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山中兰叶径翻译第一篇
《叶江飞的外文翻译 0121》
外文翻译之一
Convention industry and destination clusters:
Evidence from Italy
Author: Cristina Bernini
Nationality: Italy
Adapt from: Tourism management,2009,30(6)
Abstract: The study investigates aspects of the convention industry not well explored in the literature. Using a framework of cluster theory, a quantitative method is used to assess the Italian convention industry and its relationships with local infrastructure and tourism product supply. The development of the different phases of the life cycle of convention destinations in Italy is outlined and locational factors which influence them are investigated. Managerial and political strategies which would enhance the competitiveness of the Italian convention industry in the global market are proposed. Furthermore, the study evaluates the use of the cluster theory in investigating the hospitality industry, contributing to the debate on local tourism development.
Keywords: Convention Industry, Cluster Theory, Local Development, Clustern Analysis, Quantile Regression.
Interest in geographical networks and their role in economic development has grown over the last few years because economies tend to develop through the emergence of territorial agglomeration and company networks (Enright, 2001). An emerging industry centres on some natural resource, market need or local skill. As the industry develops, new firms, inputs and service enterprises are created. New economic sectors emerge through spill-overs and transferred knowledge and global competitiveness increases. Territorial development and competitiveness are also very important for the tourism industry. Tourism is mainly constituted by SMEs, so functioning within a network may contribute to overcoming production, managerial and commercial
difficulties. In order to increase competition and strategic positioning in the worldwide market, tourism destinations should encourage the emergence of tourism networks and the analysis of their structure. Over the past decade, several attempts have been made using the industrial district and cluster theories to investigate tourism networks and their role in local development.
Industrial districts (Marshall,1966) are agglomerations of SMEs specialising in different parts of a given production activity. Although industrial district theory analyses conditions for the development of a local vertically-integrated network of firms operating in manufacturing markets, some authors have tried to adapt industrial district theory to the tourism industry (Gets, 1993; Hjalager, 2000; Pearce, 2001; Lazzeretti, 2003). Despite the use of industrial district theory to investigate tourism networks, some doubts are cast on its applicability. Tourism is a sector with a fragmented structure typically based on SMEs but it is particularly characterised by the presence of a large number of participants in the network who are not necessarily involved in the same economic sectors. For this reason Cluster theory is possibly a better analytic model for the investigation of the tourism industry. Cluster theory has its origins in the studies of Porter (1998), who defines cluster as geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialised suppliers, service providers and firms in related industries and associated institutions in particular fields that compete but also cooperate. Although Porter’s work is manly focused on the manufacturing industry, it has also been extended and applied to service industries, such as tourism.
Some differences emerge between the two theories. Industrial districts are usually local clusters of single-product industries. In contrast, cluster theory refers to concentrations of interrelated but different industries displaying a shared understanding of the competitive business ethic emanating from competitive theory (Jackson & Murphy, 2002). The theory of industrial districts generally refers to an homogeneous product but this is not the case when dealing with tourism destinations. Porter’s cluster theory is better designed to accommodate a heterogeneous product in which the majority of cluster
participants serve different industry segments. These points of difference make the analytical framework of industrial districts less applicable to tourism destinations than the cluster approach. In the last ten years several studies have used cluster theory to investigate the role of tourism in influencing local growth. In this field of research the attention is mainly focused on the generalisation of the industrial model as an analytical framework for measuring the success of tourism destinations and on the role of tourism enterprise clusters for their innovation and contribution to community development (Go & Williams, 1993; Michael, 2003; Van Den Berg, Braum, & Van Widen, 2001; Tinsley & Lynch, 2001; Jackson & Murphy, 2002, 2006; Nordin, 2003; Hall, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; Canina, Enz, & Harrison, 2005; Saxena, 2005; Jackson, 2006; Novelli, Smithz, & Spencer, 2006).
Otherwise, as stressed by Michael (2003), the cluster theory is valid in macro-regional analysis but presents some drawbacks when applied to small regional environments. The author suggests expanding the concept of cluster to micro-cluster, the so-called diagonal cluster (diagonal integration in Poon, 1994),‘‘labelled in this way to refer to the concentration of complementary (or symbiotic) firms, which each add value to the activities of other firms, even though their products may be quite distinct. In this sense, diagonal clustering brings together firms that supply separate products and services, effectively creating a bundle that will be consumed as though it was one item. For tourism and other service industries, this is often routine-for example, a tourism destination requires firms to supply the activity, provide transport, hospitality, accommodation, etc. The co-location of many complementary providers adds value to the tourism experience, and the converse may also be true, in that the absence of key services restricts the development of other firms’’ (Michael, 2003).
In essence, a firm producing a complementary product or service is not a competitor, because its activities add more value to the product than the product alone. Thus, cooperation creates alliances and networks, makes better use of skills and resources and encourages innovative business
activities which improve local development.
The diagonal cluster theoretical framework can also be useful as an interpretive model for the local development of convention destinations. It is a particularly interesting model to apply in the case of Italy because it supports the main guidelines defined by national tourism legislation. The national legislation reform on tourism defines the Tourism Local System (TLS) as ‘‘homogeneous or integrated destinations, also concerning areas which belong to different regions, characterised by an integrated supply of cultural and environmental goods and tourism entertainments, including typical agricultural products and local arts and crafts, or by a wide presence of single or cooperating tourism enterprises’’ (Law nr. 135,2001). As the TLS definition reflects cluster theoretical paradigm in the cooperation, integration and homogeneity principles of the Italian tourism industry, this might be useful in exploring some interesting questions. Do groups of destinations exist with homogeneous tourism characteristics? In TLSs, do local sub-systems specialised in different hosting segments, such as the convention segment (CLS), co-exist? Are these sub-systems integrated with each other? What are the main local features supporting a convention and tourism network? Which destination factors encourage future CLS growth and support emerging clusters? What exists or should exist in a destination in order for convention networks to develop?
In answer to these questions, we can use the theoretical model proposed by Porter (1998).In his diamond model of competition, the Author essentially focuses on four components of competitive advantage: (1) demand conditions in terms of the quality, level and nature of tourist interest; (2) local factor conditions, such as a region’s natural resources and location; (3) tourism-related and supporting industries, including accommodation, food and beverage outlets, tourist attractions, the transport sector and various government agencies; (4) government policy supporting communities with information and infrastructure, facilitating inputs such as an educated workforce, maintaining an appropriate framework for regulation of standards
and ensuring macro-economic and political stability. Such a conceptual model could be usefully applied to tourism and convention destinations. The principles of the diamond model can be combined with cluster theory to provide a more comprehensive and balanced approach to regional economic development and the role of tourism within it.
However, the conceptualisation of the sectors involved in tourism networks and the nature of their interrelationships in a cluster is not easily standardized. The complexity of the cluster concept suggests that no single definition or methodology is universally correct but varies depending on the economic sector analyzed and on its strategic practices and policies. Considering the main aims of the paper, we have decided to focus on some of the key aspects of tourism and convention destinations: hospitality, accommodation, convention services, educational institutions, transport, population and local resources (Fig. 1). Our original conceptual model is the basis for designing an empirical methodology.
Fig 1. The proposed conceptual model of locational competitive advantage in
convention clusters
山中兰叶径翻译第二篇
《叶子南第十三章翻译理论》
山中兰叶径翻译第三篇
《叶子英语作文翻译》
Do you feel lot of stress in your life? Go to school, go to university, get a job, buy a house, have a family and then raise the kids. It seems that we have a busy life and unending duties. Travel can help us relieve from stress, we can have the chance to see the world, broaden our horizon and find out who we really are.
When talk about travel, some may find the excuse that it’s too expensive, and then will do it later, finally, the travel plan becomes a piece of paper. What if instead of looking ahead to buying a house and starting the Chinese dream, just take out small portion of the money and pack the suitcase, hit the road, then begins our journey, it is so simple and quick.
A trip abroad could also make you appreciate home even more. When we stay with our family for a long time, it is naturally for us to have fight, then we will begin to hate our family, if we just take a trip and leave home for some time, our mood will be different. We will miss our family and then home sweet home, the family connection will be stronger. Travel is a good way to relieve our stress, so let’s have a trip and give up the excuse.
翻译此篇作文:
Beautiful landscapes, exotic cultures and a relaxing time all contribute to the perfect
journey. Journey can bring us much happiness, people all think about how wonderful their journey will be, but the preparation is also a fun part of one’s trip.
Liu is a college student, he went to travel to Tibet last week, “thinking about my experiences of travel, it’s the preparation beforehand that helps me a lot, I keep an
enduring memory.” Liu says. We know preparation before the journey is very important, it ensures people safety, at the same time, people can have fun. What should people prepare for?
People should sketch a detailed route taking into account first. They need to check out their route very clearly, so they won’t lose their way. The second is to book the hotel earlier, make sure there is available room for you when you go to the place, if people don’t do it, sometimes there will be no room left. The third is to check out the weather during your journey, to make sure it fits your journey.
Preparation before journey is of importance, it decides how much fun you will share, so don’t ignore it.
山中兰叶径翻译第四篇
《兰亭集序旳原文及翻译》
《兰亭集序》逐句翻译讲解 ... 第一段: 原文:永和九年,岁在癸丑,暮春之初,会于会稽山阴之兰亭,修禊事也。 翻译:永和九年,也就是癸丑年,(在)三月上旬(的某一天),在会稽郡山阴县的兰亭聚会,举行祓禊活动。 讲解:“永和九年”是用年号纪年法纪年,即:使用帝王确立的年号加上序数词纪年;“癸丑”是用干支纪年法纪年,即使用十天干(甲乙丙丁戊己庚辛壬癸)和十二地支(子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥)进行依次组合(甲子-乙丑-丙寅-等)来纪年;这一年为东晋穆帝确立“永和”这一年号的第九年,也是“癸丑”年。两种纪年方法一般单用,这里叠用有清晰纪年的作用,但更重要的要算是音韵上的作用。“暮春”是用孟仲暮纪月法纪月,即:三月。“会于会稽山阴之兰亭”状语后置。“禊”为古代春秋两季在水边举行的清除不祥的祭祀。《兰亭集序》还有个别称叫“禊帖”。 鉴赏:一语道尽时地事也。 原文:群贤毕至,少长咸集。 翻译:有贤德的人都来(到这里),年轻的、年长的都(在这里)会集。 讲解:“贤”“少”“长”为形容词活用为名词,意为“有贤德的人”“年轻的人”“年长的人”;“至”“集”后都省略了介宾短语“于此”,作状语。 鉴赏:八字写尽来人,更写尽修禊之盛事。 原文:此地有崇山峻岭,茂林修竹;又有清流激湍,映带左右。 翻译:这里有高大险峻的山岭,茂盛高密的树林和竹丛;又有清澈激荡的水流,(在亭的)左右辉映环绕。 讲解:“崇山峻岭”“茂林修竹”“清流激湍”三个短语都使用了互文的修辞,翻译时都需要调整。“映”为动词“辉映”,“带”为致词“环绕”,其后省略了介词“于”。 鉴赏:二十字写尽幽美环境。 原文:引以为流觞曲水,列坐其次,虽无丝竹管弦之盛,一觞一咏,亦足以畅叙幽情。 翻译:(把水)引来作为飘传酒杯的环形渠水,(人们)在它旁边排列而坐,虽然没有管弦齐奏的盛况,(可是)饮一杯酒,赋一首诗,也足够用来痛快地表达幽雅的情怀。 讲解:“引”后省略了宾语“之”,代“清流激湍”;“以”为承接关系的连词,不译;“列坐”后省略了介词“于”;“一觞”“一咏”为动词性短语“饮一杯酒”“咏一首诗”;“以”为介词“用来”。 鉴赏:三十字写尽饮酒赋诗之盛况。 原文:是日也,天朗气清,惠风和畅。 翻译:这一天,天气晴朗,空气清新,微风和暖。 鉴赏:一张一弛,此为弛。 原文:仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛,所以游目骋怀,足以极视听之娱,信可乐也。
翻译:抬头观望辽廓的宇宙,低头品察繁盛的事物,所用来放眼四望、舒展胸怀的(景观),(都)足够用来让人尽情享受视听的欢乐,实在快乐啊! 讲解:“之”为定语后置的标志;“品类”为名词“世间万物”;“所以”为固定结构“所用来……的景观”,“极”为动词“尽情享受”。 鉴赏:此为“游”,有景物、有游踪。 第二段: 原文:夫人之相与,俯仰一世。 翻译:人们彼此相处,俯仰之间(就是)一生。 讲解:“夫”为助词,不译。“之”主谓之间的结构助词,不译。“俯仰”用两个动作表示时间短暂。 鉴赏:所有的生命感悟实自一“夫”字始。 原文:或取诸怀抱,晤言一室之内;或因寄所托,放浪形骸之外。 翻译:有的人从自己的情趣思想中取出一些东西,在室内(跟朋友)面对面地交谈;有的人通过寄情于自己精神情怀所寄托的事物,在形体之外,不受任何约束地放纵地生活。 讲解:“诸”为合声词“之于”,“之”代所言内容,“于”与其宾语“怀抱”组成的介宾短语作状语;“晤言”“放浪”后省略了介词“于”,“于”与其宾语组成的宾语介宾短语作状语;“因”为介词“通过”,与其后面“寄所托”一起形成介宾短语作了状语。 鉴赏:读此句有“物喜”“己悲”之感。魏时的弥衡,西晋时的刘伶等人为典型代表。此实为政治黑暗,残害屡起时,文人生活的畸变。 原文:虽趋舍万殊,静躁不同,当其欣于所遇,暂得于己,快然自足,不知老之将至;及其所之既倦,情随事迁,感慨系之矣。 翻译:虽然(人们的人生)取舍千差万别,好静好动,也不相同,但是,当他们对所接触的事物感到高兴时,暂时得意,快乐自足,竟不知道衰老即将到来;待到他对于自己所到达的地方感到厌倦,心情随着当前的境况而变化,感慨就会随之而来。 讲解:“取”有两解,一为“趣”,一为“取”,这里取“取”意。“欣于所遇”为典型的介宾短语作状语的倒倒装句,“所遇”为名词性的所字短语。 鉴赏:此境而有此感,古今同也。 原文:向之所欣,俯仰之间,已为陈迹,犹不能不以之兴怀;况修短随化,终期于尽。 翻译:以前感到欢快的事俯仰之间已经变为陈迹,仍然不能不因此产生感慨,何况人寿的长短随着造化而定,最后终将以生命的结束为最终结局。 讲解:“之”定语和中心语之间的结构助词“的”,在句中译为状语,实因古今汉语习惯不同;“之”为代词,代“向之所欣,俯仰之间,已为陈迹”的情况;“修”为形容词“长”;“期”为“以……为最终结局”;“尽
”为“生命的结束”。 鉴赏:生命之痛感由此而出也! 原文:古人云:“死生亦大矣。” 翻译:古人说:“死和生也是件大事啊!” 鉴赏:千古同此一叹! 原文:岂不痛哉! 翻译:怎能不悲痛呢? 鉴赏:此痛感为文学史上最初的痛感!西晋时阮籍的穷途而哭为其先声! 第三段: 原文:每览昔人兴感之由,若合一契,未尝不临文嗟悼,不能喻之于怀。 翻译:每当我看到前人发生感慨的原由,(跟我所感慨的)如同符契那样相合,没有不面对着(他们的)文章而嗟叹感伤的,在心里(又)不能清楚地说明。 讲解:“合契”:古代的契分为两半,各执其一,相合为信。“喻”为动词“说明”;“于怀”介宾短语作为后置了的状语。 鉴赏:此为阅读之真境界! 原文:固知一死生为虚诞,齐彭殇为妄作。 翻译:(我)本来就知道,把生和死同等看待是荒诞的,把长寿和短命同等看待是妄造的。 讲解:“一”“齐”为意动用法,意为“把……看作一样”。 鉴赏:生命之痛更加重一层哲学感矣! 原文:后之视今,亦犹今之视昔,悲夫! 翻译:后人看待今天,也像今人看待从前一样,真是可悲啊! 讲解:“之”为主谓之间的结构助词,不译。 鉴赏:生命之痛更加一层厚重的历史感矣! 原文:故列叙时人,录其所述。 翻译:因此我一一记下参加这次聚会的人,抄录了他们的诗作。 讲解:“时”为“当时的”,指“参加这次聚会的”;“其”为人称代词“他们的”。 鉴赏:补录兰亭集之成因,实因生命之感,实因修禊始也! 原文:虽世殊事异,所以兴怀,其致一也。 翻译:即使时代不同情况不同,但人们的情致却是一样的。 鉴赏:补录兰亭集之理论依托。 原文:后之览者,亦将有感于斯文。 翻译:后代的读者读这本诗集也将有感于生死这件大事吧。 鉴赏:补录兰亭集序之目的,其间显示着极其强大的自信心。
山中兰叶径翻译第五篇
《叶子南英语翻译系列三》
山中兰叶径翻译第六篇
《兰亭集序翻译及赏析》
兰亭集序原文及翻译
王羲之
原文:
永和九年,岁在癸丑,暮春之初,会于会稽山阴之兰亭,修禊事也。群贤毕至,少长成集。此地有崇山峻岭,茂林修竹,又有清流激湍,映带左右。引以为流觞曲水,列坐其次,虽无丝竹管弦之盛,一觞一咏,亦足以畅叙幽情。是日也,天朗气清,惠风和畅。仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛,所以游目骋怀,足以极视听之娱,信可乐也。
夫人之相与俯仰一世。或取谮怀抱,晤言一室之内;或困寄所托,放浪形骸之外。虽取舍万殊,静躁不同,当其欣于所遇,暂得于己,快然自足,曾不知老之将至;及其所之既倦,情随事迁,感慨系之矣。向之所欣,俯仰之间,已为陈迹,犹不能不以之兴怀;况修短随化,终期于尽。古人云:“生死亦大矣。”岂不痛哉!
每览昔人,兴感之由,若合一契,未尝不临文嗟悼,不能喻之于怀。固知一死生为虚诞,齐彭殇为妄作。后之视今,亦犹今之视昔,悲夫!故列叙时人,录其所述。虽世殊事异,所以兴怀,其致—也。后之览者,亦将有感于斯文。
注释:
1、永和:东晋皇帝司马聃(晋穆帝)的年号,从公元345年—356年共12年。永和九年上巳节,王羲之与谢安,孙绰,支遁等名士共四十一人在兰亭集会,举行禊礼,饮酒赋诗,事后将作品结为一集,由王羲之写了这篇序总述其事。
2、暮春:阴历三月。暮,晚。
3、会[hui]于会[kuài] 稽:会:集会。会稽,郡名,今浙江绍兴。山阴:今绍兴越城区。
4、修禊(xì)事也:(为了做)禊礼这件事。古代习俗,于阴历三月上旬的巳日(魏以后定为三月三日),人们群聚于水滨嬉戏洗濯,以祓除不祥和求福。实际上这是古人的一种游春活动。
5、群贤:诸多贤士能人。指谢安等三十二位社会的名流。贤:形容词做名词。
6、毕至:全到。毕:全、都。
7、少长:年少的年长的。指不同年龄的社会名流。如王羲之的儿子王凝之、王徽之是少;谢安、王羲之是长。少长:形容词做名词。
8、咸:都。
9、崇山峻岭:高峻的山岭。
10、修竹:高高的竹子。修:长,引申为高。
高中学习网
11、激湍:流势很急的水。
12、映带左右:辉映点缀在亭子的周围。映带,映衬、围绕。
13、流觞曲水:用漆制的酒杯盛酒,放入弯曲的水道中任其飘流,杯停在某人面前,某人就引杯饮酒。这是古人一种劝酒取乐的方式。流:使动用法。
14、列坐其次:列坐在曲水之旁。列坐,排列而坐。次,旁边,水边。
15、丝竹管弦之盛:演奏音乐的盛况。盛,盛大。
16、一觞一咏:喝点酒,作点诗。
17、幽情:幽深内藏的感情。
18、是日也:这一天。
19、惠风:和风.和畅:缓和。
20、品类之盛:万物的繁多。品类,指自然界的万物。
21、所以:用来。
22、骋:使„奔驰(使动用法)
23、极:穷尽。
24、信:实在。
25、夫人之相与,俯仰一世:人与人相交往,很快便度过一生。夫,引起下文的助词。相与,相处、相交往。俯仰,一俯一仰之间,表示时间的短暂。
兰亭集序翻译:
永和九年,这年是癸丑年,晚春三月初,在会稽山阴县的兰亭聚会,是为郊游宴乐事。很多有道德有才能的人都来了,年轻的和年纪大的都来这儿相聚。这儿有崇山峻岭,茂密的树林修长的竹子,又有清澈湍急的溪流,闪光细长的流水环绕在它们的左右。大家引溪水作为漂流酒杯的曲水,列坐在曲水的旁边,虽然没有乐队助兴的热闹场面,但—边喝酒一边吟诗,也足以痛快地抒发内心的深情。这一天,天气晴朗,空气清新,和煦的清风使人精神舒畅。抬头看看广大的宇宙,低头看看自然万物的丰富,借此用来纵目观览舒畅心胸,完全可以穷尽视听的乐趣,实在是很快乐的事啊。
人们相处在—起,很快度过一生。有的人选择胸怀抱负,在室内面对面交谈;有的依托着自己所爱好的事物,寄托自己的情怀,放纵自身,不受拘束。虽然他们取舍差别很大,安静与躁动不一样,但当他对于所接触的事物感到高兴时,自己暂时得到满足,因而愉快地自安,竟然不知道衰老即将来临;等到他对听得到的东西已经厌倦,感情也随着事态的变化高中学习网
而变化,感嘲随之产生了。以前令人高兴的事,—会儿,已经成为旧迹,还不能不因为它引起内心的感触;况且寿命的长短,全听从造化的安排,到最后死亡。古人说:“生和死也是大事啊。”难道不令人痛心吗!
每当看到古人的作品,研究他们感叹人生的理由,他们的感情像合符契一样,没有不在文章中表示叹惋哀悼,自己从思想上也不能说清楚这是什么道理。这才知道把死和生等同起来的说法是虚妄不实的,把长寿短命等同起来的看法是妄造无据的。后人看现在的人,也像今天的人看过去的人一样,可悲啊!所以逐一记下当时与会的人,记下他们所写的诗。即使世道变迁,事情不一样,但用来表达的感情,情趣是—样的。后来看到的人,也将对这些文章有所感触。
兰亭集序赏析:
本文描绘了兰亭的景致和王羲之等人集会的乐趣,抒发了作者盛事不常、“修短随化,终期于尽”的感叹。作者先交代集会的时间、地点和原因,接着描写兰亭崇山峻岭、茂林修竹、清流急湍等景色以及与会者的高雅之举和乐趣,由此抒发作者的人生感受,最后点明写序的缘由,“虽世殊事异,所以兴怀,其致一也。后之览者,亦将有感于斯文。”
本文通篇着眼“死生”二字,在一定程度上批判了当时盛行的“一死生”“齐彭殇”的老庄哲学观点,于悲伤感慨中透露出对生活的热爱。
文化文学常识
序著作或诗文的序言。亦作“叙”、“绪”、“引”。用于说明书籍著述、出版意旨、编排体例和作者情况等,也包括作家作品的评论和有关问题的研究阐发。序还有另一种含义,即古人远行相赠送的文辞,亦称“赠序”,详见《送东阳马生序》的“文化文学常识”。
跋写于书后的文辞,作用同序,亦称“题跋”、“后序”(如《(指南录)后序》)、“书后”(如《书(洛阳名园记)后》)等。
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《兰亭集序》全文及翻译 作品原文
永和⑴九年,岁在癸(guǐ)丑,暮春⑵之初,会于会(kuài)稽(jī)⑶山阴之兰亭,修禊(xì)⑷事也。群贤⑸毕至⑹,少(shào)长(zhǎng)⑺咸⑻集。此地有崇山峻岭⑼,茂林修竹⑽,又有清流激湍(tuān)⑾,映带左右⑿,引以为流觞(shāng)曲水⒀,列坐其次⒁。虽无丝竹管弦之盛⒂,一觞一咏⒃,亦足以畅叙幽情⒄。
是日也⒅,天朗气清,惠风和畅⒆。仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛(shèng)⒇,所以(21)游目骋(chěng)(22)怀,足以极(23)视听之娱,信(24)可乐也。
夫(fú)人之相与,俯仰一世(25)。或取诸(26)怀抱,悟言(27)一室之内;或因寄所托,放浪形骸之外(28)。虽趣(qū)舍万殊(29),静躁(30)不同,当其欣于所遇,暂(zàn)得于己,快然(31)自足,曾不知老之将至(32);及其所之既倦(33),情随事迁(34),感慨系(xì)之(35)矣。向(36)之所欣,俯仰之间,已为陈迹(37),犹不能不以之兴怀(38),况修短随化(39),终期(40)于尽!古人云:“死生亦大矣(41)。”岂不痛哉!
每览昔人兴感之由,若合一契(42),未尝不临文嗟悼(jiē dào)(43),不能喻(44)之于怀。固知一死生为虚诞,齐彭殇(shāng)为妄作(45)。后之视今,亦犹今之视昔,悲夫(fú)!故列叙时人(46),录其所述(47),虽世殊事异(48),所以兴怀,其致一也(49)。后之览者(50),亦将有感于斯文
(51)。
注:据人教版高中语文必修二最新课本,虽趣(四声)舍万殊的“趣”字读qǔ。 作品注释
1、永和:东晋皇帝司马聃(晋穆帝)的年号,从公元345年—356年共12年。永和九年上巳节,王羲之与谢安,孙绰,支遁等41位国家顶级军政明星在兰亭集会,举行禊礼,饮酒赋诗,事后将作品结为一集,由王羲之写了这篇序总述其事。
2、暮春:阴历三月。暮,晚。
3、会[huì]于会[kuài] 稽:会:集会。会稽,郡名,今浙江绍兴。山阴:今绍兴越城区。
4、修禊(xì)事也:(为了做)禊礼这件事。古代习俗,于阴历三月上旬的巳日(魏以后定为三月三日),人们群聚于水滨嬉戏洗濯,以祓除不祥和求福。实际上这是古人的一种游春活动。
5、群贤:诸多贤士能人。指谢安等三十二位社会的名流。贤:形容词做名词。
6、毕至:全到。毕:全、都。
7、少长:如王羲之的儿子王凝之、王徽之是少;谢安、王羲之等是长
8、咸:都。
9、崇山峻岭:高峻的山岭。
10、修竹:高高的竹子。修:长,引申为高。
11、激湍:流势很急的水。
12、映带左右:辉映点缀在亭子的周围。映带,映衬、围绕。
13、流觞曲水:用漆制的酒杯盛酒,放入弯曲的水道中任其飘流,杯停在某人面前,某人就引杯饮酒。这是古人一种劝酒取乐的方式。流:使动用法。曲水,引水环曲为渠,以流酒杯。
14、列坐其次:列坐在曲水之旁。列坐,排列而坐。次,旁边,水边。
15、丝竹管弦之盛:演奏音乐的盛况。盛, 盛大。
16、一觞一咏:喝点酒,作点诗。
17、幽情:幽深内藏的感情。
18、是日也:这一天。
19、惠风:和风.和畅:缓和。
20、品类之盛:万物的繁多。品类,指自然界的万物。
21、所以:用来。
22、骋:使„奔驰(使动用法)
23、极:穷尽。
24、信:实在。
25、夫人之相与,俯仰一世:人与人相交往,很快便度过一生。夫,引起下文的助词。相与,相处、相交往。俯仰,一俯一仰之间,表示时间的短暂。
26、取诸:从„„中取得。
27、悟言:坦诚交谈。《晋书·王羲之传》、《全晋文》均作“悟言”(“悟”通“晤”),指心领神会的妙悟之言。亦通。一说,对面交谈。
28、因寄所托,放浪形骸之外:就着自己所爱好的事物,寄托自己的情怀,不受约束,放纵无羁的生活。因,依、随着。寄,寄托。所托,所爱好的事物。放浪,放纵、无拘束。形骸,身体、形体。
29、趣舍万殊:各有各的爱好。趣,通“趋”,趋向,取向。舍,舍弃。万殊,千差万别。
30、静躁:安静与躁动。暂:短暂,一时。
31、快然自足:感到高兴和满足。然:„„的样子
32、(曾)不知老之将至:竟不知道衰老将要到来。语出《论语·述而》:“其为人也,发愤忘食,乐以忘忧,不知老之将至云尔。”曾:竟然。
33、所之既倦:(对于)所喜爱或得到的事物已经厌倦。之,往、到达。
34、情随事迁:感情随着事物的变化而变化。迁: 变化。
35、感慨系之:感慨随着产生。系,附着。
36、向:过去、以前。
37、陈迹:旧迹。
38、以之兴怀:因它而引起心中的感触。以,因。之,指“向之所欣„„以为陈迹”。兴,发生、引起。
39、修短随化:寿命长短听凭造化。化,自然。
40、期:至,及。
41、死生亦大矣:死生毕竟是件大事啊。语出《庄子·德充符》。判断句。
42、契:符契,古代的一种信物。在符契上刻上字,剖而为二,各执一半,作为凭证。
43、临文嗟悼:读古人文章时叹息哀伤。临,面对。
44、喻:明白。
45、固知一死生为虚诞,齐彭殇(shāng)为妄作:本来知道把死和生等同起来的说法是不真实的,把长寿和短命等同起来的说法是妄造的。固,本来、当然。一,把„„看作一样;齐,把„„看作相等,都用作动词。虚诞,虚妄荒诞的话。殇,未成年死去的人。妄作,妄造、胡说。一生死,齐彭殇,都是庄子的看法。
46、列叙时人:一个一个记下当时与会的人。
47、录其所述:录下他们作的诗。
48、虽世殊事异:纵使时代变了,事情不同了。虽,纵使。
49、其致一也:人们的思想情趣是一样的。
50、后之览者:后世的读者。
51、斯文:这次集会的诗文
作品译文
永和九年,是癸丑之年,阴历三月初,(我们)会集在会稽山阴的兰亭,是为了从事修禊祭礼。众多贤才都汇聚在这里,年长的年少的都聚集在一起。兰亭这地方有高峻的山峰,高大茂密的竹林。又有清澈湍急的溪流,(如同青罗带一般)环绕在亭子的四周,(我们)引(清流激湍)来作为流觞的曲水,列坐在曲水旁边。虽然没有演奏音乐的盛况,(但)喝点酒,作点诗,也足以令人抒发内心深处的情意。这一天,晴明爽朗,春风和暖畅快。向上看,天空广大无边,向下看,地上事物如此繁多,借以纵展眼力,开畅胸怀,尽情的享受视听的乐趣,实在是快乐呀!
人们彼此交往,很快便度过一生。有时把自己的志趣抱负,在室内畅谈自己的胸怀抱负;有时就着自己所爱好的事物,寄托自己的情怀,不受任何拘束,放纵无羁地生活。虽然各有各的爱好,取舍爱好各不相同,安静与躁动不同,(可是)当他们对所接触的事物感到高兴时,一时感到自得,感到高兴和自足,不觉得老年即将到来;等到(对于)那些所得到的东西已经厌倦,感情随着事物的变化而改变,感慨随着而产生。过去感到高兴的事,转眼之间成为旧迹,仍然不能不因它引起心中的感触,何况寿命的长短,听凭造化,最终归结于消亡!古人说:“死生也是一件大事。”怎么能不悲痛呢?
每当看到古人(对死生的大事)发生感慨的原因,(和我所感慨的)像符契那样相合,没有不面对他们的文章而感叹悲伤的,(却)不能明白于心。因此知道把死和生等同起来的说法是不真实的,把长寿和短命等同起来的说法是妄造的。后代的人看现在,也正如同我们今天看过去一样,这真是可悲呀!所以我一个一个记下当时参加聚会的人,抄录下他们作的诗赋,即使时代变了,世事不同了,但是人们兴发感慨的缘由,人们的思想情趣是一样的。后世的读者,也将有感慨于这次集会的诗文。
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