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英汉翻译练习篇一：英汉翻译练习题
《英汉翻译》练习题一
一、Phrase Translation（句子翻译）
A. Directions：Put the following phrases into Chinese（将下列词语译成汉语）． 1) rural reform （ ） 2) industrial revolution （ ） 3) non-governmental sectors （ ） 4) the International Court of Justice （ ）
5) Agriculture Department （ ） 6) encyclopedia （ ） 7) editorial （ ） 8) relay race （ ） 9) vocational school （ ） 10) the theory of relativity （ ） 11) to pick and choose 12) a drugstore 13) soda fountain 14) in this fashion
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
15) a part-time river 16) up the river
17) a summer resort
B. Directions：Put the following phrases into English（将下列词语译成英语）． 1) 经济增长 （ ） 2) 知识经济 （ ） 3) 民族团结 （ ） 4) 官僚主义 （ ） 5) 所有制 （ ） 6) 社会科学 （ ）
7) 期刊 （ ） 8) 世界纪录 （ ） 9) 最高人民法院 （ ）
10) 国营企业 （ ） 11) 现代化建设 12) 专属经济区 13) 可再生能源 14) 合法权益 15) 御花园
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
16) 故宫博物院 17) 可耕地
二、Multiple Choice Questions（选择题）
A. Directions：This part consists of ten sentences．each followed by four different versions
labeled A，B，C and D．Choose the one that is the closest equivalent to the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness．
1.He thought that directly internal confidence in the regime declines，her financial structure would be in danger．( )
A.他认为，那直接影响着园内对政府的信心下降，它的财歧体制就会出现危机了。 B.他直截了当地认为，国内对政府的信心下降，其财政结构就要出现危机了。 C.他认为，一旦国内对政府的信心下降，她的财政体制就会出现危机。
D．他当时认为，只要政府内部失去信心，其金融结构就会瓦解。 2．Sunlight is no less necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition 0f body．( ) A．日光和新鲜空气对于身体健康都是不可缺少的。 B．对于健康的身体，日光和新鲜空气一样不可缺少。 C．对于身体健康，日光如新鲜空气一样不可或缺。 D．阳光同新鲜空气一样对于身体的健康不可缺少。
3．Intense light and heat in the open contrasted with the coolness of shaded avenues and the interiors of buildings．( )
A．强烈的光线和露天场所的炎热，同林荫道上的凉爽和建筑物内部形成了对比。。
B．露天场所的强烈光线和酷热，同林荫道上和建筑物内部的凉爽形成了对比。 C．露天场所的强光和酷热，同林荫道上的凉爽和建筑物内部形成了对比。 D．强烈的光线和露天场所的炎热，同林荫道和建筑物内部的凉爽形成了对比。 4．Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness，affection weakness，thrift avarice．( ) A．勇气过分成为鲁莽、热爱、虚弱、节俭和贪婪。 B．过分的勇气变为蛮勇，爱变为溺爱，节俭变为贪婪。
C．过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的爱变为溺爱，过度的节俭变为贪婪。 D．勇敢过分成为蛮勇，爱与虚伪，节约与贪婪。
5．Being easily set on fire．alcohol must be kept away from the flame．( ) A．酒精容易着火，必须放在与火隔绝的地方。 B．因为酒精容易被人放火，所以必须远离火存放。 C．由于容易失火，酒精必须远离火焰。
D．因为酒精易燃，所以必须被放在离火很远的地方。
6．These particles，while they have the same mass or weight as the protons，have no electric charge．( )
A． 当粒子质量和重量与质子相同时，他们不带电荷。 B． 这些粒子虽然其质量和重量跟质子相同，但不带电荷。 C．这些粒子不带电荷，而他们有和质子相同的质量或重量。
D．这些粒子不带电荷，与此同时他们还和质子一样有相同的质量和重量。 7．我们必须采取措施深化改革。( )
A．We must take measures to deepen our reform． B．Measures have t0 be taken to deepen the reform．
C．Measures have to be taken to deepen oUr commitment to reform． D．Measures must be taken￡o deepen reform． 8．同学们每天早晨在室外朗读。( )
A．The students read aloud in the open every morning． B．The students read aloud every rooming in the open． C．The students read in the open loudly every morning． D．Every morning in the open the students read aloud． 9．你觉得这部新片怎么样? ( )
A．How do you think the film? B．What do you feel about the film? C．What do you like the film? D．How did you like the film? 10．你什么时候方便就过来玩。( ) A．Come and play when you are convenient． B．Come here to play if you are convenient． C．Drop in whenever it‟s convenient． D．Drop in whenever you have convenience．
B：Directions：This part consists of five unfinished statements，each followed by four choices
marked A，B，C and D．Select the one that best completes each statement．
11．王力先生指出，西文多用形合法， ( )。 A．因此定语从句用得特别多 B．因此现在分词用得特别多 C．介词和介词短语往往是不可缺少的 D．联结成分在大多数情况下是不可缺少的
12．就英汉两种语言的语序而言，下列选项中正确的是( )。
A．汉语有时态，可以通过动词的变化显出动作发生的先后顺序，而英语则不能 B．汉语大量使用分词和从句，用法也灵活，可前可后 C．英语句子注重突出重点，往往把重要的话放在突出的位置
D．英语叙事多靠并列结构，且较多地依靠各成分之间的顺序，尤其是时间顺序和逻辑顺序
13．在理论方面，( ) 曾针对当时赵景深的“宁顺而不信”的提法，提出了“宁信而不顺”的主张。
A．鲁迅 B．梁实秋 C．瞿秋白 D．严复
14．有关句子内部及句子之间联系的说法，下列正确的一项是( )。 A．汉语不重视句子之间的联系 B．英语比较重视句子之间的联系
C．在句子内部，汉语重意合，句内各成分联系紧密 D．在句子内部，英语重形合，句内各成分联系紧密 15．The Art of Translation is written by( )． A．Charles R．Taber B．George Steiner C．Theodore Savory D．Eugene A．Nida
C．选择正确的译文或说法，请在正确的译文或说法后面的括号内打“√”。 16. There's no pot so ugly it can't find a lid．
译文A．没有丑到配不上一个盖子的罐子。 ( ) 译文B．罐儿再丑，配个盖子不发愁。 ( ) 17. They had barely enough time t0 catch the train． 译文A．他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。 ( ) 译文B．他们差点儿没赶上火车。 ( ) 18. A.英语动词用得多，而汉语名词、介词用得多。 ( ) B.英语名词、介词用得多，而汉语动词用得多。 ( )
三、填空。根据下列单句中的原文填充译文中的空白
1．A delighted giggle cut through the severe silence．The ice was broken．We all laughed． 一阵咯咯的欢笑声打破了严肃而沉寂的气氛。（ ），大家都笑了起来。
2．The parson rode a step or two nearer．
牧师（ ）走近了一两步。 3．He took me in from top t0 toe with a quick glance．
他以敏捷的眼光把我从头到脚（ ）。
4．The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off． 我们英国人得出的结论是，（ ）。
5．For Britain our membership of the European Union and the World Trade Organization has brought this home．
对我们英国来说，我们参加欧盟和世界贸易组织的经历使我们
英汉翻译练习篇二：英汉汉英翻译段落练习100篇
1Lexicography
1) Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language2) One is
immersed in the details of language as in no other field. 3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind4) Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole 5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being 6)People must plan them collect information and write them.7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.8 )No other form of writing is at once so quixotic and so intensely practical.9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind.10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.11) If one has produced a dictionary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of enduring value.
2.Pollution
1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 3) Now ―growth‖ industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air water and land.5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.
1参考译文
词典编纂的绝妙之处是给人一种与语言打交道的快乐感。不像其他领域，编词典的人整天都钻在语言材料中。有时碰到的语言材料浩如烟海，令人耗神。往往一天辛苦工作下来，发觉所完成的薄薄几页草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮丧。正如我希望这部著作的读者会逐渐明白的那样，词典并非是一蹴而就的。必须先制定计划，收集材料，然后方能编写。编写词典不仅耗费时间，而且常让人受挫，甚至恼怒。没有其他的写作像编纂词典那样，既要有空想又要脚踏实地。词典编纂并不需要横渡的才华或独创的思维，但却要求很高的智力，对词典编纂的精通，和甘于吃苦的精神。一个人编写出一部词典，就会因它的长久价值而得到一份快慰。
2参考译文
污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种兵贵神速。
3.Intelligent Test
1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term ―intelligence‖ than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 2) But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily make distinctions reason logically and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 3) An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. 4) It does not measure character social adjustment physical endurance manual skills or artistic abilities. 5) It is not supposed to-- it was not designed for such purposes. 6) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 7) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a ―valid‖ or ―fair‖ comparison.
3参考译文
人们对智力所指的有那些不同表现看法比较一致，而对这些表现如何进行解释和分类，意见就不那么一致了。但人们一般认为智力高的人在处理问题时能抓住要点，善于区分，能进行逻辑推理，和利用语言和数学符号。智力测试只能很粗地衡量孩子的学习能力，尤其是学习学校要求的东西的能力。智力测试并不能衡量一个人的个性，社会适应力，耐力性，劳动技能，或艺术才能。人们不认为能做到这些，当初也不是为这些目的设计的。批评智力测试不能做到这一些，就如同批评温度计不能测风速一样。既然对智力的评估是相对而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对像进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比较。
4. Bureaucracy
1) Most ironic was the image of government that was born of these experiences. 2) As any scholarly treatise on the subject will tell you the great advantage bureaucracy is supposed to offer a complex modern society like ours is efficient rational uniform and courteous treatment for the citizens it deals with. 3) Yet not only did these qualities not come through to the people I talked with it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic. 4) People of all classes—the rich man dealing with the Internal Revenue Service as will as the poor woman struggling with the welfare department—felt the treatment they had received had been bungled not efficient; unpredictable not rational; discriminatory not uniform; and all too often insensitive rather than courteous. 5) It was as if they had bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards.
4参考译文
这些经给人们的政府形象是最有讽刺意味的。任何一篇论述这个问题的学术论文都会说，对一个像我们这样复杂的现代化社会，官僚机构应当提供的一大优点是在和公民打交道时表现出富有效率，合乎情理，公平一致和文明礼貌的办事方法。但是，和我谈过话的人并没有感觉到这些品质，倒是恰恰相反的情况似乎更具有代表性。各阶层的人，从与税收部门打交道的富人到与福利部门交涉的可怜的妇人，都觉得他们受到的对待是糟糕的，而不是有效的，
是捉摸不定的，而不是合情合理的是带有歧视的，而不是公平的，而且经常是冷漠的，而不是礼貌的。就像是买了一辆新的大轿车，不仅要它走的时候不走，面貌而且不时会自行加速，在院子里到处乱跑。
5. Problem with Educational System
1)There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography but I have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. 2)Or am I alone in suspecting that they will return to teach Geography to another set of students who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates?3) Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering which perhaps is just as well in view of the speed with which the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. 4) On the other hand hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. 5) The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. 6) It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.
5参考译文
目前全国有39所大学开设地理学位课程，但我从未看到广告上有招聘地理专业的大学毕业生的好工作。或是不是只有我一个人怀疑他们将回到学校教另一批学生的地理，而这些学生将来又去教更多的学生的地理？现在只有10所大学开设航天工程学位课程，考虑到飞机制造业一直在裁员的速度，还是这样做好。另一方面，由于缺少医生，全国的医院急诊室不得不纷纷关门。为什么？因为大学的医学院只能为申请攻读学位的一半人提供名额。对我说，来，时机已经成熟，就业部和教育部应当和名大学携手起来，改革我们的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用学校的人才资源，学生的刻苦勤奋精神。而现在这些人才和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的文凭和学位上。
6. Novelists
1) But if the open air and adventure mean everything to De foe they mean nothing to Jane Austen.2) Hers is the drawing room and people talking and by the many mirrors of their talk revealing their characters. 3) And if when we have accustomed ourselves to the drawing room and its reflections we turn to Hardy we are once more spun around.4) The moors are round us and the stars are above our heads.5) The other side of the mind is now exposed—the dark side that comes uppermost in solitude not the light side that shows in company.6) Our relations are not towards Nature and destiny.7) Yet different as these worlds are each is consistent with itself.8) The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us ad lesser writers so frequently do by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book.
6参考译文
如果说旷野和历险对笛福的小说是主题，那么对奥斯丁小说就毫无意义。她的小说是客厅和客厅中闲聊的人们。他们的谈话像一面面镜子，反映出他们的性格。当我们熟悉了奥斯丁的客厅和反映出来的事物后再去读哈代的小说，又得转向另一个世界。周围茫茫荒野，头顶一片星空。此时心态的另一面被揭示出来：不是聚会结伴时显示出来的轻松一面，而是自然和命运。这些作家描写的世界是完全不同的，但它们都自成一体。每个世界的创造者都小心翼翼遵循自己观察事物的法则，不管他们的作品读起来是如何的费力，却不像二流作家那样，把两种完全不同的世界塞进同一本书，让人感到不知所云。
7.The Law of Competition
1) Under the law of competition the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently.2) The price which society pays for the law like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries is great but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost—for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development which brings improved conditions in its train.3) But whether the law be benign or not we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual it is best for the race because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department.4) We accept and welcome therefore as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves great inequality of environment; the concentration of business industrial and commercial in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these ,as being not only beneficial but essential to the future progress of the race.
7参考译文
在竞争的法则下，上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。社会为这个法则付出的代价如同为低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的。但带来的好处超过了代价，因为正是这个法则，我们才有了了不起的物质进步，其结果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管这个法则是好是坏，我们无法回避，对任何建议替代它的新东西，其作用我们是不敢肯定的，虽然这个法则有时对个人来说可能很残酷，但对人类来说是好的，因为它确保每个领域里适者生存。我们接受并欢迎环境上的不平等，接受并欢迎让工商业经营集中在少数人的手里，接受和欢迎他们之间存在竞争的法则，我们把所有这一切看成是我们必须适应的条件，看成对人类未来的进步不仅有益，而且是很有必要的。
8. Key to Success in Business
1) Every successful business is built on superior senses—of timing opportunity responsibility and not infrequently humor.2) None however is more critical than the ability to sense the market.3)
A senior executive’s instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies product and service offerings indeed all elements of a company’s strategic posture.4) People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded.5) Without it their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful.6) But many top-level managers particularly those at industrial companies consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff.7) And even if they do believe that market focus is a priority most retain only limited contact with consumers as their organizations grow relying instead on subordinates’ reports—second –or-third-hand informati0n—to define and sense the market for them.
8参考译文
每一个成功的工商企业都是建立在一些卓越的意识之上的，即懂得审时度势，抓住机遇，承担责任，并不乏幽默感。但这一切都没有比对市场了解的能力更为重要。高级管理人员的一个非常重要的本事是能很自然地设身处地的为客户着想，并从他们那里获得真知灼见。他们利用这种能力来指导技术、产品和售后服务，乃至公司战略计划的各个方面。比尔 盖茨之类的成功者就曾把这种本事带进他们各自创立的企业中。没有这种能力，他们的事业或许只是昙花一现，至少没有像今天这样成功。但是许多高层经理，特别是工业公司的高层经理，把与顾客接触看成是销售和市场营销人员的事。即便他们确实也认为市场是公司的重心，但随着公司的发展，他们中在多数人也只与消费者保持十分有限的接触而已。他们判断和把握市场，依赖于下属送来的报告，即二手、三手的材料。
9. The Policy of Mass Media
1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individuala.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life
9参考译文
生活中充满了作为工民或个人必须作出决定的问题。但在媒体中不经常见到有反映作出这些决定的真实难度，也没有反映作出这些给他们带来的令人烦恼的难题。媒体不愿给出明确答案不只简单是一种取乐于顾客的广告手段。各种社会权力机构，尽管初衷可能是好的，都有自己的即得利益，确保社会的稳定，它们会设法影响新闻工作者，让他们不知不觉制作出的节目或写出的文章不痛不痒，不触及到问题的实质，虽然也装模作样地搞些辩论和调查。他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行。既不对这些老一套的表示出一点过激的疑问，在把它们到现代生活的专栏时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。
10. The American and the English
1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.
10参考译文
许多本质上的不同造成了美语从英语中分出来。而主要的不同是两种语言根植于两个完全不同的社会环境和文化传统。自欺欺人17世纪来，美国人和英国人在这两方面的差异十分明显。英国人相对说来生活在一个相对稳定的社会秩序里。这种秩序铭记在他们心灵里的是对习惯上和名誉上的东西有一种特有的尊敬。虽然第一次世界大战改变了他们大多数的风俗习惯，但在这之前，他们的全部生活，或许比其他任何民族的生活，除西班牙人，都更受到先例的制约。而虽然美国人中一部分的祖先是英国人，但他们没有这种约束。也没有这种一致性习惯的要求。相反，他们走到了另一个极端，因为他们国家的生活状况使他们看重的是好奇和冒险这恰恰相反的品质，这样他们养成的是不安现状，厌烦形式主义，藐视旧势力的影响的个性。这些个性在他们身上普遍反映出来。
11. A political Speech
英汉翻译练习篇三：英汉翻译笔译翻译练习(1)
第19章 英汉翻译笔译（1）
Chapter 19 English-Chinese Translation (1)
—— 翻译的标准、过程和基本方法
一、翻译的标准
翻译标准是指导翻译活动的基本原则，是翻译实践的准绳和尺度。古今中外的翻译理论家和实践家都提出了自己的观点。在我国翻译界，比较全面的翻译标准是清代翻译家严复提出的，认为译文要“信”、“达”、“雅”，即忠实于原文，译文流畅，文字典雅。英国翻译理论家泰特勒认为：译文应完全复述出原作的思想；译文的风格和笔调应与原作的性质相同；译文应与原作同样流畅。
张培基认为翻译的标准也是“忠实和通顺”。他认为：
所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内容完整而准确地表达出来，…… 内容通常指作品中所叙述的事实，说明的事理，描写的景物以及作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和所流露的感情等。
忠实还指保持原作的风格——即原作的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。正如鲁迅所说的，翻译必须“保存着原作的丰姿”。
所谓通顺，即指译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。译文必须是明白晓畅的现代语言，…… 译文的通顺程度只能与原文的通顺程度相应或一致。
忠实是翻译标准中的首要问题，它对原作的内容、风格、语言应有全面的照顾。 要做到忠实、通顺，译者首先必须对原作有透彻的理解，然后把所理解的东西用另一种语言加以确切的表达。透彻的理解和确切的表达都不是十分容易的事，但忠实、通顺的翻译标准应当是我们的理想和努力方向。
对于非英语专业的学生来说，了解翻译的标准、过程和基本方法很有必要。《大学英语课程教学要求》中对翻译能力方面的要求指出，较高要求是能借助词典翻译一般英美报刊上题材熟悉的文章，能摘译所学专业的英语科普文章，并能撰写所学专业的英语小论文。英汉译速为每小时350英语单词，汉英译速为300个汉字。译文基本通顺、达意，无重大语言错误；更高要求是能借助词典翻译英美报刊上有一定难度的科普、文化、评论等文章，能翻译反映中国国情或文化介绍性的文章。英汉译速为每小时400英语单词，汉英译速为每小时350个汉字，译文内容准确，基本无误译现象，文字通顺、达意，语言错误较少。因此在大学英语课程提高阶段对学生进行英汉翻译方面的训练是不可缺少的。
二、翻译的过程和基本方法
翻译是个过程，翻译过程就是正确、完整地理解原文的过程，是用另一种语言再现原作的过程。翻译过程重点在理解和表达，理解是表达的前提和基础，表达是理解的再现，也就是用通顺、流畅的语言准确表达原文的内容，理解和表达是相辅相成的，是一个统一、互动的过程。
理解主要通过原作的上下文关系进行，要全面、细致和深入，不仅要理解语言词汇、句法结构及其习惯用法等各种语言现象，还要理解原作的逻辑关系以及原作的背景知识。 表达就是译者将所理解的内容“忠实、通顺”地传达出来，表达的好坏主要取决于对原文理解的程度、译文语言的修养程度以及译者的翻译经验。翻译是一项实践活动，翻译方法涉及到各种转换、增词、省略、分译、合译、引申、扩展等，这些具体方法将在下两章进行较详细的讲解。这里只探讨直译和意译两种最基本的方法。所谓直译就是在译文中保持原文
的内容和形式，并非逐字翻译，并非死译或硬译。意译是原文的思想内容与译文的表达方式产生矛盾时所采用的，并非“望文生义”，只是进行了语言形式和意义的综合处理，意译要求译文正确表达原文的思想内容，而不拘泥于原文的形式，也就是兼顾了内容和形式。当能够确切表达原文思想内容而又不违背译文语言规范时最好采用直译，但是语言都有自己的特点和表现形式，翻译时为了忠实地表达原文的内容和文体风格，可以采用直译和意译相结合的方法，直译和意译是相辅相成的，两者并用相得益彰。
此外，翻译时译者需要考虑一下几点：1. 英语句子结构多重形合，也就是英语句子要多使用关联词，汉语句子结构多重意合；2. 英语是介词的语言，多用介词，而汉语多用动词；3. 英语句子多用复合长句，而汉语多用简单短句；4. 英语的修饰语位置可前可后，而汉语的修饰语一般位于被修饰的成分之前。5. 英语句子多用代词，而汉语句子代词用的少。
下面通过具体例子进行解释和说明。例如：
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。/ 不必自寻烦恼。
Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？
Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. 露丝一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把她撵了出去。
John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。（意译）（eat no fish是一个典故，指英国伊丽莎白女王时代，耶稣教徒为了表示对政府的忠诚，拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教徒在星期五只吃鱼的习俗。而play the game是一个习语，与play fair 同义，意思是规规矩矩地比赛，由此转义为“公平对待或为人正直或举止正大光明”等。）
约翰为人可靠，他一向不吃鱼而且经常玩游戏。（死译）
He has a good head for mathematics. 他的数学能力很强。
Present at the meeting were the heads of government of the four countries. 出席会议的有四国政府的首脑。
Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he didn’t visit the house. 乔的恐慌继续了两三天；这可怜虫不肯回家。
It is a long lane that has no turning.
路必有弯；事情必有转机。（意译）（常用于安慰灰心丧气的人等场合）
没有转弯的小巷的确是一条很长的小巷。（死译）
It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest.
家丑不可外扬。（意译）
弄脏自己巢的鸟的确是一只坏鸟。（死译）
三、英汉翻译练习题
1. Unemployment is widespread in some countries.
2. The employers there used violence.
3. Mary spoke with restraint in her face.
4. After Aunt Lena had heard about the family trouble, she agreed to look for a job.
5. There is some truth in what he says.
6. Don’t let your imagination run away with you.
7. I can’t even remember clearly what he looked like.
8. He also asked what had happened to me since we separated.
9. Our hearty desire is the establishment of a lasting peace in the world.
10. The workers turned hopefully to that organization.
11. All night long the beating and questioning goes on, the search goes on.
12. I have been sent here by the Norwegian Shipping Company to talk with you about transportation.
13. Everything he advertised was guaranteed to last ―forever‖.
14. My first thirty years were spent in Western America.
15. An individual is judged by how he serves the collective, but the collective is expected to cherish the lives and talents of its individuals.
16. Jim was no end upset because he couldn’t go swimming.
17. He broke all connections with his past, and with the old society in every way.
18. Then he spoke of the rise of charity and popular education, and particularly of the spread of wealth and work.
19. Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English, French grammar with the structure of French, etc.
20. They talked of things they longed for – of meat and of hot soup and of the richness of butter.
21. When her eyes looked up, they were very large, odd, and attractive.
22. Big families had their own difficulties.
23. Whoever works hard will be respected.
24. It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.
25. This town is a small town, looking much like other towns of its size, but few towns enjoy so many natural advantages.
26. Year after year and century after century the moon goes through its cycles.
27. Easy come, easy go.
28. No pains, no gains.
29. He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.
30. The trial, in his opinion, was absolutely fair.
31. She is an awful fool of a woman.
32. Like his friend he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.
33. We can measure the amount of water in a pot, but we can’t measure its heat. We haven’t an instrument for that.
34. It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.
35. His telescope and his experiments were always bringing him new surprises, and he made notes of his work every day.
36. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.
37. Many new factories have been set up since liberation in their home town.
38. Milk is sold by the pound.
39. They are not content with their present achievements.
40. Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.
附：翻译经典研究（1）
1. 读书的乐趣
The Pleasures of Reading
Bennett Cerf
All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books—but we must know how to avail ourselves of this treasure and how to get the most of it.
I am most interested in people, in meeting them and finding out about them. Some of the most remarkable people I’ve met existed only in a writer’s imagination, then on the pages of his book, and then, again, in my imagination. I’ve found in books new friends, new societies, new worlds.
If I am interested in people, others are interested not so much in who as in how. Who in the books includes everybody from science-fiction superman two hundred centuries in the future all the way back to the first figures in history how covers everything from the ingenious explanations of Sherlock Holmes1 to the discoveries of science and ways of teaching manners to children.
Reading is a pleasure of the mind, which means that it is a little like a sport: your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader. Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with the author’s or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand his.
Every book stands by itself, like a one-family louse, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.
Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you you ―ought‖ to read, you probably won’t have fun .But if you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, or more gentle, you won’t have suffered during the process.
本文作者贝特·瑟夫（1898—1971），美国著名出版人和作家，于20世纪20年代创建了现代书屋公司和蓝登书屋，出版了大量英美文学作品。他本人喜欢幽默、字谜、双关语、打油诗，发表了诸多此类作品。《读书的乐趣》是他一篇著名的杂文。
1. Sherlock Holmes: 福尔摩斯（英国作家柯南道尔所著侦探小说中的虚构主人公）。
译文：
读书的乐趣
贝内特·瑟夫
人类历来的聪明才智，世世代代所喜欢的故事，人人皆可从书本里获得，既方便又经济——但我们必须懂得如何利用这些宝藏，懂得如何才能从中获益最多。
我对人特感兴趣，喜欢与人交往，了解人。我所认识的最了不起的人中，有些起先只存
在于作者的想像之中，继而出现在他的书中，最后又活跃在我的想像之中。我从书中找到了新的朋友，新的社交圈子，新的世界。
如果说我感兴趣的是人，别人感兴趣的与其说是人不如说是事。书中的人，从史书上记载的第一批伟人，到街头科幻小说中描写的两万年后的超人，形形色色无所不包。书中的事，从福尔摩斯的神妙剖析，到科学的种种发现，到如何教育儿童懂得礼貌，五花八门无所不有。
阅读是心智的乐事，颇有点像运动：心情热切、知识丰富、思维敏捷才能造就一个好的读者。读书之所以有趣，不是由于作者告诉了你什么，而是由于读书促使你思考。你的想像与作者的想像一道展开，甚至超过作者的想像。你的经验与作者的经验相比较，使你得出与作者相同的或不同的结论，而你在了解作者思想的同时便形成了自己的思想。
单独一本书犹如一个独家小院，但汇集到图书馆则好似城市中的千家万户。虽然仍是各自独立，结合起来可就非同寻常了。家家户户彼此相依，还与其他城市相连。相同的思想或相关的思想在不同的地方出现；人生中反复出现的问题在文学中也反复出现，但不同的时代、不同的作品会提出不同的解决办法。
读书之所以能成为乐趣，只在于你有这样的期待。你若是只读别人说的是你“应该”读的书，那可能就不会有什么乐趣可言。但你若是把自己不喜欢的书放下另换别的，直至找到一本你觉得有意思的书，然后轻松地读下去，那你几乎肯定会乐在其中——假如你能因此而变得更高尚、更聪明、更温雅，那阅读本身就不是一种苦差事了。
（译文参考古今明编著《英汉翻译基础》中的译文）
2. 葛底斯堡演说词
The Gettysburg Address
By |Abraham Lincoln
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But in a large sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
(267 words)
注：葛底斯堡在美国宾夕法尼亚洲。1863年7月1日至3日，北军在此重创南军，扭转了战争局势。战后在此修了一座战争牺牲者的公墓。本篇是1863年11月19日公墓落成典礼上的演说词。
译文一：姚媛译
英汉翻译练习篇四：《英汉翻译入门》练习参考答案
说明:
任何一个句子在不同的语境可以有不同的译法，即使同一个语境也允许有不同的措辞，只要能表达出原句的确切意思。本着这个原则，本书没有提供练习答案。但是考虑到教师的需要，本人提供了下列参考译文，但绝不是唯一正确的，更不是什么“标准的”译文，只供参考。同仁们使用中有什么不同意见或疑问，欢迎同我商量。我的e-mail地址是：cdzbfsu@yahoo.com.cn
陈德彰
Key to Exercises on page 20:
1. 她（爱）恋着他。/ 她爱着他。/ 她爱上了她。
2. 请勿在此 / 此处不得小便 / 倒垃圾。
3. 我也没辙 / 没有办法 / 无能为力。/ 我控制不住。
4. （不知不觉中 / 没想到这么快 ）我就来到了小山跟前。
5. 人们要买很多鸟，可是我没有那么多。
6. How can you/he/they say that?
It’s (simply) absurd!
7. Don’t (you) try to shift the blame on others/somebody else.
8. That’s extraordinarily interesting/fascinating/amusing.
There is so much fun / It is full of fun.
9. He never cares for any possible consequences.
Key to Exercises on page 24
I. 1. beat (won the game / match.) 2. allow / agree to give her 3. one (not “it”) 4. if they are in poor health 5. anyone of the people 6.with satisfaction /satisfied 7. The story made him sad.
II. 1. 这是工会组织的罢工。
2. 他显得年轻 / 保养得好。
3. 我们想忘也忘不了。
4. 她好不容易才缓过劲来能开口说话。
5. 醉翁之意不在酒。
6. 我有点不舒服。
7. 我穿什么衣服去？
8. 照片比她本人好看。
9. 什么用也没有 / 白搭。
10. 考虑到历史就会明白这个说法没有道理。
11. 他是一个无可挑剔的教师。
12. 要么不娶， 要娶就要娶个好妻子。
13. 关于伦敦，有一点可以断言，即那里天气多变 / 说变就变。
14. 好像记得谁说过“对隐私不感兴趣”这话/听上去耳熟。
15. 英国的房子外表往往不显眼。
Key to Exercises on page 33
1. This American expert has a good command of Chinese / speaks fluent Chinese.
2. We must do better / do a better job in reform and opening up.
We must step up our efforts to …
We should open the country wider and strive for fuller implementation of thee …
3. She was speechless for…
Several minutes passed before she found her tongue again.
4. They put the service of the customer as the first thing.
They did everything to satisfy the customers’ needs.
5. It’s outrageous!
6. In emergency dial 110 (to report to the police).
7. …must be promoted / fostered.
8. I would die before I…
9….hot issues
10. We must improve / intensify …protection of persons under legal age.
Key to Exercises on page 47
1. lectern是老师站的；Podium是教师放书的。
2. stamp包括印花税票；driver不一定是职业的，“司机”往往指职业的；wall不一定是砖石砌的；suburbs不包括远郊区；overseas Chinese不光指华侨，还包括短期在外国的中国公民。
3. 分别为skin/hide, fur, leather, pelt/bark/peel/rind/shell/cover, wrapper.
4. will be misleading as brother and sister cannot marry each other.
5. 在西方人眼里，兄弟姐妹是平等的，一般情况下无须区分。
6. 最后一个man指人（不是男人）。
7. 比做“感情”时，heart 和“心”可互译。
8. 表明妇女的社会地位，不同时代的称呼和不同的方言
Key to Exercises on pages 52-54:
I。1. 情况 / 事情(的经过)是这样的。
2. …你倒说说看是怎么回事。
3. …让我把话 / 事情的前因后果说完
4. 所有目击者的说法都 一样.。
5. 对不起， 这可是另一码事了。
6. 我们只好长话短说。
7. 他的说法根本不可信 / 丝毫也没有说服力。
8. 显然他又在编（谎话/借口）了。
9. 你有什么根据？纯粹是无中生有 / 凭空捏造 /空穴来风。
10. 作为一名小学教师，我听到过学生们不交作业编的各种各样/五花八门/形形式式的借口
11. 要是这个说法当真，那该多好啊！
12. 电视上有关他的报道/消息越来越少，最后根本就不播了。
13. 要是这种谣传传到国外去，那局面就不可收拾了。
14. 我不希望你听了这些药叉对我产生错误的印象。
15. 这只是造成失业的部分原因。
16. 西拉里雄心勃勃，引起极大的反响，其背后还有更深层的原因。
17. 他也许说了他所看到的一切，可是事情并怒到此为止 /事情还远远没有完。
18. 产品质量好，只是我们引以为豪的部分原因/原因之一。
II。1. violent/fierce wind; formal contract; full-length documentary; heavy traffic; tough policies; dry/hard facts; fat/thin/dim chance; tight market; thin argument;
2. acquire/absorb/accumulate knowledge; lift a besiegement; work/make wonder; run red light; levy/extort tax; chance one’s luck; take/accept bribery; arouse public rage; run into the wall; build a fire; draw/write a check; tap financial resources; exert/exercise influence; set/lay a trap; conduct/perform an experiment; float bonds; have achievements; cut a deal/reach an agreement; confront problems; furnish information; take/ strike roots; spread fire; drop an hint; cherish/nurse hopes; merit/demand attention; demand /arouse attention; sink a well; bid up prices; blanket problems; give rein to imagination; follow established international practice; boost/increase economic effect; reach elf-supply; demonstrate/prove one’s personal value; meet world advanced level
3. implement compulsory education; spread cultural knowledge; popularize/disseminate common legal knowledge
foster friendship with other countries; recruit new Party members; develop economy; judge a person by taking into account his possible changes in the future
4. unify; standardize;
III. 1. 她爽朗地一笑，（朝我们）友好地挥挥手。
2. 3. 4. 5. 新总统宣誓后正式就职。 她破产了，也不再有什么虚荣心。 她向那个无家可归的孩子敞开了大门，呀敞开了自己的心扉。 红军数以百计的战斗，突破层层封锁，克服了缺盐的困难，战胜了肌饿、疾病和瘟疫，最后完成了万里长征。
6. 他镶了两颗假牙，可有着一个同情的心。
7. 后选人是这样一个人，选举前同你握手，选举后就把你忘了。
8. 阿司匹林和可口可乐、牛仔库一样，属于那种超越文化和国界，为几代人所喜欢，几乎受到普遍欢迎为数不多的品牌之一。
9. 事实上，我不仅负责整理父亲的工具，收拾母亲厨房的家什， 还安排妹妹的约会。
10. （略）
Key to Exercises on page 60:
1. 滑稽 2. 蹊跷 3. 伪钞；不义之财 4. 有点疯疯颠颠 5. 放肆 6. 搞鬼花样/名堂 7. 有意思的是… 8. 怪摸怪样的 9. 恶心 10. 一副尴尬面孔
Key to exercises on page 64：
I.
1. 马上； 在……的情况下； 眼下（最重要的）； 当场/立刻； 准时/精确（到分）
2. 原则上/基本上； 根据原则； 笼统泛指； 具体特指（后常接of）
3. 生气；爱得发狂
4. 撵走； 送到门口
5. 猜中/对； 猜
6. 冲我喊； 大声骂/斥责我
7. 没有影响； 无权支配
II.
1. 大门敞开着，迎接我到来。
2. 她累坏了，连衣服都懒得脱。
3. 他先是强迫自己想，然后静下心来仔细考虑，终于回想起来了。
4. 我不会就这么扔下他自己出走的。
5. 这两派打斗的反响越来越多地传到我们这儿来。
6. 他们中有一半人经历过父母亲离异。
7. 他已感到沮丧不已，这时训练指挥官不知从哪儿冒出来来到他跟前，大声呵斥他枪法太差。
8. 有些药要在饭后服，有些则要空腹服。
9. 接下来的一个星期，孩子们一直呆在树林里，一听到飞机或直生飞机的一点响声就赶紧躲到灌木丛中。
10. 道歉时千万不要找借口，否则道歉就不真诚。
11. 长长的假睫毛使她显得更迷人。
12. 大家对这种不出声的笑已经习以为常，所以感到宽慰。
Key to exercises on page 67：
1. 建筑法典要求尽量减少此类通道（将…保持在最低限度）。
2. 这种分离的建筑结构是美国19世纪多家剧院起火后才兴起的。
3. 上火车前，他舅舅来看他，告诉他出门的种种危险。
4. 绿色和平组织也对各国政府施加压力，要他们通过法律，宣布这些做法是违法的。
5. 马拉的街车里挤满了大商店的工人和小职员，男男女女从一扇扇的门里走出来，经过附近的街道。
6. 我从来没有觉得一个城市如此安静，可是在那一座座墙后面，一个个院子里，一条条黝黑的胡同里，数百万人在沉睡。
7. 每个人/作为个体的人都会死，但是人类却是不朽的。
Key to exercises on page 72：
1. 睡懒觉
2. 戒烟；有三个月没有抽烟了
3. 说服/劝服了他
4. has been wearing/ has worn
5. are trying to persuade her…
6. shot at
Key to exercises on page 76：
1. 他上了年纪记性不好，喝酒更使他不能清晰地思考。
2. 泥沙泛起来，水都浑了，使我们摸索通向安全时迷失了方向。
3. 因肩部受伤，他没有能继续在部队的生涯。
4. 他是在生活中学会这一切的。
5. 这个八音盒是用一个完整的椰子壳做成的。
6. 和平时一样，约翰对这个问题呀是低调处理。
7. 他和我们一起干，查询数据库中心。
8. 母亲第二天到达旧金山，倒不过时差而不舒服。
9. 这次战役规模大，火力猛，相比之下，那次对抗简直不值一提。
10. 我看到一个看管停车记时收费器的女孩在停车超时的汽车上贴罚款通知书，于是赶紧溜走。
11. 几杯酒下肚，谈话顺畅多了。
12. 这里下起雨来可不是一般地下，而是哗啦啦的倾盆瓢泼大雨。
13. 我不想花那么多钱蜗居在香港弹丸大的公寓里。
14. 她找到了一条精心修建的大路，蜿蜒向上达540度，犹如一条滑水道。
15. 他只用了20秒钟就弯来弯去地登上了这座25层高楼的顶层。
16. 很容易明白为什么这些戏剧般的变化使全世界的人都充满了想象。
17. 由于对历史有不同看法，决策当局的每一个决定、每盖一座大楼或没修建一座纪念碑，都会引起争议。
Key to exercises on pp. 87-88:
I. 1. 最近发生了许多麻烦事，使人们清醒过来，重新做出考虑。
2. 试了好几次都没有成功，后来终于成功地将第一位幸存者抬上了直升飞机。
3. 一个人/人们经常接触某个事物或某个人，往往会对之产生好感，而不是鄙视。
4. 她倒是想笑，可是我看到她眼里流露出无可奈何、逆来顺受的神情。
5. 宝宝头上长着绒毛般淡淡的黄头发，脸上露出浅浅的小酒窝。
6. 要是没有家长自至终的参与，如果家长没有责任感，这只能是浪费金钱。
7. 是否能成功地预报地震，涉及到加州数以数万亿的财产。/ 如果能成功地预报地震，加州可以减少数万亿的损失。
8. 想到这里，我马上决定了如何支配这几天晚上的时光。
9. 这座教堂融合了不同时期、不同式样的建筑风格。
10. 他们坐在高高的座位上，脸色阴沉，一声不吭，拿不定主意/下不了决心/一筹莫展。
11. 由于没有得力的防范措施，国内和国际上形成了组织严密的走私网。
12. 戴安娜常常出现在人们想不到的场合，这本身就是一种亲和力/赢得了很大的人缘。
13. 她对自己的前途毫无把握，因此只是浑浑噩噩地打发日子，让人捉摸不透。 II. 1. Her sudden fury greatly surprised the old man.
2. This book is a reflection of the society of our parents’ generation.
3. No violation of traffic regulations shall be tolerated (permitted).
4. These books are my companions in my happy childhood.
5. There was no decent furniture in my home at the time of my birth.
6. Today my passion for the Changjiang Rive remains as deep.
7. People of Suzhou are known for their particularity about food.
8. His long confinement to bed made her weak.
英汉翻译练习篇五：英汉互译练习
Lecture 1 第一讲
练习题（P034-035）
1. Therefore, despite their low costs, aggressive pricing and, in many cases, adequate products, Chinese firms found it difficult to crack mature, developed and highly structured markets abroad without “assistance” from a partner with the necessary skills and assets.
2. The research was conducted by the nuclear research departments of Tsinghua University and led to very positive results.
3. Victory at all cost, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the road may be; for without victory there is no survival.
4. It is no use merely mentioning the fact in passing; it needs to be driven home by emphasis and repetition.
5. Personal interest must not be placed over and above national interest.
1. 常听一些大学校长说：“我把学生当自己的子女看待”。
2. 弄得不好，会前功尽弃。
3.知己知彼，百战不殆。
4.不经一事，不长一智。
5.对于这些矛盾，应通过协商解决，采取制裁或以制裁相威胁的做法，损人而不利已，并且有悖于时代潮流。
答案：
1.因此，尽管其成本低，价格具有竞争力，而且其产品往往十分充足，但中国公司依然会发现，如果没有拥有必要技术和资产的合作伙伴的“帮助”，很难进入成熟发达、结构严密的国外市场。
2.该研究由清华大学的核研究机构完成，取得了积极的成效。
3.要不惜一切代价去取胜，不顾一切险阻去取胜，不论胜利之途有多漫长多艰辛，因为不取胜就谈不上图存。
4.一切而过是无济于事的，需要强调、重复加以说明。
5.绝不能将个人利益置于国家利益之上。
Keys to Chinese –English
1. I often hear some university presidents say, “I treat the students as if they were my own children.”
2. If things are not properly handled, what we have achieved will be totally lost.
3. Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles without danger of defeat.
4. One cannot gain knowledge without practice. 或：Wisdom comes from experience.
5. All these conflicts should be solved through negotiations. Sanctions or threat with
sanctions will do nobody good and run contrary to the trend of the times.
英汉翻译练习篇六：英汉翻译技巧练习
一回答问题
1.为什么要学习翻译？
就此问题的回答而言，我想从微观上讲不同的人会做出不同的回答。但从宏观上讲，人们的回答应该是差不多的。即翻译在人类文明发展的历史长河中起着非常重要的作用。它使东西方人能够了解彼此的文化习俗与文化传统，能够读到彼此作家的作品，学习与交流彼此先进的科学技术知识；在今天这个信息化时代，随着社会的发展和进步，随着各国人民之间的交换日益频繁，翻译更是各国进行经济、文化、政治交流的有效工具，是世界各国进行文化交流、谋求发展的重要途径之一，使得地球成了名副其实的地球村，尤其是全球经济正在走向一体化。目前，我国处于飞速发展阶段，特别是加入WTO以后，中国与世界的联系与交换更加密切与频繁。中国的发展离不开与其他国家的联系，在此过程中，翻译便是必不可少的交际工具。而且，从目前看，翻译已进入了一个繁荣发展的新阶段，翻译教材多，翻译学院、翻译系如同雨后春笋，翻译公司越来越多，可以说翻译已成为一项前景广阔的事业。
2.什么是翻译？
1.翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，是一种交际方式。通俗地说翻译就是译意义；翻译就是译文化；翻译就是交际。从广义上说，翻译包括所有的符号之间、非符号之间、符号和非符号之间的转换行为。比如一个手势变成一种语言，把汉语的文言文转变成白话文（语内翻译）（intralingual translation），把语言转化为计算机符号，甚至把你的所思所想书诸笔端，都是一种翻译。你写作文或论文也可称为一种翻译，是你在把整个思路与思想译成了文字。有人把写作比作自由跳舞，因为原著的创作不受语言形式的限制，但是这种广义的翻译不是此处要讨论的。我们课堂上要讨论的则是狭义上的翻译，通俗地说是将一种语言转化为另一种语言的语际翻译（interlingual translation）。语际翻译有口头翻译(interpretation)与笔头翻译(translation)。也有人对翻译进行了这样的概括：翻译是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。有人把翻译比作是戴着手铐脚镣跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。因为既要考虑对原文的忠实，又要按照译文的语言规则来表达原文的思想。从这个意义上讲，翻译并不比创作容易，有时甚至更难。
2.Catford holds that translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent material in another… ”（1965）翻译就是“把一种语言（原发语）的文本材料替换成另一种语言（目的语）中对等的文本材料……”
3．翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。”（《辞海》）
4．“文学翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境（artistic conception）传达出来，使读者在读原文的时候能够感受到象原作一样地得到启发，感动和美的感受。”（矛盾）
5．翻译是跨语言（cross-linguistic）、跨文化(cross-cultural)、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。(陈宏微)
6．翻译是一种精神产品的生产过程，是通过翻译工作者的创造性思维活动来完成的。
7.翻译是一种借助双语并结合自己的听说读写经历与经验来进行的一种交际活动，是实现在讲不同语言的人们之间心灵的沟通、思想的交流与传播的重要手段。（李延林，《论英汉科技翻译的理论与实践》2009，北京）
3.翻译的过程是什么？
正确理解原文和创造性地利用原文的过程。分析原文是理解阶段，将原文转换成译文是表达阶段。完整地说，翻译过程就是翻译活动所经过的程序，一般认为包括三个阶段：理解原文、用目的语表达、校验修改译文。其中理解是表达的基础或前提，表达是理解的结果。（方梦之，《译学辞典》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004：15）
我们对这段话的理解是译者通过理解与分析，从整体上了解原文，让译文很好地重现原文，然后画龙点睛地润色译文。其中包括根据原文推敲译文的用词、标点符号、数字等方面是否存在过失。
4.翻译是技能、艺术还是科学？
翻译是科学，同时又是艺术。这个问题是一个争论不休的问题。有人认为是科学，有人认为是艺术，有人认为是技艺、技巧，说法不一。翻译作为一门学科来说是综合性的。许多学科都可以从不同的角度去进行研究。从语言学的角度来说，着重寻求语言对比，语言的规模性，探讨翻译过程中的模式化；从文艺角度来说，对语言上的对比和规定性以外的东西就不太感兴趣，它会在创造性及再创造性上面大做文章；有人认为文学翻译属艺术创造，也就是文学翻译的起点，是语言对比领域的终点。无论从那个角度来说，都不能否认翻译是一门科学。
翻译从自己长期的活动中，出现了自己的理论、方法、，形成了自己的体系，有其独特的系统性、规律性，其过程在相当一部分语言材料里正逐渐模式化（如某些作品可以通过机械来翻译），而且同其他学科一样，具有一门科学所具有的基本特征，因此是一门名副其实的科学。另外，从文艺翻译角度上看，它又是一门艺术，因此我们可以说，翻译既是科学，又是艺术，是既有科学性又有艺术性的科学，可名正言顺地称之为翻译学（translatology）.
从宏观角度讲，翻译学是应用语言学的范畴，因为翻译本身是一种语言活动，是用一种语言把另一种语言所表现的内容、思想、感情、风格忠实地表达出来，是两种或多种语言对比、转换的实践，所以翻译学的性质相当于比较话语语言学的性质，在文艺翻译中，不仅是语言对比转换的问题，而且需要从文艺学特别是美学角度进行探讨，所以翻译学既有语言学的性质，又有文艺学的性质，既是科学，又是艺术，其理论同实践与心理学、哲学、比较语言学、语义学、逻辑学、外语教学方法息息相关，同信息论、控制论、应用数学、电子学、机械制造等密切相关。
5.翻译的标准是什么？
现以信达雅为例予以说明。在我国春秋战国时期实际上已经有了翻译，当时方言不同的部落之间发生交流肯定要用到翻译，当时孔子周游列国来到南方时就有其随从斥责南方人许行说话象鸟叫，说南方人是“南蛮鴃舌”之人。西域安息国的王太子安世高是佛经翻译第一人，后来来到了中国。国内有学者认为“信达雅”受到泰特勒三原则的影响。其实信、达、雅的思想早见与1700多年前中国佛经翻译家支谦的理论。据钱钟书先生考证，严复的“信、达、雅”三字，在三国时支谦写的《句法经序》中。他被认为是最早涉及翻译批评的第一人，最早提出了“信达雅”翻译标准。即“仆初嫌其辞不雅”、“美言不信、信言不美”（意思是说：嫌其译得不雅；真实的话未经加工，所以不美妙动听，辞藻美的言辞、文章，内容往往不真实。信：真实；美：美妙、漂亮）、今传胡义，实宜径达。”
所谓翻译标准，也说翻译原则，即指导翻译实践、评价译文质量的尺度。信（faithfulness），就是忠实准确。即忠实于原作内容。达(expressiveness),就是通顺流畅，文笔流畅。即译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。雅（elegance），就是文风典雅，文字古雅。
6.一个合格的翻译工作者应该具备什么素质？
（一）对原文文字和内容的透彻了解，要有扎实的语言功底（即语言基本功），语言功底包括源（原）语（the source language），也包括译语(the reception language)，没有语言功底，则很容易犯语言错误。同时具有丰富的文化知识，熟悉英语国家的诸如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交、经济、文艺、科学、风土人情、民俗习惯等方面的社会文化。
掌握一门语言，不只指对语法、词汇的掌握，而且还包括熟悉这门语言里诙谐、婉转、高雅、俚俗的种种说法，即对文化背景知识的掌握，能区别不同的文体。
（二）广博的言外知识
翻译是一种使用最为频繁、最为广乏的语际交流手段。对有关语言的掌握是从事翻译的前提。但交流的主要内容是语言以外的东西，上至天文，下至地理，包罗万象，对言外知识了解不够多，会直接影响到对原文的理解和译文的表达。
（三）敏锐的感受力
在文化背景非常不同的两种语言间进行翻译时，对原作者的思想意识、精神状态、表达习惯及作品的场景、情调的敏锐的感受。深切体会到它们与译语文化之间的差异，这对于真实传达原文至关重要。如：
翻译并不总是艺术，但要准确理解原文，用精炼的语言表达原著的内容和精神实质，译者需要具有良好的艺术感受能力。同时要有科学的理论与方法作指导。
傅雷先生说：“译事虽近古人，要以艺术修养为根本；无敏感之心灵，无热烈之同情，无适当之鉴赏能力，无相当之社会经验，无充分之常识（即所谓杂学），势难彻底理解原作，即或理解，也未必能深切领悟。”
（四）一定的翻译经验
熟悉翻译理论和常用技巧，善于灵活运用各种翻译技巧。由于受外文限制和未能熟练地掌握各种翻译技巧，译者的中文水平也常常表现不出来，应在翻译实践中逐步加以解决，良好的素质和一定的翻译经验，对年轻人来说是有发展前途的。
所以应有目的、有计划地不断加强自己的素养，克服急功近利的毛病，否则常常是欲速则不达。除了这些，译者还应该抱有敬业乐业精神，认真对待所译的东西，译者的语言知识和言外知识都是有限的，而可能碰到的问题则是无限的，不应该草率应付。
（五）熟悉各种工具书。
能熟悉各种工具书的使用而且必须能灵活使用之。有人提出搞翻译只要手边有本词典就够了，此话究竟是否对姑且不论。当然作为工具书，词典对于译者来说无疑是必备的，江西和先生认为:“这是翻译工作者.尤其是从事翻译工作不次的同志经历过的，今后还会这么做’心。但词典中的东西往往是固定不变的，实际中的语言与人们的社会实践密切相关，是由“活”人来操纵的.因此是灵活多变的，其中也有个“巧”字，翻译中理应作相应的巧妙处理（李延林，1995：117－118）。
英汉翻译练习篇七：英汉互译练习题
《英汉互译》期末复习材料
句子翻译
A. E-C
1. The precision instrument must be kept free from dust.
精密仪器必须防尘
2. With old plaster-casting, the bone takes longer to knit and crippling effects from muscle inactivity result.
现如果用上石膏模子的老办法，得很长时间骨头才能愈合，同时肌肉不能活动，还会造成残废的后果。
3. The interpreter is a green hand. So, don't speak too fast.
4. Television gives the American people a wide variety of programs from early morning until late at night.
5. This is about two and one-half times less than the actual circumference of about 25,000 miles.
6. Those who want nothing more than promotion and riches, do everything to curry favour with their superiors. They make such a spectacle of themselves that it makes one sick. 7. Bullets were flying all over the place but the men in their bunkers remained calm and collected preparing to give the enemy a head-on blow.
8. An older person may call a younger by his given name ， but the younger should never use the given name of the older unless asked to do so.
9. Let us have a good look at Fig ． 2 showing how heat makes objects expand.
10. Some scientists don't find it possible for life to exist on this planet ．
11. A small old inn where you are given a warm welcome is a much nicer place to stay than a large modern hotel where nobody smiles or does anything to help you.
12. The man you've just mentioned is but a poor apology for a writer. His writings are tedious.
13. What he said made my hair stand on end. I'll never go to the terrible cave again.
14. I'm surprised that the bulky man got married with a bean-pole.
15. I'm dog-tired.
16. You don't seem to come anywhere near to knowing the importance of working on the program; you'd better take your fingers out.
17. To my joy, my son knows a thing or two about Italian.
18. His new motorcycle made him the envy of every boy in the neighborhood.
19. The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
20. He's a brain , who wouldn't be fooled into believing your story.
B. C-E
1. 他遭遇车祸反而因祸得福了：住院时和一个漂亮的护士相爱了。
2. 环境问题远远没得到解决。
3. 与去年同期相比，国家第一季度的总采购量提高了5.2个百分点。
4. 用120℃的温度烘焙15分钟后，把温度升至240℃，再烤10分钟。
5. 刚才主席对我所说的热情友好的话使我深受感动。
6. 学校坐落于福建省省会福州市，有旗山、仓山两个校区，占地面积3500多
亩。
7. 他昨夜几乎一夜没睡。
8. 最好是把这家具送给他，可是你又不肯。
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. 人的血液是热的，如果得不到一定的热量，人就难以长期在海水中生活。 湖边屹立着一片松树林。 两岸树木葱茏，鲜花繁茂，碧草萋萋，活脱脱一幅生机盎然的天然风景画。 他心里扑通扑通地跳个不停。 他正在叭哒叭哒地抽一个小烟袋。 他连鞋都顾不上穿，嗖地一下从窗口跳了出去。 人群里发出一片“啧啧啧”的赞叹声。 小船在波涛汹涌的大海上上下颠簸。 这时父亲的情绪很好，乘此机会求他让你去看马戏。 说起来容易做起来难，让我们多注意些实践吧！ 他总是善于乘人之危大捞一把，他靠购买在战争中遭过轰炸的房屋而赚了大量的钱财。 那个歌星也只是昙花一现，出了几张唱片就销声匿迹了。
段落翻译
A.
1. The taste of McDonald’s French fries played a crucial role in the chain’s success and long praised by customers, competitors, and even food critics. Their distinctive taste does not stem from the kind of potatoes that MacDonald’s buys, the technology that processes them, or the restaurant equipment that fires them. The taste of a French fry is largely determined by the cooking oil. For decades McDonald’s cooked its French fries in a mixture of about 7 percent cottonseed oil and 93 percent beef tallow. The mixture gave the fires their unique flavor.
2. In 1990, amid a barrage of criticism over the amount cholesterol in its fries, McDonald’s switched to pure vegetable oil. This presented the company with a challenge: how to make fries that subtly taste like beef without cooking them in beef tallow. A look at the ingredients in McDonald’s French fires suggests how the problem was solved. Toward the end of the list is a seemingly innocuous yet oddly mysterious phrase: “natural flavor”. That ingredient helps to explain not only why the fries taste so good but why most fast food tastes the way it does.
3. Open your refrigerator, your freezer, your kitchen cupboards and look at the labels on our food labels on your food（食物？食品？）. You’ll find “natural flavor” or “artificial flavor” in just about every list of ingredients. The similarities between these two broad categories are far more significant than the differences. Both are man-made additives that give most processed food most of its taste. The canning, freezing, and dehydrating techniques used in processing destroy most of food’s flavor, and so a vast industry has arisen in the United States to make processed food palatable. Without this flavor industry today’s fast food would not exist.
B. 请翻译划线部分
Imagine you have been chatting for hours on your cellphone and it is running low on power. But instead of looking for the nearest electrical outlet, . That is the vision of Toshiba
Corp. and a number of other Japanese electronics companies, which are readying gadgets that will swap their batteries for a long-anticipated alternative energy source: fuel cells. They don’t contain the environmentally hazardous metals or chemicals that most batteries do. others are developing fuel cells that run on is about the size of a cigarette lighter and can be refilled from a bottle when empty. (, October 20th, 2005)
C.
Studies serve for delight, for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness, and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and
perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make
judgement wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
D.
They look remarkable like great towering thunderheads billowing high into the evening sky as they catch the last rays of the setting sun. They are so sharp, so startlingly three dimensional that the mind wants to bring them down to earth to imagine them rising on the horizon. They are no ordinary clouds, however. They stand not 9,000 m but almost 10 trillion km high. They are
illuminated not with ordinary earthly light but with searing ultraviolet radiation spewing from nuclear fires at the center of a handful of newly formed stars.
英汉翻译练习篇八：英汉翻译练习8-13文章
有这么一个故事：有一个参加长跑比赛的选手在经过一片沙滩时，鞋子里灌满了沙子，他匆匆把鞋子脱下，胡乱地把沙子倒出，便又急忙地继续往前跑。可是有一粒沙子仍留在他的鞋里，在他以后的路程中，那粒沙子磨着他的脚，使他走一步，痛一步。但他并没有停下把鞋子脱掉，抖出那粒磨自己脚的沙子，而仍是匆匆前行，在离终点不远的地方，因脚痛难忍，他不得不止步，最后放弃了比赛。当他忍着揪心的痛把鞋脱掉时，他发现让自己痛苦并放弃比赛的竟仅仅是一粒沙子。看来，有时阻挠我们前进的不是高山、深渊，而是极细小的一粒沙子。为了避免因一次轻微的过失遭指责，我们便编出谎言来掩盖。于是从编造第一个谎言开始，我们便背上了两个沉甸甸的包袱："过失"与"谎言"。以后的日子，便常常为掩饰"过失"与"谎言"而不得不再造出新的谎言，从此自己便不得不在紧张、担心、痛苦的岁月中熬过。那第一个谎言，就是一粒沙。
Here is a story. A participant in the long-distance race got his shoes
filled with sand when he was crossing a beach. He had to stop to get the sand out hastily before he resumed running. Unfortunately a grain of sand remained
rubbing the sole and became increasingly telling so that each step meant a twinge of pain. Reluctant to halt and get rid of the sand， he continued to run in spite of the pain until he could stand no more. He dropped out of the contest just a few yards from the finishing line. As he managed to get out of the shoe painfully， he was surprised to find the cause of his lasting torment was only a grain of sand.
It seems that the greatest obstacle on one's way forward may not be a high
mountain or a deep valley but a grain of sand that is hardly visible. To avoid
blame on a minor fault one may tell a lie. That adds a burden to a heavy heart and weighs it down. In the days to come he will have to fabricate one falsehood after another to cover the lie he told and the fault he committed. Thus he will never be able to free himself from lingering anxiety, worry and regret, to the ignorance that all his sufferings originate in only a grain of sand--the first lie he told.
我的第一个先生就是我的母亲。我已经说过使我认识“爱”字的是她。在我幼小的时候，她是我的世界的中心。她很完满地体现了一个“爱”字。她使我知道人间的温暖；她使我知道爱与 被爱的幸福。她常常用温和的口气，对我解释种种事情。她教我真诚待人，不管他们贫或富；她教我帮助那些在困苦中需要扶持的人；她教我同情那些 境遇不好的婢仆，怜恤他们，不要把自己看得比他们高，动辄将他们打骂。母亲自己也处过不少的逆境。在大家庭里做媳妇，这苦处是不难想到的。但是母亲从不曾在我的眼前淌过泪，或者说过什么悲伤的话。她给我看见的永 远是温和的、带着微笑的脸。
Mother is my first teacher who, as I said before, awakened(v唤醒，初意识到) in me a sense of love（爱的感觉）. She was the center of the world in my early childhood, the very image（象征） of love itself, It was to her that I owed my awareness of the fact that there is warmth in the world --- that to show love is no less happiness than（不少于，比..多） to be loved. How tenderly（温柔的） and gently she explained to me all sorts of things! She told me it was good to love people, whether poor or rich, and be always ready to（总是很乐意） give a helping hand to those in need or in trouble. She advised me to give a sympathetic（同情的） thought to servants（仆人） and maids（婢女）, who were not so fortunate（幸运的） as we were in their circumstances（境遇）, and never look down upon them like a superior（高级的，上级）. They deserved compassion（同情）, rather than maltreatment（虐待） on the slightest（最轻微的） pretext（借口）.
It was natural for a person like her, with her personal sufferings as an insignificant daughter-in-law in a big feudalistic family. Quite imaginable that she had had bitter experience, yet never once did I see her shed tears nor hear her express grief. (combination, amplification)In my eyes she was always tender, always smiling.
宁静
当夜幕无声地落下，将一切远山近景从你的视野里抹去的时候；当热闹的晚会结束，欢声笑语已经消逝的时候，什么都没有留下，只有思想还在活动。你能清楚的感觉到，这便是宁静。
不要害怕，宁静不是孤独和寂寞的同义词。在宁静的氛围里，你的思想有了自由驰骋的空间，你可以细心坐下梳理你的思绪，检讨你的过失。
如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你喜欢的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。在静静的空间里读一本好书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。平时，因工作太忙，或交际太繁，你难得与古今中外的智者交谈。而今，你却可以凝神倾听他们的教诲了。在静心的阅读中，你的学识逐渐得到增长。你也可以依随自己的爱好，去干任何一件感兴趣的事。静静地听一段音乐，专注地画几笔画，认真摆一盘残局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遥远的朋友。这些，无一不是人生的快乐。
既然生活给了我们宁静的时光，我们就应该庆幸。正如水库在宁静中积蓄力量，瀑布在热闹中宣泄势能一样，一个人应该在宁静中丰富自己的人生。 moments of tranquility
When night falls blurring from view distant hills and nearby landscape, or when the noise and laughter of a hilarious party has died away, nothing is there to draw your attention and the only thing you are conscious of is that your mind is working. That is the moment when you are alert to the existence of tranquility.
Don’t shy away from it. Tranquility does not mean loneliness or solitude. It provides your mind with full freedom to travel anywhere it likes. A quite atmosphere is most favorable for you to sort out your thoughts or examine yourself and make a self-criticism.
When loneliness comes over you as a result of too much thinking, a favorite book will ease your mind and broaden your horizons. Reading a good book is like having a fireside chat with a close friend. At other times you may be so occupied with your work or social intercourse as to have no time for books. Now you can peacefully listen to wise men of all times, enriching yourself with their ideas, and enlarging your stock of knowledge. Or you can do other things to suit your taste: enjoy a peace of music, attentively draw a picture, or arrange Chinese chess pieces for a near-end game. If you are in the mood, you may as well open an album and let the photos bring back memories of those now far away. Isn’t any one of these a real pleasure in life？
How gratifying it is if our life is interspersed with moments of tranquility! What a waterfall thunderously sets off is but the accumulated potential that a reservoir has quietly stored. So tranquility is where an enriched life comes from.
杜鹃
杜鹃是一种灰黑色的鸟，毛羽并不美，它的习性专横而残忍。
杜鹃是不营巢的，也不孵卵哺雏。到了生殖季节，产卵在莺巢中，让莺替它孵卵哺雏。雏鹃比雏莺大，到将长成时，甚且比母莺还大。鹃雏孵化出来之后，每将莺雏挤出巢外，任它啼饥号寒而死，它自己独霸着母莺的哺育。莺受鹃欺而不自知，辛辛苦苦地哺育着比自己还大的鹃雏；真是一件令人不平、令人流泪的情景。
想到了这些实际，便觉得杜鹃这种鸟大可以作为欺世盗名者的标本了。然而，杜鹃不能任其咎。杜鹃就只是杜鹃，它并不曾要求人把它认为佳人、志士。
The cuckoo is a grayish-brown bird with none too beautiful feathers. She is characteristically domineering and cruel.
She doesn’t build her own nest, nor does she hatch or feed her young. During the breeding season, she deposits her eggs in the nests of orioles for them to hatch and rear. A baby cuckoo is bigger in size than a baby oriole, and, when full grown, bigger even than the mother oriole. After she is hatched, she often pushes the baby oriole out of the nest leaving the poor chick to cry and die of hunger and cold so that she may have the mother oriole’s care all to herself. The mother bird, however, being treated unfairly without her knowledge, continues laboriously to feed the baby cuckoo who is bigger than herself. The tragic spectacle is such as to arouse great indignation and draw tears of sympathy!
Hence I believe that the cuckoo can best serve as a model of those who win popularity by dishonest means. But the cuckoo is not to blame. A cuckoo is a cuckoo. She has never asked people to call her a beauty or a patriot.
职业喜欢
妻子是个幼儿教师,多年从事幼教工作。她长得纤细、玲珑、漂亮,没结婚之前挺可爱的,结了婚就更可爱了,但职业习惯也就彻底地暴露无遗。最可恨的是跟你说话的态度和口吻:“出去看着车。”“慢点吃,别噎着。”“穿上点儿衣服,冷。”就剩下说“乖”了。按说有个“阿姨”照顾生活也挺不错,但男子汉的气魄却受到了毁灭性的“摧残”,使你总觉着自己是个五岁半的小男孩,而且再也长不大了。/我是个1.81米,体重80公斤的山东大汉,您说,她对我这么说话,是不是挺滑稽、挺可笑的?
有一天,她又对我像对小朋友似地唠唠叨叨,我实在忍无可忍了,就叫了一声:“住嘴!”然后凑上前去,压低声音,恶狠狠地说:“亲爱的,我真想揍你一顿,打得你屁股蛋子一半红一半青,你就知道一个男子汉与一个小男孩到底有什么区别了。”/听了这话,妻的表情复杂透了:惊讶、害怕、羞涩、娇嗔,转而又笑得死去活来。/娇嗔：假装生气的娇态。她的笑,把我也给逗乐了。男子汉的风采还是得不到充分的表现。
谁让我爱她呢,所以,做个“乖孩子”没商量。以后,她再对我这么说话,我干脆捏着嗓子说:“是,阿姨。”妻子笑过之后,职业习惯竟收敛了许多。
My wife is an infant teacher who has been engaged in preschool educational work for many years. She is slim, petite and beautiful. Before we get married, she was so cute. And now she becomes even better. However, her professional habits are exposed completely in our hours together.
What make me most intolerable are her attitude and tone when she is talking. For example, “Look after the cars!” “Eat slowly and don’t choke!” “Put on more clothes, it’s cold!” What’s more, She just left saying “Good boy!” Generally, it could not be bad that being looked after by an
auntie, but my courage of man has been devastating “damage”. She always makes me have the illusion of being a five-year-old boy who won’t grow up. Well, I’m a strong man with 1.81 m tall and 80 kg weight. So when she talks with me that way, it is so ridiculous, right?
One day, when she was nagging me as a child again, I could not bear it and said, “Shut up!” Then I moved close to her and told her “fiercely” in a low voice, “Darling, I really want to give you a good spanking. If your ass turns black and blue, you will know what on earth the difference is between a man and a boy.” Hearing the words, my wife got a rich expression: astonished, frightened, ashamed and annoyed, while she turned laughing from ear to ear. Her smile also made me laugh. While, my presence of man still could not be showed fully.Anyway, I have no choice but being a good boy. Because I love her! Afterwards, when she again nagged me that way, I simply pinched my voice, “Yes, auntie!” After smiled, unexpectedly, my wife reduced a lot of her professional habits when we got along together.
英汉翻译练习篇九：英译汉练习
中高级翻译英译汉使用技巧讲解（1）翻译练习 Commercial cargoes are transported by highway, water and rail . One recent innovation is "containerized" cargo. At the factory, crates of goods are placed in large metal containers on wheels , and the containers are sealed and hitched to trucks to be taken to railroad centers or ports , where large cranes lift them on to freight cars, barges or ships.
商业货物由公路,水路与铁路来运输,近来发明了"集装箱"货运. 在厂家就把货物装入带轮子的大型金属集装箱内,装箱密封后,挂在卡车后拉到铁路编组站或港口,用大吊车装上货物车厢,驳船或轮船.
Crime is partly a result of bad material conditions : certainly it is most prevalent among people whose lives are not satisfactory in obvious ways---people without a settled home , with parents separated or divorced , victims of various kinds of misfortune , including poverty and lack of education . But bad social conditions , in the obvious material sense , can hardly be accepted as the main explanation for a rapid increase of crime in the 1960s and 1970s . There are after all fewer people suffering from the bad conditions than before , and it is much easier to make a very satisfactory living by honest work now than it was forty years ago , on indeed at any previous time .The problem is shared with the rest of western civilization , and beyond it .
犯罪的部分原因是物质条件差;犯罪当然在生活明显不满意的人中最普遍,没有固定住处者, 父母分居或离婚者,各种灾祸的受害者,其中,包括贫困和缺乏教育者.可是社会物质条件差, 不能认为是六,七十年代犯罪剧增的主要原因.毕竟受穷者比以前少了,现在通过正当职业谋得相当满意的生计,比40年前,以至以往任何时候都容易多了. 这个问题在整个西方,以及其他地区都存在.
中高级翻译英译汉使用技巧讲解（2）人名,地名的英译 英语人名,地名,可以查找工具书,比如英汉辞典等等
中级口译的人名地名的翻译相对来说是比较简单的,我们翻译人名,地名必须遵循"音译"的原则.必须注意的是:
1) 用音译,慎用意译
如:人名Wall, Sleep,译成:"沃尔"与"斯利普",不可译成"墙"与"睡".地名China同样不可译成"陶瓷",这也是众所周知的事了
2) 人名中姓和名之间,用圆点间隔,如John Thomas Smith "约翰.托马斯.史密斯".
3) 要熟记一些常用的译名
比如:Franklin Roosevelt 罗斯福 Winston Churchill 邱吉尔
Napoleon 拿破仑 Aristotle 亚里士多德
Socrates 苏格拉底 New York 纽约
New Orleans 新奥尔良 Los Angeles 洛杉矶
Detroit 底特律 Chicago 芝加哥
平时就多看看有关资料,也不一定要全背出,只是心里要留个底儿,这样就不会闹笑话了词在不同语境的翻译技巧在我们的翻译教程之中第12页,就有关于see在不同语境情况之下的不同翻译,这说明要准
确的译出文章中关键词的意思,首先要注意语境的把握和上下文的搭配关系
1) company的翻译
He is fond of company.
他爱交朋友
Two is company, but three is none.
两人成伴,三人不欢
Among the company was an old man.
这群人中有位老人
Who keeps company with the wolf , will learn to howl.
跟狼在一起,就会学会狼叫("近墨者黑".)
I fell into company with him .
我偶然与他相识
Misery loves company.
同病相怜
The host amused the company with singing .
主人用歌唱来招待宾客
He is employed in an electronic company.
他在一家电器公司工作
2) 红与red的译法
英语中有red
She was dressed in red.
她身穿红衣
When he started criticizing my work , I really saw red.
他竟批评起我的工作来了,我立即火冒三丈
中高级翻译英译汉使用技巧讲解（3）代词的翻译
1. 句子内部指代的翻译
当代词与其所指代的对象在同一划线句中时，一般来可以将代词译为相对应的代词。但是如果前面出现多个名词，而且从数量、性质等方面很难判断代词的指代，则最好将代词翻译成相对应的名词。
98 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structu
res that existed 15 billion years ago.
结构分析：这是一个复合句. But even more important是整个句子的状语，it was the farthest是主句，that scientists had been able to look into the past是修饰the farthest的定语从句，for引导原因状语从句（参见1995年71题），在这个状语从句中，what they were seeing是主语从句，were the patterns and structures是状语从句中的系表结构，that existed„是修饰名词patterns and structures的定语从句。
译 文： 但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
01 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
结构分析：这是一个复合句。There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors是主句，其中hosted by robots是过去分词短语做television chat shows的后置定语，with pollution monitors是介词短语修饰cars；that will disable them是定语从句，修饰pollution monitors ；when they offend是时间状语从句，修饰动词disable。
译 文： 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排
污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
01 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
结构分析：这是一个复合句。But that is only the start of man-machine integration是主句，其中有一个插入语Pearson points out。It will be the beginning of the long process of integration是直接引语中的主句，that引导定语从句修饰名词integration， before the end of the next century是介词短语作状语。.
译 文： 但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始："它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。"
2. 句外指代的翻译
A．对于指代具体某个或几个名词的词，一定要搞清楚他指代的内容，译文中用代词表示不清的就用名词来表达，哪怕是罗嗦一点也一定要多用名词，只有在明显清楚或者找不到合适的名词才用代词。P8-74
01 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
结构分析：这是一个复合句。But that is only the start of man-machine integration是主句，其中有一个插入语Pearson points out。It will be the beginning of the long process of integration是直接引语中的主句，that引导定语从句修饰名词integration， before the end of the next century是介词短语作状语。.
译 文： 但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始："它是人机一体化漫长之
路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。"
02 64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
结构分析：这是一个复合句。主句是由两个并列的分句构成的：They are„, and they are；in which引导定语从句，修饰practices，其中is held responsible for „ and given credit for „并列做定语从句的谓语，given前面省略了助动词is。
译 文： 自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
B． 若是代词指代的内容为前面的某个句子，需要总结，则在翻译的时候可以以模糊对模糊，根据具体情况将该代词译为“这种问法，这种说法，这个问题，这种做法„”P7-71 97 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
结构分析：这是一个多重复合句。Actually,是副词做状语，修饰整个句子，it isn't,是主句，在because引导的原因状语从句中，that引导宾语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句修饰名词an agreed account，而the world does not have是省略了从句引导词that的定语从句，修饰something。
译 文： 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
“It isn't”看来非常简单，但真正翻译起来却不那么容易，因为它有两个难点：一是代词It指代什么？二是Isn’t 后面省略了什么？如果只是译成简单的“它不是”，译者和读者恐怕都会觉得莫名其妙。前面说过，弄清楚代词的指代内容一定要参见前文，而现在句中还有省略，那就更应该参见前文了。前面说“动物有权利吗？问题经常这样提出，这种提问方式听上去是一种有用的、能把问题讲清楚的开场白。” 句中的it 应该和前文中提到的it一样都表示“这种提问”，isn’t后面省略的内容也应该和前句的一样。因此这个句子补充完整之后就成了it isn’t a useful, ground-clearing way to start.由于表语太长，重复显得罗嗦，我们这里可以抓住最关键的词，而形容词ground-clearing（把问题讲清楚的）正好是这个关键词，所以补充的简单一点就是it isn’t a ground-clearing way，译成“这种提问并没有把问题讲清楚”。
中高级翻译英译汉使用技巧讲解（4）定语从句的翻译
定语从句在英语中大量出现.有长有短,结构有繁有简,对先行词的限制有强有弱,有时起着补充说明的作用,或者在逻辑上表示原因,目的,条件,让步和结果等等意义.因此对定语从句的翻译显得尤其重要,以下我将介绍给大家一些定语从句翻译的技巧
1) 压缩法
把英语的定语从句压缩成汉语的一个句子成分,也就是译成汉语中带"的"词组,当定语从句叫简短,则把这个带"的"汉语定语词组置于被修辞的词语之前
No doubt there are questions or principles involved which can not be ignored a
nd underestimated.
无疑,这里涉及人们不能忽视或低估的原则问题
Law offers us our best hope of overcoming the differences that prevail the world.
法律使我们对克服世界上普遍存在的分歧有了最大的希望
But Miggle's laugh , which was very infectious , broke the silence. 但是,密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默
The deterioration of the international situation , which I noted in the introduction to the annual report last year , has continued.
我在去年的年度报告导言中提到的那种国际形势的恶化一直在继续
2) 拆译法
如果定语从句冗长复杂,不论是限制性的或是非限制性的,往往可以译成并列句,放在主句的前后,偶尔还可以完全脱离主句而独立成句
He will show her the place where they could make her look a proper dame----for next to nothing .
他可以带她到那个地方,在哪儿他们会把她打扮成一个漂亮的少女,而且花不了几个钱 I told the news to Robert, who told it to his friend Larry and soon the news spread all over the campus.
我把消息告诉了罗伯特,他又告诉了他的朋友莱里,消息很快在校园里传开了
They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which in the past ,many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他们在为实现一个理想而奋斗,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,许多中国人曾为之献出自己的生命
He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.
他和副总统尼克松谈过话,副总统向他保证,凡是能够做到的,一定尽力去办.
3) 转译法
英语中有些定语从句在逻辑上对主句起着状语的作用,说明原因,目的,结果,条件和让步等等关系.汉译时应从原文的字里行间审定这些逻辑关系,然后译成汉语相应的偏正复句.
The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships , which require assistance of tugboats.
罢工使远洋轮不能靠岸,因为靠岸需要拖船的帮助
Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries , who will negotiate trade agreement with the respective government.
中国派出贸易代表团前往非洲各国,以便与这些国家的政府商谈贸易协定
My uncle , who will be seventy tomorrow , is still a keen sportsman . 尽管我大伯明天就满70岁了,但他仍然热衷于户外运动 来源:考试大
英汉翻译练习篇十：英汉翻译基础教程练习答案总主编冯庆华
汉英翻译基础教程
第一章 汉英词汇比较与翻译 ........................................ 2
第二章 词法翻译的一般技巧 ....................................... 4
第三章 名词的抽象和具体译法 ..................................... 9
第四章 动词的翻译 ............................................... 11
第五章 数词和冠词的翻译 ........................................ 12
第六章 成语的英译 ............................................... 13
第七章 修辞格的翻译 .............................................. 17 笫八章 文化词语的翻译 .......................................... 19
第九章 汉英句子比较与翻译 ..................................... 20
第十章 换序和转态译法 .......................................... 23 笫十一章 断句合句译法 .......................................... 25 笫十二章 长句的翻译 ............................................. 27 第十四章 汉英语篇比较与翻译 ................................... 29 第十五章 风格与翻译 ............................................. 30 第十六章 语用与翻译 ............................................. 32
第一章 汉英词汇比较与翻译
第一节 翻译中的选义
一、 结合语境选择较贴切的译文
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a
二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配
1． a swarm of bees
a brood of chickens
a litter of pups
2. a bevy of beautiful ladies
a pack of hounds
a team of ducks
a herd of antelopes
3. unfailing support
proactive fiscal policy
make effective use of overseas resources
4. make a phone call
take a taxi
knit a woolen sweater
fetch water
play basketball
spray insecticide
5. basic wage
capital construction
essential commodity
primary industry
fundamental interest
三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解
1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern
2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.
3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.
4. Everyone complained against such a practice.
5. They had a dispute at the meeting.
6. You should follow the doctor's advice.
7. They reached a consensus on this issue.
8. There is still some unfinished business to settle.
9. We have consulted him about the matter.
10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now
第二节 翻译中的选词
一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。
1. That depends upon circumstances.
2. This state of affairs must be changed.
3. How do matters stand with them?
4. He presents all his books to the library
5. A teacher should devote himself to the cause of education.
6. The committee consists of 15 members.
7. Air is made up of a mixture of gases.
8. Go in for rigorous training and set strict³ömand.
二、翻译下列词组，注意词汇的搭配方式。
1．set sail
2. open quotation
3. the beginning of spring
4. go into operation
5．be taken in
6. make progress
7. distinguished guests
8. be on duty
三、翻译下列各句，注意汉语中词汇的词义范围。
1. It rained cats and dogs (hard / heavily) three days on end (in succession / running).
2. He likes talking big (talking large / talking horse /talking tall)/ he likes saying big words (large words) .
3. They are giving the classroom a good (general / spring / through) clean(ing).
4. A person like him is by no means (in no way / on no account / never / not absolutely) rare.
5. We should go in for industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.
6. If you do it like that, you'll be completely (gravely / seriously) mistaken (be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gross error).
第三节 翻译中的多样性
一、翻译下列句子，注意画线词的多样性译法。
1."It sounds as if the two of you are always of one mind,‖ Second Sister chuckled, "How would
it be if we were to betroth you to him?"
2. Through clenched teeth he added, ...
3. "She bore me no grudge," replied Xifeng. "It was Baoyu who made her grind her teeth with
rage just before she died. "
4. But after her initial fright Xifeng put on a bold face. "If she's dead," she retorted, "What's
all the fuss about?"
二、翻译下列句子，注意画线部分的成语。
1. The more you get, the more you want.
2. It’s only natural for man to hanker for more.
3. Goodness knows what they're being so secretive about.
4. She's been creeping in here the last couple of days in a very sneaky way. Goodness knows
what she's up to.
5. Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing?
6. Anything will do; don't fuss.
7. Our grandma is ill; don't kick up such a shindy.(口语：吵架。争吵，打架)
8. When others heard this they commented, ―We thought it was someone who mattered isn't worth making such a fuss about.‖
第二章 词法翻译的一般技巧
第一节 对等译法
一、翻译下面的句子，注意搭配产生的―假朋友‖
1. a faithful Christian 2. a loving parent
3. an obedient child 4. a virtuous wife
5. a dutiful husband 6. a hardworking student
7. strong wind 8. thick fog
9 heavy rain
二、翻译下列句子，注意不顾语境而产生的―假朋友‖。
1. Only when they find much n common and hope to keep in touch later on, will they offer their cards. (注意不要把―投机‖翻译成speculative)
2. Another example. The reading of Chinese classics is a must for all Chinese. Nevertheless, it was not until I was over 30 that I came to realize the importance of self-study in the matter of classics.
3. Dear young friends, my advice to you is: Do physical exercises perseveringly. That has nothing to do with merry-making or time-wasting. Good health is the wherewithal for a successful life and career.
三、用对等译法，翻译下列成语。
1. fish in troubled waters
2. be after one's own heart
3. skin and bones
4. touch and go
5. hit the nail on the head
6. be head and shoulders above others
7. turn a deaf ear to
8. burn one's boat
9. turn a blind eye to
10. look for a needle in a bundle of hay
四、用对等译法，翻译下列谚语。
1. Practice makes perfect.
2. More haste, less speed.
3. East or west, home is best.
4. All is fish that comes to the net.
5. Everything comes to him who waits
6. The moon is not seen when the sun shines
7. Look before you leap.
8. There is no smoke without fire.
第二节 增词译法
一、翻译下列句子，注意增补冠词
1. Even a child can answer this question.
2. This is the head of our delegation
3. He put the paper aside and turned on the radio.
4. The Chinese people are industrious and brave.
5. We must have faith in the masses.
6. The compass was invented in China
7. The moon moves around the earth.
二、翻译下列句子，注意增补代词。
1. Hand in your exercise-books, please.
2. I can't express myself in English.
3. Liberalism manifests itself in various ways.
4. Don't overwork yourself.
5. I wish to avail myself of this opportunity to express our gratitude to you.
三、翻译下列句子，注意增补动词。
1. They are in high spirits.
2. They beamed with joy.
3. He is quick of eye and deft of hand.
4. This article is easy to read and understand
5. I stood aloof from him.
四、翻译下列句子，注意增补介词。
l. The book is very popular among young people.
2. She inquired about your illness.
3. The mountain is l,000 feet above the sea level.
4. Shut the door after/when you go out.
5. Dinner was at one o'clock.
6. We rejoice at every victory you win.
五、翻译下列句子，注意增补连词。
1. Promote physical culture and build up the people's health
2. Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.
3. We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.
4. We should strike while the iron is hot.
5. I shall stay here until I've completed my studies.
六、翻译下列句子或短语，从文化角度增补词语。
1. You might have the genius of Li Bai or Du Fu, who was a great poet in the Tang
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