Petroleum Gas石油气 ................................... 34 UNIT 9 Benzene Reduction in Reformate降低重整油中的苯含量 .......................................................................... 34 UNIT 10 Petroleum-based Fuels石油类燃料 ............ 35 UNIT 11 Lubrication润滑油 ...................................... 35 UNIT12 Asphalt沥青 ...................................................... 35 UNIT13Polyethylene聚乙烯 ........................................... 36 UNIT 14 Steam Cracking蒸汽裂解 ......................... 36 UNIT 15 Ethylene Plant乙烯装置 ........................... 36 UNIT 16 Plastics塑料 ................................................ 37 UNIT 17 Synthetic Rubber合成橡胶 ......................... 37 UNIT 18 Synthetic Fibers合成纤维........................... 37 UNIT 19 Environmentally Friendly Products环保产品 .......................................................................................... 38 UNIT 20 Heat Transfer热传递 ................................... 38 集团公司高级（含教授级）任职资格外语考试试卷（综合） .................................................................................. 38 集团公司高级（含教授级）任职资格外语考试试卷（油气工程、炼化工程） ...................................................... 39

UNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福Text

Step 1: Peace and quiet

Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good. Step 2: Relationships

This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poorrelationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents orchildren which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. Step 3: Share

If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends. Passing on whatworks is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others. 1. What's the happiness formula according to the passage?

2. Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? 3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? 4. Where does the unhappiness come from?

5. What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? Exercises

A. Translate the following sentences into English.

1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。

2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。 3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。 4．如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。

5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese.

There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and eam more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call ―Duchenne" or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious.

According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specificallyi they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life.

Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 percent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep socialconnections. Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace. So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmaticallyhelpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.

【课文参考译文】

过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。

第一步：平和宁静

乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比

较嘈杂的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。第二步：人际关系

这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。第三步：分享

如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的

话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。【参考答案】阅读理解

1. The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).

2. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.

3. If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors.

4. Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others.

5. What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. 【练习参考答案】 A．汉译英

1. Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.

2. A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. 3. We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.

4. If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.

5. We should not avoid these problems but face them instead. B．英译汉

幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯·福勒和尼古拉斯·克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），1而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。

那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。 UNIT 2 City Design城市设计Text

When I'm being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn't help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots. The world's cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs ofcigarettes per day. The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustrationlevels.

In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism. In just a few years,many cities banned the parking of cars on side walks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-base rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods. The quality of urban life in these cities hasbeen greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.

Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car. Let meremind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars. A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted --- all mechanism and no human. In order to avoid this disaster, we'd better start designing sustainable cities.

1. What means oftransportation does the author take to the conference

center?

2. According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars?

3. What does the last sentence "the vision of a city designed for people" in paragraph 2 mean?

4. Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas?

5. How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? Exercises

A. Translate the following sentences into English.

1．随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。 2．生态城市(eco-city)将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。 3．预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车(fuel-cell vehicles)投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。

4．如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。

5．全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。

B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese.

Once at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags. The supermarket claimed that theenergy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn't biodegradable. Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport, so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic. It got me thinking further. Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times, or until they start falling apart, you have reallydone a good thing. You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags. 【课文参考译文】

当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。

现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。

基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的——全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。

【参考答案】阅读理解

1. (He takes) a bus.

2. Cars not only do harm to people's health but also cause heavy traffic jam. 3. Design cities for people not (for) cars. 4. Because people depend largely on cars.

5. There would be all cars (mechanism) no-human. 【练习参考答案】 A．汉译英

1. The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.

2. The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.

3. One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012.

4. These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.

5. It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world's population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities). B．英译汉

不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。 UNIT 3 Population人口

A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.

So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as "Death Control". You have no doubt heard of the term "Birth Control". "Death Control" is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that "include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.

If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land,we would each have about 50,000 square meters. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the world's land cannot produce food.

Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its "capital" ---its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the samewith other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth withus.

1. What can be learnt about the population growth at present?

2. According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? 3. What is the doctors' job according to paragraph 2? 4. Why isn't there enough land to support human beings? 5. In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as ___. Exercises

A. Translate the following sentences into English 1．亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。 2．人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。 3．我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。

4．我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。

5．中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese.

A report, based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations, suggests that by mid-century, humanity's demand on nature will be twice the biosphere's productive capacity. At this level of ecological deficit, exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real.

Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now. Population size changes slowly, and human-made capital --- homes, cars, roads, factories, or power plants --- can last for many decades. This implies that policy and investment decisions made today will continue to determine our resource demand throughout much of the 21st century.

【课文参考译文】

在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。

那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。

显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。

【参考答案】阅读理解

1. It continues to increase / grow at its present rate. 2. Death Control

3. They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.

4. Because the world's land has already been taken up / occupied by the ever-increasing population. 5. non-renewable 【练习参考答案】 A．汉译英

1. Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world's land area.

2. The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.

3. We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.

4. I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.

5. The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational (mobility) and population mobility. B．英译汉

一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。

向可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类创造的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所作的政策和投资决策将决定我们在21世纪的大部分时间里对资源的持续需求。 UNIT 4 Earthquake地震

Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most devastating force known to men;since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-relatedfatalities have numbered in millions and that earthquake-related destruction has beenbeyond calculation. The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due tocollapse of buildings and effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and otherphenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.

The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas.One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses. Theother extends from the East Indians to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas,Iran, Turkey and the Alpine regions. They may happen anywhere at any time.

This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread andhorror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications thatearthquake prediction may be possible. By analyzing changes in animal behavior,pattems of movements in the earth's crust, variations in the force of gravity and theearth's magnetic field and the frequency with which minor earth tremors areobserved, scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and whereearthquakes will strike. As a result, worldwide earthquake warning network isalready in operation and has helped to prepare for the vast destruction that mightotherwise have been totally unexpected.

It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminatetheir destructiveness altogether, but as how and why earthquakes happen becomebetter understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs.

1. What are the causes ofthe great part ofthe damage and loss of life? 2. Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world? 3. What fact does ―element ofthe unknown" in paragraph 3 refer to? 4. What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity?

5. What is the author's attitude toward the possibility of earthquakepredictions? Exercises

A. Translate the following sentences into English.

1．会议的准备工作正在顺利地进行着。

2．科技发展在解决老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。 3. 1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。

4．近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。

5．地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese.

Our weather surely is getting strange. There seem to be more tomadoes than inliving memory, longer droughts, bigger downpours and record floods.Unprecedented fires are burning in some areas. Scientists tell us that for every onedegree increase in temperature, lightning strikes will go up another 10%. And it islightning, after all, that is principally responsible for igniting the conflagration insome areas today. 【课文参考译文】

地震是人类所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计由地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。地震造成的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引发的建筑物倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。

大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔卑斯地区。那里随时随地都可能发生地震。

几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐惧性。但近几年来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。通过分析动物行为的变化，地壳运动的方式，地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及监测到的轻微地震的频率，科学家在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。因此，世界性地震预警网络已经运转，而且已经帮助人们对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也可能是完全不能预料的。

人类是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破坏力还未可知。但是，随着我们对地震发生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震发生之前，我们就能更好地应对可能造成的破坏。【参考答案】阅读理解

1. Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease andother phenomena from earthquakes.

2. The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses, EastIndians to the Atlas Mountains.

3. It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time. 4. a) analyzing changes in animal behavior b) patterns ofmovements in the earth's crust

c) variations in the force of gravity and the earth's magnetic field d) observation of the frequency of minor earth tremors

5. Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible. 【练习参考答案】 A．汉译英

1. Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly.

2. As technological advancement solves old problems, it also creates newones. 3.The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disastersin history.

4. In recent years, China, Japan and the U.S have made certain progress inforecasting when and where earthquakes will occur.

5.Earthquakes cause severe casualties and destroy constructions likebuildings, dams and bridges. B．英译汉

天气的确越来越反常。在人们记忆中，龙卷风似乎更加频繁、旱灾持续更久、暴雨更大、洪灾也创下纪录、在一些地区火灾史无前例。科学家告知我们，气温每升高一度，闪电数量就会增加10%。毕竟，在一些地区闪电至今仍然是引起特大火灾的主要原因。

UNIT 5 The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏

In the aftermath of the BP oil spill, President Obama voiced the concerns ofcountless scientists, environmentalists, and Gulf Coast residents when he declared,"We're dealing with a massive and potentially unprecedented environmentaldisaster." The sheer size of the oil spill --- 210,000 gallons a day contaminating theGulf of Mexico--- has many people worried about the short and long-termenvironmental harm it is causing.

The oil spill could severely damage fragile ecosystems for years, possiblydecades. Beaches fouled by oil spills are very difficult to clean up. To make mattersworse, the spill threatens beaches just as shorebirds are nesting and sea turtles arecoming ashore to lay their eggs.

Even worse is the effect the oil spill could have on.sensitive salt marshes andmangrove coastlines, which would be practically impossible to clean and that somefear might be permanently destroyed. These wetlands are considered the nurseriesfor the fishing and seafood industry and are a vital habitat and breeding ground formany species of wildlife. Because they cover much more land area than beaches, therisk oftheir exposure to damage is greatly increased.

Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish harvested in the Gulf of Mexicodepend on estuaries, which are coastal waters where freshwater from rivers andstreams mix with sea water. Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their waterquality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains. Many species depend onwetlands for food, shelter and breeding.

The waters of the Gulf of Mexico are homes to hundreds of species of aquaticlife. The longer the oil fouls the water, the more polluted the food chain becomes,which could result in large fish kills and seafood too contaminated for consumption.

1. In the first sentence "President Obama voiced the concems ofcountlessscientists..." what does the word "voice" mean? 2.How long could the damage to the ecosystem last? 3. How important are the wetlands to the wildlife? 4. Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands?

5. How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico? Exercises

A. Translate the following sentences into English.

1．如何尽快处理墨西哥湾的原油泄漏是BP公司最为关注的问题。 2．这起事故使环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。

3．原油泄漏不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来以及国际社会在处理这一问题上获得了很好的技术、政治和法律上的经验。很大的威胁。

4．所有小动物都要依靠妈妈给它们提供食物和保护。 UNIT 6 Green Computers“绿色”电脑 5．南极洲是多种企鹅的家。

Computer manufacturers, chipmakers and software companies are

B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese.

developing"greener" products for environmentally conscious consumers. While

An oil spill is the accidental petroleum release into the environment. On

some techcompanies are developing more energy-efficient product lines, others are

land,oil spills are usually localized and thus their impact can be eliminated

releasingsoftware to make existing computers consume less. And electronics

relatively easily. In contrast, marine oil spills may result in oil pollution over large

manufacturersare expanding_ways to make new computers out of recycled

areas and present serious environmental hazards. The primary source of accidental

materials, as well asencourage customers to recycle old machines. Consumers may

oil input into seas is associated with oil transportation by tankers and pipelines

pay a slight premiumfor some eco-friendly electronics, but many prices will be

(about 70%),whereas the contribution of offshore drilling and production activities

comparable withtraditional offerings.

is minimal (less than l%). Large and catastrophic spills releasing more than 30,000

Several factors are pushing companies to be greener. Many want to stay

tons of oilare relatively rare events and their frequency in recent decades has

aheadof environmental legislation and to garner favor with green investors. And

decreasedperceptibly. Yet, such episodes have the potential to cause the most

withenergy prices high, they are trying to appeal to people who are looking for

seriousecological risk (primarily for sea birds and mammals) and result in

ways tochip away at expenses.

long-termenvironmental disturbances (mainly in coastal zones) and economic

The computer industry has been working on improving energy consumption

impact oncoastal activities (especially on fisheries and mariculture海洋生物养殖).

Public concern over marine oil spills has been clearly augmented since 1967.

More recently, the highly publicized 1989 spill of the Exxon Valdez in Prince

William Sound, Alaska caused unprecedented damage to the fragile Arctic system.

Since then, impressive technical, political and legal experience in managing the

problem has been gained in many countries and at the intemational level,

mainlythrough a number of Conventions initiated by the Intemational Maritime

Organization (IMO).

【课文参考译文】

英国石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奥巴马总统的一次公开讲话表达出了无数

科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在讲话中提到，“我们正在

应对的是一场巨大的、史无前例的环境灾难”。每天足足有21万加仑的原油

泄漏并污染着墨西哥湾，这使得很多人为这次事件对环境所造成的短期和长

期的危害感到担忧。

这次原油泄漏事件对脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会持续很多年，甚至数

十年。被石油污染的海滩很难被清理干净。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油对海滩

造成污染的时间正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上孵蛋的季节。

还有更糟的事情，石油污染还可能影响敏感的湿地和红树林海岸，而这将是

几乎不可能被清理干净的，有些人甚至担心这将是永久性的毁坏。这些湿地

是捕鱼业和水产品工业的摇篮，也是多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。由于

这些湿地面积远远大于海滩的面积，所以它们面临破坏的风险就大大增加了。

在墨西哥湾捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有98%依靠河口生存，这些河口就是江河

与海水汇合的地方。而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水产品供应链

提供基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、栖息和繁殖的场所。

墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物的家园。石油对海水造成污染的时间

越长，水产品食物链被污染的程度就会越大，这最终会造成大量的鱼类死亡

以及水产品被严重污染而无法食用。

【参考答案】

阅读理解

1.Voice here means "to express an idea of..."

2.The damage to the ecosystem could last decades.

3.The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species

ofwildlife.

4.Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide abasis

for aquatic food chains.

5.Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated forconsumption.

【练习参考答案】

A．汉译英

1. How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains

thebiggest concern for BP.

2. This accident has many environmentalists concerned about the damage itdoes to

the ecosystem.

3. Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean, to make thingsworse, they posegreat

threat to many species of aquatic life as well.

4. All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection.

5.Antarctica is the natural habitat for many species ofpenguins.

B．英译汉

原油泄漏是指由于事故导致石油泄漏到环境中的事件。在陆地上，由于原油

泄漏发生在局部地区，因此其造成的影响相对来说容易清理。相比之下，海

上原油泄漏会造成大范围的石油污染并带来严重的环境危害。约有70%的海

上原油泄漏事故的主要原因与油轮和原油运输管道有关，而海上钻井和采油

活动引发的原油泄漏事件则占很小的比例（在1%以下）。泄漏三万吨以上的

重大灾难性原油泄漏事故并不多见，而且近几十年来这些重大事故也在逐步

减少。尽管如此，这类事故的发生依然会对生态系统，尤其是海鸟和哺乳动

物，造成最严重的危害，并且导致海岸地区长期环境失调，对海岸商业活动

（如捕鱼业和海洋生物养殖业）带来经济损失。

公众对于海上原油泄漏事件的关注从1967年开始明显上升。较近的一次原油

泄漏事故，即众所周知的1989年埃克森公司“瓦尔德斯”号油轮在阿拉斯加

州威廉王子湾搁浅事件。这次事故对脆弱的北冰洋生态系统造成了有史以来

最为严重的破坏。从那之后，国际海事组织召开了众多会议，帮助很多国家

foryears. The newer focus has been on toxins and recycling. For example,

LenovoGroup Ltd. uses 10% to 25% recycled plastics harvested from water bottles.

Lastmonth, Intel Corp. introduced new chips that it says will speed up

computingperformance without sucking up additional power. The company also

developedtechnology, called Remote Wake, to keep computers in a low-energy

mode untilusers need them for retrieving files over the Internet. Hewlett-Packard

Co. hasdeveloped a new feature called Auto-On / Auto-Off that puts inactive

printers into asleep mode and can quickly power back up once they are used again.

This featurehas been added to HP's personal desktop laser printers in 2009.

Attention tomanufacturing materials is a priority. HP introduced an ink-jet printer

that is made of83% recycled plastics.

Experts say that keeping your old computer out of the landfill is better for

theenvironment than buying a new one.

1.Why are computer manufacturers considering developing greener products?

2. Compared to the old computer, the price of the greener machine is_____.

3. From the three examples, Lenovo, Intel and HP, we can know that_______ .

4. What is the function of Auto-On /Auto-Off?

5. What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean?

Exercises

A. Translate the following sentences into English.

1．许多政府机构继续执行鼓励使用绿色电脑的标准和规定。

2．绿色设计是指设计节能和对环境无害的零件。

3．今年该公司将实行(carry out)公司范围内的成本削减计划。

4．环保、慈善(philanthropy)和良好的员工关系是该公司成长壮大的重要因素。

5．绿色使用是指减少计算机和其它信息系统韵能源消耗，并尽量以环保的

(environmentally sound)方式来使用。

B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese.

Over the last few decades, with their fast development western

civilizationshave busily sown the seeds of their own destruction. Our modern way

of life, withits reliance on technology, has unwittingly exposed us to an

extraordinary danger:plasma balls spewed from the surface of the sun could wipe

out our power grids,with catastrophic consequences. The projections of just how

catastrophic makechilling reading. It is hard to conceive of the sun wiping out a

large amount of ourhard-earned progress. Nevertheless, it is possible. The surface

of the sun is a roilingmass of plasma --- charged high energy particles --- some of

which escape the surfaceand travel through space as the solar wind. From time to

time, that wind carries abillion-ton glob of plasma. If one should hit the Earth's

magnetic shield, the resultcould be truly devastating.

【课文参考译文】

目前，电脑生产商、芯片制造者和软件公司都纷纷开发“绿色”产品来满足

那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需求。一些科技公司开发了更节能的生产线，

还有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。电子制造企业不断扩展工

艺利用循环材料生产新电脑，并鼓励消费者循环利用旧电脑。某些环保类电

子产品可能需要消费者多花些钱，但仍有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑差

不多。

有几大因素推动着电脑公司更注重环保。许多企业希望走在环保法规的前面，

赢得环保投资者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正尝试吸引那些设

法节省费用的消费者。

计算机工业多年来一直致力于减少能源消耗，新焦点已经放到了毒性和循环

利用上来了。例如，联想集团使用的塑料中有10%至25%是用回收的水瓶制

造的。上个月，英特尔集团将新款芯片投放市场，据称这些芯片不用耗费更

多的能量就可以加快计算的速度。该公司还开发了一种叫做“远程唤醒”的

技术可以使计算机在使用者不需要通过网络检索文件的时候保持低耗能的模

式。惠普开发了一个叫做自动开关的新功能，可以不在工作状态的打印机进

入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又会很快地恢复到工作模式。惠普2009年生产

的个人桌面激光打印机就已经安装了这项功能。惠普公司还将注意力优先放

在了制造材料上，他们生产的一款喷墨打印机就是由83%的回收塑料制造的。

专家表示，就对环境的影响而言，对旧电脑再利用，让其避免流入垃圾场填

埋比买台新电脑更好。

【参考答案】

中石化职称考试英语教材炼化用篇十：中石化职称考试英语复习题

英译汉

There is an increase in damand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our coun-trry. 译为：我国各地对各种消费品的需求量正大大增加。

We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectoymned to pur-sue it .译为我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门工业化。

They are deeply convinced of the ourrectness of this pocicy and firmly determined to pur-sue it. 译为：我们深信这一政策是正确的，并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。

economic, cultur-al,scientific , technical and human ties.Weseek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication 间的经济、文化、科学、技术和人员等方面的交流来加深彼此的了解。译为：我们要通过加强我们之of our

Rockets heve found applications for zhe exploration of the universe译为：火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

His treatise aims at discussing the propertiesof the newly discovered elements译为：他着篇论文的目的是讨论新发现元素的特征。

No one has ever seen a single atom or molecule even with the most powerful microscope译为：即使用倍数最高的显微镜，也没有人看到过一个单个的原子或分子。

Cargo insurance is to protect the trede foum losses that many dangers may cause.译为：货物保险就是保护贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。

Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man ;and writing an exact man译为：阅读使人充实，会话使人敏捷，写作使人精明。

A key is a piece inserted between a shaft and a hab to prevent relative rotation译为：键是一种装在轴和轮毂之间的零件，用以防止相对转动。

My work ,my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time译为：我干工作，我作家务，我有朋友来往，这些占用了我的全部时间。

The former is more common in adult ,the latter in children译为：前者在成年人中较常见，后者在儿童中较常见。

Tinghter tolerances are possible, but with lower yield and greater cost译为：使公差再小一些是可能的，但这会降低成品率，使成本增加。

This experience has been obtained in the realm of far less stringent operational require-ments and conditions, particularly in regard to power dissipation 译为：这种经验是在极不严格的工作要求和工作环境下取得的，

The experience has told us that this lind of material is of good quality经验告诉我们这种材料的质量很好

The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory译为：产品在出厂之前就应该进行质量抽样检查。

They have fitted themselves to the land and the rhythm of its seasons译为：他们已经适应了当地的水土和季节。