【www.guakaob.com--翻译】
州桥的翻译41个字篇一
《翻译就这七个字》
翻译就这七个字
翻译技巧可以概括为七个字：“分”、“合”、“加”、“减”、“转”、“调”和“反”。简称“七字诀”。
1). Division 分句法
2). Merge 合句法
3) Amplification 增译法 增词法
4) Omission 减译法 省略法
5) Conversion 词类转换法 转换
6).Inversion 词序调整法 位置调整
7).Negation 正说反译，反说正译
可以这样理解：
1． 分译 4=2+2 一分为二
2． 合译 2+2=4 合二为一
3． 加词 2+2=2 加词不加意
4． 减词 2-2=2 减词不减意
5． 转换 2+2=3+1 变换符号不变换意思
6． 调整 1+2=2+1 前后移位
7. 反译 1+2=-（-1-2）反着译
一. 所谓“分”即为“分译”。又称为：“分句法”，是指把原文中的一个词或一个短语扩展成一个句子。这个词或短语虽然从语法上分析只说明某句子成分。但从逻辑意义上看说明整个句子，起着相当于一个并列分句或者一个状语从句的作用。
例如：
proud of their economic achievements.
中国人似乎为他们在经济上的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。
You will soon be amply rewarded
你将很快获得重奖，因为你乐于助人。 clearly would put strains on the international relations. 但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，国际关系显然会紧张起来。
A gang of men, under the direction of their energetic and likeable foreman, 25-year-old Phineas P. Gage, was working on a new line of the Rutland and Burlington railroad.
一伙工人正跟着他们的领班在拉特兰－伯灵顿铁路的新线路上干活。这位领班名叫菲尼斯·P·盖奇，二十五岁，他精力充沛，待人和气。
二. 所谓“合”即为“合译”。又称为：“合句法”,是指把原文中两个或者两个以上的独立句子合译成一个句子。两个独立的句子构成了一个按照一定逻辑组成的，相对完整的的统一体。因为它们的逻辑意义密不可分，存在着句法上的组织性，实际上的完整性，所以在翻译实践中存在着把两句合译成一句的可能性和必要性。
例如：
He was very clean. His mind was open.
他为人单纯而且坦率。
I think that this is very good issue. And that it makes the link between translation and publicity
abroad.
我认为这一期（杂志）办得好，好在把翻译与外界宣传联系起来了。
三. 所谓“加”即为“增译”。又称为：“增词法”，是指由于英汉语词汇，无论在语义成分、搭配关系、习惯用法等差异都很大，以此，在英译汉的过程中经常需要增词，把无其词但有其意的语义成分表达出来，使译文符合汉语的表达习惯。
1增加：动词，名词，代词，连词，语气助词
2增加：主谓结构，定语，状语或副词
3增译的部分在原文中虽找不出对应词语，但为了忠实原文信息，译文非增不可。 在汉译英的时，增加连词的情况是常见的，因为英语的连词比汉语多使用。冠词更是如此。
例句：
1. 增加原文所省略的词
例： Matter can be changed into energy，and energy into matter。
物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
2. 增加必要的连词
例：Heated, water will change into vapor.
水如受热，就会汽化。
3. 用增词法表达复数概念
例：Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.
请注意，“速度”和“速率“这两个词需要解释。
4．用增词法把抽象概念表达清楚
例：Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。
5．逻辑性增词
例：Air pressure decreases with altitude.
气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。
6．概括性增词
例：The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computer, artificial
satellites and rockets.
论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。
7．从修辞和连贯角度考虑增词
例：This printer is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打印机真是物美价廉。
8．重复性增词
例：Avoiding use this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.
不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。
9英语动词有时态，时间概念往往通过时态表现出来：汉语动词没有时态，表示不同的时间，往往需要加时间状语。
例：It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring.
现在回想起来，就仿佛是一场梦，当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天，许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍，他们那样大胆，不知道危险就在眼前，使我们非常吃惊。
10.遇到中国读者可能不熟悉的典故、人名、地名等，除了加注以外，还可以在译文中加几个字，略加说明。
I learned a great many new words that day. I do not remember what they all were; but I do know that mother, father，sister, teacher were among them — words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers.”
那一天我学了许多新词，也记不清都有哪些词了。但是其中肯定有“母亲”、“父亲”、“姐姐”、“老师”——后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。
四. 所谓“减”即为“减译”。又称为：“省略法”，是指在翻译时省略不译某些词语，也就是说并不是原文中每一个词语都必须翻译出来。
英语句法结构严谨，注重“形合”，用语言形式来表达各种关系，如and表示并列关系，if表示条件关系，because表示因果关系等等。
汉语句法结构简单，在行文中常常表现出一种少用或不用语言形式来表达各种关系的自然倾向，即“意合”。
因此，连词、关联词、代词、冠词等在英语中使用广泛，而且不能随便省略不用，而汉语中则使用较少，有时甚至可以略去不用。
例如：
1. He shook his head, but said nothing .
他摇摇头，一言不发。
2. That is our policy and that is our declaration.
这就是我们的国策。这些是我们的宣言。
3. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
英语的书面语差不多每个句子都要有主语，汉语的主语则不那么重要，如果前面已把主语说清楚，后面的句子不一定用主语。甚至在一个句子里应该出现另外一个主语的时候，这个主语仍然可以省略。
4. They used this kind of scare tactic when I was growing up. I wonder what they use today.我小的时候，他们用过这种吓唬人的办法。现在用什么办法，就不得而知了。（译文第二句，两个主语“他们”和“我”都没有出现。）
五. 所谓“转”即为“转换”，是指在翻译过程中，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，对语法关系进行适当调整。包括词类的转换和句子成分的转换。
词类装换：
汉语动词用的多，因此，英语中的不少词类，如名词、介词、形容词等在英译汉时往往可转译成动词。各种词类也可能转成名词、形容词、副词等。
例如：
The construction of such a satellites has now been realized. 建造这种卫星的理想已经实现了。
Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past.
从心理方面来说，到了老年，有两种危险倾向需要注意防止。一是过分地怀念过去。（名
词转为动词）
If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another.
钻探石油的人如果在一个地方得不到预期的结果，便到另一个地方去钻探。（代词转为实词）
Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.
住在楼上的人家得拎着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。（Upstair adv.状语 转换成 定语 修饰 人家Downstairs adv.状语 转换成 定语 修饰 水龙头 To 表方向的介词 转换成 动词 去For water 介词短语 转换成 动宾短语 打水）
英语一般避免重复，代称用得多，不但名词可以用代词来替代，动词、形容词也有相应的词来替代。汉语则不怕重复，实称用得多。
English grammar is very difficult and few writers have avoided making mistakes in it. 英语语法十分困难，作家很少不犯语法错误的。
英语连词用得多，汉语连词用得少。例如表示条件或原因，汉语不一定用“如果”或“因为”之类的词，意思就包含在上下文里面了。
This film showed how they put aside a thousand acres out West where the buffaloes roam and nobody can shoot a single one of them. If they do, they get in jail.
电影演的是他们怎么在西边儿把一千英亩土地划出来，让水牛自由行动，谁也不准开枪打死一只。打死了，就得坐牢。（译文第二句没有用连词，没有用主语，重复了第一句里的“打死”二字。）
词的搭配，如形容词与名词的搭配，副词和动词的搭配，主语与谓语的搭配等，英语可以用的搭配，往往不能直接译成汉语，这就需要选择适当的词语，或者改变句子的结构。 The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster.
我们一直在走的这条路表面上很好走，是一条平坦的超级公路，我们可以高速前进，但是走到尽头却要遇到灾难。（原文lies disaster 不能直译，只好改变句子结构，译作“遇到灾难”。） 英语常以抽象名词做主语，后面接表示具体动作的动词。这种主谓搭配，在汉语里是很少用的，一般都要改变句子结构。
Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.
几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种感情上的激烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。
英语有些副词放在句首，具有丰富的内容，译成汉语可以适当地加以发挥。
Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes„„ 最理想的情况是，有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因„„有足够的了解。
句子成分转换：
主语与宾语之间的相互转换；主语转换为谓语、状语等。
Let him have a good rest.
让他好好休息。（定语转为状语）
The misprint escaped . 校对者漏审了这个印刷错误。（转为主语）
Business took to the town. 我出差进城去。（转为主语）
英语有些副词和动词的搭配无法直接译过来，可将原文副词的含义译成谓语或分句，放在句末。
So heedful a writer as Henry James, for instance, on occasion wrote so ungrammatically that a schoolmaster, finding such errors in a schoolboy’s essay, would be indignant.
就拿亨利·詹姆士来说吧，连他这样细心的作家写的东西，有时也不合语法。要是小学老师在学生的作文里发现那样的错误也会生气，而生气是完全应该的。
英语的主语部分可以很长，其中包括几个介词引导的短语作定语，汉语往往用分句来表达，或者独立成句。
The 180-page document, with more than 300 articles and eight annexes, definitively covers every conceivable issue dealing with the seas, from the definition of what constitutes an island to the jurisdiction over fish that live in fresh water but spawn in the ocean.
这份长达一百八十页的文件，有三百余条，并有八个附件。它涉及能够想到的每一个与海洋有关的问题，从岛屿的定义，到对在淡水生长而在海洋产卵的鱼类的管辖权，都做了明确的规定。（原文中的主语部分独立成句。）
汉语一般不用一连串的定语，一连串的“的字。适当地在“的”字前增加动词，就显得有些变化，不那么单调。
The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that would relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms.
库拉索岛上的实验取得巨大的成功.引起了佛罗里达州牲畜饲养者的兴趣.他们也想以同样的办法消除螺旋锥蝇这一祸害.(原文主语部分是一名词定语,若译作“库拉索岛上的实验的巨大成功”,就连用了两个“的”字.如在第二个“的”字前面加上“取得”二字，就好一点。现在把这一部分译成一个分句就更好了。）
被动语态的转化：
英语被动语态用得多，汉语被动式用得少，有时不用被动形式也可以表示被动的含义，有时可以用无主语句。
When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
鲸鱼杀死以后，把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有的是在船上进行的，有的是在岸上进行的。（不一定译成“鲸鱼被杀死以后”，不用“被”字仍可表示被动的含义。）
Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in “prospecting” for oil.
在石油“勘探”方面，已经花了大笔的钱，比如在埃及的沙漠里进行的勘探工作就是如此。（原文是被动语态，但未说明谁是施动者。译文用了无主句。）
六. 所谓“调”即为“调整”，是指在翻译过程中，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，对词语或句子成分的位置进行适当调整。
1.英语并排用几个名词、动词或形容词时，其排列顺序可能要考虑到词的长短（长的放在后面，这样节奏较好）或分量的轻重（重的放在后面，这样不显得头重脚轻）。汉语除了考虑常用的顺序以外，还常常考虑词的音调。分量的轻重关系不大，常把分量重的词放在前面。 „setting aside big tracts of land where nobody can fish, shoot, hunt, nor harm a single living creature with furs, fins or feathers.
„„圈出大片土地，不准钓鱼，不准打鸟，不准打猎，凡是长皮的，长毛的或者长鳃的动物，一概不许伤害。（原文fish, shoot, hunt,由轻到重，feathers最长，放在最后。汉语则“长皮的，长毛的”连下来较顺。）
州桥的翻译41个字篇二
《驱动桥5000字外文翻译文献》
6. Install the yoke, flat washer, and nut. Tighten the nut snugly. Tap the end of the input shaft lightly to seat the bearings.
7. Measure the input shaft endplay again with the dial indicator. If endplay is still incorrect, repeat steps 3 through 7.
8. With the endplay correct, seal the shim pack to prevent lube leakage. Then torque the input shaft nut and cover capscrews to the correct value.
24.5 AXLE ADJUSTMENTS
AND CHECKS
This section introduces the differential carrier adjust-ments, checks, and tests that the truck technician must be capable of performing; some have been r
eferred to previously in the text. For the most part, the procedures described here are general in nature. The truck technician should refer to OEM service l
iterature for specific procedures.PINION BEARING PRELOAD
Most differential carriers are provided with a press-fit outer bearing on the drive pinion gear. Some older rear drive axles use an outer bearing, which slips over the drive pinion. The procedures for adjusting both types follow.
Press-Fit Method Adjustment
To adjust the pinion bearing preload using the press-fit method, use the following procedure:
1. Assemble the pinion bearing cage, bearings, spacer, and spacer washer (without drive pin-ion or oil seal). Center the bearing spacer and spacer washer between the two bearing cones (Figure 24–49).
2. When a new gear set or pinion bearings are used, select a nominal size spacer based on OEM specifications. If original parts are used, use a spacer removed during disassembly of the drive.
3. Place the drive pinion and cage assembly in a press, with the gear teeth toward the bottom.4. Apply and hold the press load to the pinion bearing. As pressure is applied, rotate the bearing cage several times so that the bear-ings make normal contact.
5. While pressure is held against the assembly, wind a cord around the bearing cage several times.6. Attach a spring scale to the end of the cord (Figure 24–50). Pull the cord with the scale on
a horizontal line.
FIGURE 24–49 Assembly of the pinion bearing cage.
(Courtesy of Dana Corporation)
Sleeve must applyFIGURE 24–50 Cage in press to check bearing p
reload.
7. As the bearing cage rotates, read the value
indicated on the scale.
8. Preload normally is specified as torque re-quired to rotate the pinion bearing cage, so take a reading only when the cage is rotating. Starting torque will give a false reading.
9. To calculate the preload torque, measure the diameter of the bearing cage where the cord was wound. Divide this dimension in half to get the radius.
U se the following procedure to calculate the
bearing preload torque:Standard.
Pull (lb) 3 radius (inches) 5 preload (lb-in.)or
Preload (lb-in.) 3 0.113 (a conversion constant) 5 preload (N.m)
10.
Metric.
Pull (kg) 3 radius (cm) 5 preload (kg-cm) or
Preload (kg-cm) 3 0.098 (a conversion constant) 5 preload (N.m)
Examples. We can convert the foregoing equa-tions into examples by applying some data to them:
Standard
7.5 lb 3 3.31 in. 5 24.8 lb-in. (preload) or
24.8 lb-in. 3 0.113 5 2.8 N.m (preload)
Metric
3.4 kg 3 8.4 cm 5 28.6 kg-cm (preload) or
28.6 kg-cm 3 0.098 5 2.8 N.m (preload)
11. I f necessary, adjust the pinion bearing preload
by changing the pinion bearing spacer. A thicker spacer will decrease preload, whereas a thinner spacer will increase the preload.
12. O nce the correct bearing preload has been
established, note the spacer size used. Select a spacer 0.001 inch (0.025 mm) larger for use in the final pinion bearing cage assembly pro-cedures. The larger spacer compensates for slight expansion of the bearing, which occurs when pressed on the pinion shank. The trial spacer pack should result in correct pinion bearing preload in three times out of four cases.
Yoke Method of Adjustment
To adjust the pinion bearing preload using the yoke or flange method, proceed as follows:
1. Assemble the complete pinion bearing cage as recommended in the press-fit method.2. A forward axle pinion is equipped with a heli-cal gear. For easier disassembly during bear-ing adjustment procedures, use a dummy yoke (if available) in place of the helical gear.3.
Install the input yoke or flange, nut, and washer on the drive pinion. The yoke or flange
FIGURE 24–51 Using a press to install the yoke or
flange to the drive pinion. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
must be against the outer bearing. If the fit between the yoke or flange splines and drive pinion splines is tight, use a press to install the yoke or flange (Figure 24–51).
4. Temporarily install the drive pinion and cage assembly in the carrier (Figure 24–52). Do not install shims under the bearing cage.
5. Install the bearing cage to the carrier cap-screws. Washers are not required at this time. Hand-tighten the capscrews.
6. Fasten a yoke or flange bar to the yoke or flange (Figure 24–53). The bar will hold the drive pinion in position when the nut is t
ightened.FIGURE 24–52 Install the pinion and cage assembly in the carrier housing. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
FIGURE 24–53 Using a flange bar to hold the drive
pinion in position. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
7. Tighten the nut on the drive pinion to specifi-cation, typically 400 to 700 lb-ft. (542 to 950 N.m).
8. Remove the yoke or flange bar.
9. Attach a torque wrench to the drive pinion nut. Rotate the drive pinion and read the value indicated on the torque wrench. Preload is correct when the torque required to rotate the pinion bearing cage is from 15 to 35 lb-in. (1.7 to 4.0 N.m).
10. To adjust the pinion bearing preload, disas-semble the pinion bearing cage and change the pinion bearing spacer size. A thicker spacer will decrease preload, whereas a thin-ner spacer will increase preload.
Differential Rolling Resistance
A check to measure and establish differential rolling resistance follows. To perform this check, a special tool must be made. You can easily make this tool from an old axle shaft that matches the spline size of the differential side gear. Figure 24–54 illustrates the fab-rication specifications for this special tool.
To check differential resistance to rotation, use the following procedure:
1. Install soft metal covers over the vise jaws to protect the ring gear (Figure 24–55).
2. Place the differential and crown gear assem-bly in the vise.
3. Install the special tool into the differential until the splines of the tool and one side gear are engaged.
4. Attach a torque wrench to the nut of the spe-cial tool and rotate the differential gears. As the differential gears rotate, read the value
FIGURE 24–54 Fabrication details for a tool to check
the rolling resistance. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
FIGURE 24–55 Reading the torque value to check the rolling resistance. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
i
ndicated on the torque wrench (see Figure 24–55). Typical value is 50 lb-ft. (68 N.m) m
aximum applied to one side gear.5. If the torque value exceeds the specification, disassemble the differential gears from the case halves.
6. Check the case halves, spider, gears, and thrust washers for the problem that caused the torque value to exceed specifications. Re-pair or replace defective parts as required. Remove any foreign debris.
Check/Adjust Pinion Cage Shim Pack
This procedure is used to check and adjust the thick-ness of the shim pack used in the pinion bearing cage. Use this procedure if a new drive pinion and crown
FIGURE 24–56 Drive pinion depth controlled by shim
pack thickness. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
gear set is to be installed, or if the depth of the drive pinion has to be adjusted. You are checking the rolling resistance using a torque wrench.
To check/adjust the shim pack thickness (Figure 24–56), do the following:
1. With a micrometer, measure the thickness of the old shim pack removed from under the pinion cage (Figure 24–57). Record the mea-surement for later use.
2. Look at the pinion cone (PC) variation number on the drive pinion being replaced (Figure 24–58). Record this number for later use also.3. If the old pinion cone number is a plus (+), subtract the number from the old shim pack thickness that was recorded in step 1.
4. If the old pinion cone number is a minus (–), add the number to the old shim thickness that was measured in step 1.
5. The value calculated in step 3 or 4 is the t
hickness of the standard shim pack without variation.
6. Look at the PC variation number on the new drive pinion that will be installed. Record the number for later use.
7. If the new pinion cone number is a plus (+), add the number to the standard shim pack
thickness that was calculated in step 3 or 4.
FIGURE 24–57 Measuring the thickness of the old shim pack. Mike each shim individually then add to
calculate total thickness. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
FIGURE 24–58 Location of the pinion cone (PC) v
ariation number. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)8. If the new pinion cone number is a minus (–), sub-tract the number from the standard shim pack
thickness that was calculated in step 3 or 4.
9. The value calculated in step 7 or 8 is the t
hickness of the new shim pack that will be i
nstalled. Figure 24–59 illustrates several e xamples of determining shim pack thickness.10. Install the drive pinion, bearing cage, and new
shim pack into the differential carrier.
EXAMPLES:
Inches
mm1.
Old Shim Pack Thickness.030.76Old PC Number, PC +2
–.002–.05Standard Shim Pack Thickness.028.71New PC Number, PC +5+.005+.13New Shim Pack Thickness.033.842.
Old Shim Pack Thickness.030.76Old PC Number, PC –2
+.002+.05Standard Shim Pack Thickness.032.81New PC Number, PC +5+.005+.13New Shim Pack Thickness.037.943.
Old Shim Pack Thickness.030.76Old PC Number, PC +2
–.002–.05Standard Shim Pack Thickness.028.71New PC Number, PC –5–.005–.13New Shim Pack Thickness.023.584.
Old Shim Pack Thickness.030.76Old PC Number, PC –2
+.002+.05Standard Shim Pack Thickness.032.81New PC Number, PC –5–.005–.13New Shim Pack Thickness
.027
.68
FIGURE 24–59 Determining shim pack thickness.
(Courtesy of ArvinMeritor Inc.)
Adjust Differential Bearing Preload
One of two methods can be used to check and adjust the preload of the differential bearings.
Method One.
1. Attach a dial indicator onto the mounting flange of the carrier and adjust the indicator so that the plunger rides on the back surface of the crown ring gear (Figure 24–60).
2. Loosen the bearing adjusting ring that is op-posite the ring gear so that a small amount of endplay is indicated on the dial indicator. To turn the adjusting rings, use a T-bar wrench that engages two or more opposite notches in the ring (Figure 24–61).
3. Move the differential and crown gear to the left and right using prybars as you read the dial indicator. Use two prybars that fit be-tween the bearing adjusting rings and the ends of the differential case (Figure 24–62). You also can use two prybars between the differential case or crown gear and the carrier at locations other than those just described. In either case, the prybars must not touch the differential bearings.
FIGURE 24–60 Dial indicator attached to carrier-
mounted flange. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
FIGURE 24–61 Turning the adjusting ring using a
T-bar wrench. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
FIGURE 24–62 Using pry bars to adjust play in the crown gear. (Courtesy of Arvin Meritor)
州桥的翻译41个字篇三
《Peppa pig 第一季 41 shopping 字幕+翻译》
Shopping 旁白：Peppa and George are going shopping!
Peppa and George like shopping. George loves sitting in the trolley. So does Peppa.
旁白：佩佩和乔治要去买东西！佩佩和乔治喜欢买东西。乔治喜欢坐在推车里，佩佩也一样
Peppa: Daddy, can I sit in the trolley ,too? 佩佩：我也想坐在推车里。
Daddy: You're too big for the trolley, Peppa. 爸爸：佩佩，你太大了不能坐推车了。
Peppa: oh! 佩佩：哦..
Daddy：But you can help with the shopping. 爸爸：不过你可以帮忙找东西 Peppa:oh!goody! 佩佩：好棒哦
Mother:We're got four things on the list. 妈妈：我们的购物单上有四样东西 .
Daddy：Tomatoes, spaghetti, onions and fruit. 爸爸：番茄、意大利面、洋葱和水果
Peppa:I'll find it all! This way! 佩佩：我都找得到，走这边。
旁白：Peppa and George love shopping. 旁白：佩佩和乔治最喜欢来买东西了。 Mother: Peppa first,we need tomatoes. 妈妈：佩佩第一样东西是番茄 Peppa: Hmmm! I can see them! I can see them! Here are the tomatoes, Mummy.
佩佩：哦...我看到了，我看到番茄了。番茄在这里妈咪。
Mummy:Well done,Pepaa! 妈妈：你好厉害啊。
Peppa: One, two, three,four. 佩佩：1 2 3 4
Mummy: Now,put them in the trolley. 妈妈：好！把它们放进推车。
Peppa: I found the tomatoes! 佩佩：我找到番茄喽。
Daddy：Well done, Peppa .Tomatoes,
that's one thing off the list. What's next on the list?
爸爸：很好佩佩，番茄有了，购物单上可以划掉了，下一样是什么呢？ Peppa: Spaghetti! 佩佩：意大利面 George:Pi-getty! 乔治：意利面
Daddy：That's right ,George ,but it's called spa-ghe-tti. 爸爸：没错乔治，不过它叫做意大利面。
George:Pi-getty! 乔治：意利面
旁白：Spaghetti is Peppa and George's favorite food. 旁白：意大利面是佩佩和乔治最喜欢的食物。
Daddy：I wonder where the Spaghetti is ? 爸爸：不知道意大利面在哪里？ Peppa:I can see it! This way! Spaghetti! Look,Mummy!
Here's the Spaghetti.
佩佩：我看到了，往这边走，意大利面，你看，妈咪。意大利面在这里。 Mummy:Well done, Peppa. Let's put this Spaghetti in the trolley. 妈妈：很好佩佩，把它放到推车里面。
Peppa:Yes,Mummy! 佩佩：好的妈咪。 George:Pi-getty! 乔治：意利面 Peppa: George,it's called spa-ghe-tti. 佩佩：乔治是意 大 利 面才对。 George:Pi-getty! 乔治：意利面
Daddy：What's next on the list,Peppa? 爸爸：佩佩下一样是什么呢？ Peppa:Crisps! 佩佩：洋芋片
Daddy: Crisps are not on the list. 爸爸：我们单子上没有洋芋片。
Mummy:We have plenty of crisps at home, Peppa. 妈妈：家里还有很多洋芋片呢，佩佩。
Daddy:Have another guess.爸爸：再猜猜看。
Peppa: Hmmm. I just can't remember . 佩佩：嗯...我已经不记得了。 Mummy:Can't you remember, George? 妈妈：你记得吗？
乔治 George:Dine-saw! 乔治：恐龙！
Mummy:Dine-saw? 妈妈：恐龙？
Peppa:George,there are can't any dinosaurs in the supermarket! 佩佩：乔治，超级市场里面没有恐龙啦。
Daddy:No,George.The next thing on the List is onions.
爸爸：不对乔治，下一样单子上面是洋葱。
Peppa:onions? I remember now!Here they are! 佩佩：洋葱！我记起来了，洋葱在这里。
Mummy:Well done. 妈妈：很好
Peppa:One, two, three,four!Onions. 佩佩：1 2 3 4 洋葱
Daddy: Very good.That’s nearly everything on our list.爸爸：很好，单子上的东西差不多都有了。
Mummy:there's one last thing on the list. 妈妈：还有最后一样东西。 George:A plant! 乔治：酷酷....呵呵......
旁白:A plant? Is that on the list? 盆栽？单子上有这样东西吗？
Daddy: Oh,on,George.The last thing on the list is fruit. 呵呵..不对乔治，单子上最后一样东西是水果。
George:Oh! 乔治：哦...
Mummy:Never mind,George.You can choose the fruit. 妈妈：没关系乔治，你可以挑水果。
George:Oh!
Mummy:Where is the fruit? 妈妈：水果在哪里呢？
Peppa:Over there . 佩佩。在那里，呵呵
旁白：There are apples and oranges and bananas and a very big melon. 旁白：有苹果，橘子，香蕉，还一个大西瓜。
Mummy:What fruit shall we have,George? Apples? 妈妈：乔治，我们要买什么水果？苹果？
Daddy: Oranges? 爸爸：橘子？
Peppa: Bananas?A melon. 佩佩：还是香蕉？西瓜！
旁白:This is the checkout where all the food is paid for. 旁白：这里是结账付钱的柜台
收银员：Tomatoes，Spaghetti，onions，melon，chocolate cake.... 收银员：番茄，意大利面，洋葱，西瓜，巧克力蛋糕。
Peppa:Chocolate cake? Mum妈妈，佩佩，乔治一块说：巧克力蛋糕？ 旁白：Chocolate cake? Is that on the list? 旁白：巧克力蛋糕？单子上没有啊。
Mummy:Peppa? Did you put the chocolate cake in the trolley?
妈妈：佩佩，是你把巧克力蛋糕放进推车里的吗？
Peppa:No,Mummy. 佩佩：不是，妈咪
Mummy:George?Did you put the chocolate cake in the trolley? 妈妈：乔治，是你把巧克力蛋糕放进推车里的吗？
George:No! 乔治：不是
Mummy:Well, I didn't put it in . 妈咪：也不是我啊。
Peppa:Then who did? 佩佩：那是谁呢？
Daddy:Er.... I thought it might be nice for pudding. 爸爸：嗯....我觉得把它
当甜点不错。
Mummy:Daddy Pig! 妈妈：爸爸猪...
Peppa: Naughty Daddy! 佩佩：呵呵..顽皮的爸爸。
Daddy:Sorry! It just looked so delicious. 爸爸：可是他看起来好好吃的样子。
Mummy: It does look rather yummy.Oh,Let's pretend it was on the list. 妈妈：看起来的确很美味，我们假装单子上有这样东西吧。
George:Chocolate cake! 乔治：巧克力蛋糕
Daddy:Hurray! 爸爸：万岁
州桥的翻译41个字篇四
《桥梁专业外文翻译--欧洲桥梁研究》
中文1850字
附 录
Bridge research in Europe
A brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar. Introduction
The challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purely economic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency.
Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to consortia of academics and industrial
partners within a number of the states— a Brite Euram bid would normally be led by an industrialist.
In terms of dissemination of knowledge, two quite different strands appear to have emerged. The UK and the USA have concentrated primarily upon disseminating basic research in refereed journal publications: ASCE, ICE and other journals. Whereas the continental Europeans have frequently disseminated basic research at conferences where the circulation of the proceedings is restricted.
Additionally, language barriers have proved to be very difficult to break down. In countries where English is a strong second language there has been enthusiastic participation in international conferences based within continental Europe —e.g. Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Switzerland. However, countries where English is not a strong second language have been hesitant participants }—e.g. France.
Post-tensioned concrete rail bridge analysis
Ove Arup and Partners carried out an inspection and assessment of the superstructure of a 160 m long post-tensioned, segmental railway bridge in Manchester to determine its load-carrying capacity prior to a transfer of ownership, for use in the Metrolink light rail system..
Particular attention was paid to the integrity of its post-tensioned steel elements. Physical inspection, non-destructive radar testing and other exploratory methods were used to investigate for possible weaknesses in the bridge.
Since the sudden collapse of Ynys-y-Gwas Bridge in Wales, UK in 1985, there has been concern about the long-term integrity of segmental, post-tensioned concrete bridges which may be prone to ‘brittle’ failure without warning. The corrosion protection of the post-tensioned steel cables, where they pass through joints between the segments, has been identified as a major factor affecting the long-term durability and consequent strength of this type of bridge. The identification of voids in grouted tendon ducts at vulnerable positions is recognized as an important step in the detection of such corrosion.
Description of bridge
General arrangement
Besses o’ th’ Barn Bridge is a 160 m long, three span, segmental, post-tensioned concrete railway bridge built in 1969. The main span of 90 m crosses over both the M62 motorway and A665 Bury to Prestwick Road. Minimum headroom is 5.18 m from the A665 and the M62 is cleared by approx 12.5 m.
The superstructure consists of a central hollow trapezoidal concrete box section
6.7 m high and 4 m wide. The majority of the south and central spans are constructed using 1.27 m long pre-cast concrete trapezoidal box units, post-tensioned together. This box section supports the in site concrete transverse cantilever slabs at bottom flange level, which carry the rail tracks and ballast.
The center and south span sections are of post-tensioned construction. These post-tensioned sections have five types of pre-stressing:
1. Longitudinal tendons in grouted ducts within the top and bottom flanges.
2. Longitudinal internal draped tendons located alongside the webs. These are deflected at internal diaphragm positions and are encased in in site concrete.
3. Longitudinal macalloy bars in the transverse cantilever slabs in the central span .
4. Vertical macalloy bars in the 229 mm wide webs to enhance shear capacity.
5. Transverse macalloy bars through the bottom flange to support the transverse cantilever slabs.
Segmental construction
The pre-cast segmental system of construction used for the south and center span sections was an alternative method proposed by the contractor. Current thinking suggests that such a form of construction can lead to ‘brittle’ failure of the entire structure without warning due to corrosion of tendons across a construction joint，The original design concept had been for in site concrete construction.
Inspection and assessment
Inspection
Inspection work was undertaken in a number of phases and was linked with the testing required for the structure. The initial inspections recorded a number of visible problems including:
1、
2、 Defective waterproofing on the exposed surface of the top flange. Water trapped in the internal space of the hollow box with depths up to 300 mm.
3、
4、
5、
sections.
6、 Various drainage problems at joints and abutments. Longitudinal cracking of the exposed soffit of the central span. Longitudinal cracking on sides of the top flange of the pre-stressed Widespread sapling on some in site concrete surfaces with exposed rusting reinforcement.
Assessment
The subject of an earlier paper, the objectives of the assessment were:
1、
2、
3、 Estimate the present load-carrying capacity. Identify any structural deficiencies in the original design. Determine reasons for existing problems identified by the inspection. Conclusion to the inspection and assessment
Following the inspection and the analytical assessment one major element of doubt still existed. This concerned the condition of the embedded pre-stressing wires, strands, cables or bars. For the purpose of structural analysis these elements、had been assumed to be sound. However, due to the very high forces involved,、a risk to the structure, caused by corrosion to these primary elements, was identified.
The initial recommendations which completed the first phase of the assessment were:
1. Carry out detailed material testing to determine the condition of hidden structural elements, in particular
the grouted post-tensioned steel cables.
2. Conduct concrete durability tests.
3. Undertake repairs to defective waterproofing and surface defects in concrete.
欧洲桥梁研究
在欧洲，一个共同研究的平台随着欧盟的发展诞生了。为了举例说明欧洲的研究方法已经被这种方式所替代，一个典型的案例就是有关英国后张法桥梁被讨论的事，爱丁堡大学给出了这个关于用数字化脉冲雷达鉴定后张法混凝土桥梁孔隙的资源互补的案例。
引言
利用各研究团体的研究成果去验证大量相关论据是所有研究领域所面临的挑战，这是为了能使研究和实践更好地结合，具有针对性。此外，在欧洲，不容忽视的语言壁垒也是一个巨大的障碍,为了避免再次爆发类似于从1939年至1945的第二次世界大战似的的欧洲内战，欧洲国家有了一个共同的政治目的，成立于20世纪60年代的欧共体便是基于这一目的。它的成立带有很强的政治动机，但英国并非这一组织的成员，因为很多的欧洲国家视英国的利益为单纯的经济利益，直到70年代，英国才加入由欧共体转化而来的欧洲经济共同体。到90年代，欧洲经济共同体扩展为欧洲国家联盟，而此时的欧盟既有共同的政治目标又有建立欧洲共同的货币体系的经济目标。
随着经济和政治的发展，土木工程，尤其是桥梁工程至今没能形成某种统一阵线。这缘于英国和其他的欧洲国家迥异的大学教育培养体制，欧洲基金计划如苏格拉底计划、大不列颠（英国）欧洲计划等等。对改变这种局面发挥了独特的作用，苏格拉底计划是以各成员国内互派学生学习为基础，而英国欧洲计划主要是给予一些国家的学术机构和工业伙伴以科研援助；它通常是由一个工业国家牵头。
关于知识的传播，目前似乎已出现了2种非常不同的方式、英美主要集中于在相关期刊出版物上发表首要的研究成果，例如ASCE、LCE及其它期刊，而欧洲内陆国家主要集中于在专门会议上展示其重要的研究成果，后者存在着局限性，新的研究成果的发布受到了限制。
另外，语言也是难以逾越的障碍，那些以英语作为强势外语的欧洲内陆国家积极参与各种国际会议，如德国、意大利、比利时、以及荷兰和瑞士。然而，那些不以英语为强势外语的欧洲国家对国际会议的参与并不积极，比如法国。 后张法混凝土铁路桥研究
州桥的翻译41个字篇五
《古文翻译的六字诀》
录、释、理、添、删、缩
录：凡是人名、地名、朝代、年号、官名、书名等专有名词，都可照原文抄录。此外，古今词义一致，人们熟知的词，如“山”、“火”、“车”、“问”、“逃”等，也无需翻译。
释：这是用得最多的一种手段；运用现代汉语的双音节词语来解释古文中的单音节词语。对通假字、一词多义、词类的活用，用法多样的一些虚词等要特别注意，一定要联系上下文，选准它的确切解释。
理：调整、理顺译文的词序。大多数文言词句的词语排列次序和现代汉语是一致，但也有一些文言句式，如“孔子曰„苛政猛于虎也‟”（《捕蛇者说》），原次序译作“苛酷的统治凶狠比老虎”，这不符合现代语习惯，应把“比老虎”调整到“凶狠”之前。
添：在原文有省略的地方，增添必要的内容，使译文通顺、明确。如“忽然抚尺一下，群响毕绝”（《口技》），其中“抚尺”和“一下”之间缺一个动词“响”，翻译应加上。又如“尝贻余核舟一，……”（《核舟记》），译文时，句前应加主语“王叔远”，“一”字之后应加量词“枚”。
删：有些词语仅有语法作用而无法译出的，可删去不译。如“夫大国，难测也”（《曹刿论战》）中的“夫”，“何陋之有”（《陋室铭》）中的“之”，“学而时习之”（《论语》六则）中的“而”都属于这一类。
缩：文言文有些句子，为了增强气势，故意用了繁笔，翻译时可将其意思凝缩。如：（秦）有席卷天下,包举宇内,囊括四海之意，并吞八荒之心。（现代汉语中很难找到四种不同说法来译“席卷天下”“包举宇内”“囊括四海”四个短句，在翻译时可凝缩为“秦有并吞天下、统一四海的雄心”）
州桥的翻译41个字篇六
《谁说爱只一个字？!(翻译小诗18)13年1月31日》
谁说爱就一个字?! Who Says Love Is Only One Word?! 爱不只是简单一个字， Love is more than a word, 它还包含许多的意思。 It says so much.
当我看到这四个字母(l-o-v-e)， When I see these four letters, 几乎触摸到你的心底。 I almost feel your touch. 这一切只发生在此时， This only happened since 当我坠入你的情网里。 I fell in love with you. 为什么爱有如此魔力， Why this word does this, 我确实很难说清道理。
I haven't got a clue.
Translated into Chinese by cissycissymary on Jan.30, 2013 由茜茜茜茜玛丽于2013年1月30日译成中文（标题自加）
州桥的翻译41个字篇七
《本地化翻译的语言文字表达规范》
本地化翻译的语言文字表达规范
一、本地化译文的基本准则
凝练平实，言简意赅； 信息全面，含义准确； 语气流畅，逻辑通顺；
使用书面用语，符合汉语语法习惯； 杜绝错字、别字、多字、少字、标点符号
误用和英文拼写错误；
译文的用词及语气须避免有对性别、年龄、种族、职业、宗教信仰、政治信仰、政党、国籍、地域、贫富以及身体机能障
碍者的歧视。 作者：不详
原始出处：本地化世界网
搜索更多相关主题的帖子: 语言 文字 本地化
翻译 规范
TOP
软件测试从业人员3G普及现状有奖
调查
2# 大 中 小 发表于 2007-11-30
14:05 只看该作者
本地化的项目绝大多数属于科技英语的本地化项目，在科技英语项目的本地化翻译时要掌握以下语言规律和特
点：
青铜元老
个人空间
从文体上看，大多是论述性、指南性的，多用陈述句、祈使句，平铺直叙，
少有感情色彩。
发短消息 加为好友 当前离线
句子结构简练严谨，常采用省略手法，
用短语来代替从句。
词汇力求短小精悍，常用复合词，技
青铜元老
个人空间 发短消息 加为好友
术性越强，复合词越多。 在表现手法上力求客观性，避免主观性和个人色彩，被动语态使用较多，以使句子紧凑，主语信息丰富，避免
重复。
文章结构层次分明，连接词的使用十
分频繁和重要。 用词比较正规。
注意：
手册的的语言风格与联机帮助或界面相比要略显活泼一些，经常会出现一些疑问句、反问句、感叹句、俚语等； 在翻译时要将这些地方译得文雅而不口语化，既要传达出原文要表达的感情，而表达方式又符合汉语的习惯。
TOP
每周一问：如何构建大量的测试数
据？
3# 大 中 小 发表于 2007-11-30 14:05 只看该作者
名称和地址的翻译规则：
人名、地址、公司及客户名称
o 原文中虚拟的人名、地址、公司名称及客户名
称若译成中文，应避免与名人或真实的公司名
称有雷同的情况，亦不得谐音。
o 地址名在需要的情况下也请使用中文。如有疑
问，请IQA或该产品组查询确认。
产品名称
o 原则上正式上市的中文版Microsoft产品，其
产品名称均维持原文格式，不加以翻译。
o 在较重要或明显之处（如手册的封面、内容第
当前离线
一次提到产品名称时，或安装说明中有关操作系统的说明），应使用产品全称，即应在中文产品名之后加上“中文版”或“中文专业版”字样，如“Microsoft Office 97中文专业版”、
“Microsoft Windows 95中文版”。
世界地名
o 地理名词的处理往往涉及到国家的政策，一定
要慎重对待。应该以微软提供的国家和地区翻
译标准文件（Cntry&Area.xls）为准。
o 对于文件中未包含的条目，中国地名请以中国
地图出版社的《中华人民共和国行政区划分简册》为准；外国地名请以中国地图出版社的《世
界地图集》为准。
o 注意：
如果遇到“中华民国”、“TaiWan”、
或“Republic of China”等字样，须
立即通知项目经理；
对于单词“国家”，如果是“国家”之
意，则无论出现在何处，均需译
为“国家/地区。
Taiwan, Chinese，应译为“中国台湾
地区”。
产品中的这类政治敏感性词汇，有
可能给客户带来法律纠纷，因此，这一点非常重要，不能有任
何差错。
商标
o 所有在商标列表中包括的条目，均应保留英
文，不加翻译。
斜体的处理
o 除特别标明外，英文原文中的斜体字(Italics)
在翻译成中文后改用宋体。
o 如果原文的斜体是用以表示书籍、手册、期刊
杂志及报纸的名称，大型音乐作品的曲名，戏剧及电影的剧名，广播电视节目名称，或诗歌的标题，则应依有关规定以书名号（双角括号
《 》）代替。 作者：不详
原始出处：本地化世界网
TOP
软件测试从业人员3G普及现状有奖调查
4# 大 中 小 发表于 2007-11-30 14:05 只看该作者
简体中文本地化翻译的语句翻译技巧
顺译法：
o 多用于简单句和直接描述操作的句子。
选义译法：
o 单词有多种含义时，要根据上下文选择最恰当
的词义。 转译法：
o 在弄清原意的基础上，根据上下文的逻辑关系
和汉语的搭配习惯，对词义加以引伸。
o 引伸和转译后的词义虽然和词典译义不尽一
青铜元老
个人空间 发短消息 加为好友 当前离线
致，但更能准确地表达原文的思想内容。
增译法：
o 把英语中省略掉的一些词或成分恢复，有时还
甚至要有意增加一些词语，以使译文明白晓
畅。
o 在英文手册中，有些关于操作的叙述在结果和
实现过程之间没有过渡，翻译时，应加上“方
法是：”。
省译法：
o 为使译文简洁明了，常需省译一些词语。比如
将带you/your的从句译成不带“您”的短语，使
整个复合句变为简单句。
简译法：
o 使用时，应该记录该语句，在提交文件时，一
起提交；
o 英汉两种语言都有大量的习语、成语，特别是
汉语中的成语具有非常强的表现力，言简意赅。简译法主要就是运用成语来使译文收到生
动、简洁、明快的效果。
改译法：
o 主要包括将被动句改为主动句、双重否定句译
为肯定句、转换句子成分和词性等。
o 说明：
手册中有大量的短标题，常常是疑
问句或陈述句，但又和后面的正文叙述关系密切，这时如果直译，则二者间的关系反映得不明显，因此，应改译为条件从句。
分译法：
o 地道的汉语通常使用短句，而英语中却不乏长
句。在这种场合，就要将原文中的一个句子分解为若干个短句，这样才符合汉语的表达习惯。否则会使读者在读完全句之后不得要领。
TOP
软件测试从业人员3G普及现状有奖调查
5# 大 中 小 发表于 2007-11-30 14:06 只看该作者
本地化翻译的一般规则
译、校要求
o 翻译或校对时，要在正确理解原文的基础上，
结合软件功能和操作的实际情况进行。
青铜元老
个人空间 发短消息 加为好友 当前离线
o 对于原文中的技术或语言错误，在译文中要更
正过来；
o 对于原文中叙述不清的地方，如果不是很复
杂，应在译文中加入进一步的解释，以利于用
户理解。 精确
o 避免含意模棱两可。例如：“一次发送文件给
一个人”这句话就可以有“一次只给一个人发