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a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇一：综英第五册Unit8语言点
综英第五册Unit8语言点，练习答案及教案
Language Points
do the trick
(informal) to succeed in solving a problem or achieving a particular result 奏效; 起作用; 达到目的
be subject to
under the authority of sth/sb
受…支配；服从于
be dependent on/upon sth
affected or decided by sth
受…的影响；取决于
turn sth out
to produce sth
制造；生产
wither away
to become less or weaker; disappear
萎缩;破灭;消失
be involved in
taking part in sth, being part of sth or connected with sth
参与；作为一部分；有关联
Key to the Exercises of Unit 8
Paraphrase
1. Much of human existence consists of efforts aimed at making sure that things don’t go wrong, fall apart, break down or stop running until a decent interval has elapsed after their manufacture.
People spend much of their lifetime trying hard to keep things in good shape. They think a product, after leaving its factory, should last at least for a reasonably long period before ceasing to work.
2. But gadgets and sampling alone will never do the trick since these items are also subject to Murphy’s Law.
Quality-control instruments and testing devices are also governed by Murphy’s Law, so they are not reliable.
3. A single visit to a museum which displays artifacts used by simple
preindustrial societies is sufficient to dispel the notion that quality is dependent on technology.
Look at the artifacts of the pre-industrial era exhibited in a museum and you will see that technology is not the factor that decides the quality of these items.
4. In unskilled or uncaring hands a handmade basket or boat can fall apart as quickly as baskets or boats made by machines.
If a handmade basket or boat is made by an inexperienced or irresponsible worker, it may break down as easily as machine-made baskets or boats.
5. I rather think that the reason we honor the label “handmade” is because it evokes not a technological relationship between producer and product but a social relationship between producer and consumer.
My opinion is that it is the social relationship between producer and consumer rather than the technological relationship between producer and product that makes “handmade” items so highly regarded.
Translation
1.严酷的日常生活现实驱散了他对美好未来的憧憬。(dispel)
The harsh reality of daily life dispelled all his hopes for a bright future.
2.由于不可预料的天气，我们的运动会将延期到下周举行。(postpone)
Our sports meet will be postponed to next week because of the unpredictable weather.
3.不论是谁，凡是来参观展览会的人都必须出示他/她的身份证。(no matter…) Every visitor to the exhibition must show his/her identity card no matter who he/she is.
4.旧城中心的改造计划要得到市政府的批准。(be subject to)
The renovation plan for the old city center is subject to the approval of the municipal government.
5.在一次又一次地经历失败后，他的希望破灭了。(wither)
His hopes withered away after he had experienced one failure after another.
6.电子邮件传递信息又快又便利，它将很快就替代普通邮递。(replace) E-mail is so quick and convenient in sending messages that it may soon replace ordinary mail service.
7.看到长城使他产生一种惊讶的感觉。(evoke)
The sight of the Great Wall evoked a sense of wonder in him.
8.质量控制工具的保养是会很昂贵的。(maintenance)
The maintenance of quality-control instruments can be very costly.
Lead-in
Pre-reading questions
(1) Have you got anything, say, a fountain pen, a watch, an mp3, a mobile phone, which breaks down and fails to work? What are they? What are some possible causes of an object’s failure to work? Share your experience with us.
Some possible causes of an object’s failure to work: mishandling, overuse, faulty parts, faulty workmanship, fake product, inferior quality
(2) What do you feel if you are cheated by the sellers? How do you deal with the situation?
Suffer the losses/Ask for refunds, replacement or repair; turn to the after-sale service department for help; make a complaint to the manager or consumers’ association
(3) Do you ever ask why these shoddy goods fall to your hands? What are the possible causes?
Producers: cut the cost and make more profits
Sellers: false propaganda
Consumers: save money; poor judgment
Government: lack of supervision
(4) How is the purchase of good-quality products ensured?
Producers: guarantee the quality of products
Sellers: honesty; responsibility
Consumers: Don’t go after petty advantages; good judgment
Government: more supervision
General Analysis of the Text
Main Idea
The main idea of this text is to trace the cause of the shoddy goods problem and analyzed the main reason: the absence of an intimate, permanent, and caring relationship between manufacturer and consumers.
Structure of the Text
Part 1 (Para.1)
The author raises the topic of shoddy goods problem by referring to Murphy’s Law Murphy’s Law effect: the shoddy goods problem
Part 2 (Para.2-5)
Human (human commitment) rather than technology (technological improvement) guarantees the quality of products
1.exemplifying with the artifacts made by prehistoric and preindustrial people to refute the notion that “quality is determined by technology”. (Para.2)
2.exemplifying with the Pomo Indian basket and the Eskimo skin boat to assert that it is the intimate, permanent and caring relationship between the producer and the consumer that guarantees the reliability of a product. (Para.3)
3.contrast: the wide difference in the quality of products made by the producer for himself or his skin and of those made for unknown users. (Para.4-5)
Type of Writing
It is an expository essay about the cheap-quality goods. The basic purpose of an expository essay is explanation, in which the writer wants to make sth that is clear to him clear to his reader.
This essay falls into the cause-effect category of expository writing, going from an existing effect (the problem of cheap-quality goods) to its major cause (the absence of an intimate, permanent, and caring relationship between manufacturer and consumer). Style
1.Use examples as “the artifacts used by simple pre-historical societies, etc. to illustrate his point.
2.The author follows a step-by-step order. (Pomo Indian basket—Eskimo skin boat—spears, bows, arrows, etc, which makes it easier for the reader to follow the author’s flow of thoughts.
3.Contrast the material culture with the alienation of modern industrial society.
Dictionary Work
savant (BrE) [sævənt] (AmE) [sæ'vant]
a person with great knowledge and ability 博学之士；学者；专家
corollary (BrE) [kə'rɔləri] (AmE) ['kɔ:rəleri]
an immediate inference from a proved proposition
牛 (formal) a situation, an argument or a fact that is the natural and direct result of another one 必然的结果(或结论)；推论
corollary of/to sth
the corollary to sb.’s argument
对某人论据推断的结果
Neither of them knew about it, and the corollary of that is that someone else revealed the secret.
他们两人并不知道这回事, 因此一定是另外有人泄露了秘密。
forestall [fɔ:'stɔ:l] (v.)
defeat, prevent by prior measures
牛 (written) to prevent sth from happening or sb from doing sth by doing sth first 预先阻止；在(他人)之前行动；先发制人
forestall a competitor/a rival
抢在竞争者/对手之前行动
Try to anticipate what your child will do and forestall problems.
尽量预见你的孩子会干什么，并预先阻止问题发生。
I had my objections all prepared, but Stephens forestalled me.
我已做好准备要提出反对意见，不料斯蒂芬却抢先一步。
She forestalled my question by bring up the subject herself.
I meant to meet my friend at the station, but he forestalled me by arriving on an earlier train.
commitment [kə'mitmənt] (n.)
a pledge to follow certain beliefs or a certain course of action; devotion (to duty, etc.)
(1) to promise to do sth or to behave in a particular way 承诺；许诺；保证 the government’s commitment to public services
政府对公共服务事业作出的承诺
She doesn’t want to make a big emotional commitment to him at the moment. 她不想在此刻对他在感情上作出重大的承诺。
(2) the willingness to work hard and give your energy and time to a job or an activity (对工作或某活动)献身；奉献；投入
A career as an actor requires one hundred percent commitment.
干演员这一行需要百分百的投入。
artifact (AmE) /artefact (BrE) ['a:tifækt]
an object that is made by a person, esp. sth of historical or cultural interest 人工制品；手工艺品(尤指有历史或文化价值的)
evoke [i'vəuk] (v.)
bring to mind
牛 (written) to bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind 引起，唤起(感情、记忆或形象)
The music evoked memories of her youth.
这乐曲勾起了她对青年时代的回忆。
This place evokes memories of my happy childhood.
这地方使我回忆起欢乐的童年。
His case is unlikely to evoke public sympathy.
他的情况不大可能引起公众的同情。
(n.) evocation
a brilliant evocation of childhood in the 1940s
对20世纪40年代童年生活美好回忆的唤起
projectile point
the tip of a weapon that is thrust forward; spear or arrowhead
projectile [prə'dʒektail] (n.)
an object, such as a bullet, that is fired from a gun or other weapon (武器发射的)投射物；枪弹；炮弹
band
a group of people formed for some common purpose and often with a leader 一伙人；一帮人
He persuaded a small band of volunteers to help.
他劝服了一小批志愿者来帮忙。
barter ['bɑ:tə]
trade by exchanging one commodity for another
(v.) to change goods, property, services, etc. for other goods, etc. without using money 以物易物
The local people bartered wheat for farm machinery.
当地人用小麦换取农机器具。
The prisoners try to barter with the guards for items like writing paper and books. 囚犯们试图从看守那里换得稿纸和书之类的东西。
(n.) trade by exchanging one commodity for another
The islanders use a system of barter instead of money.
岛上的居民实行的是以物易物，而不是用货币。
alienation [eiliə'neiʃn] (n.)
a withdrawing or separation of a person from an object or position of former
attachment; a feeling of not belonging to or being part of one’s surroundings 疏远 sense of alienation 疏离感
Many immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation.
许多移民因感到不容于社会而苦恼。
The new policy resulted in the alienation of many voters.
新政策导致许多居民疏远了。 əneit] (v.)
(1) to make sb less friendly towards you 使疏远；使不友好；离间
His comments have alienated a lot of young voters.
他的评论使许多年轻选民离他而去。
The Prime Minister’s policy alienated many of her followers.
a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇二：辅修proofreading and paraphrase
(1) At that time it was not uncommon or startling to me to see 1. _______
(2) dog food patties sizzled in a pan on the top of a stove or 2._______
(3) kerosene space heater in a dilapidated house with no any 3. _______
running water, no refrigerator, no heat, no toilet and the
(4) unrelenting stench of decaying insects. I simply thought it 4. _______
(5) as the unfortunate but the unavoidable consequence of being 5. _______
(6) poor in the South. The second time occurred in Cleveland in 6. _______
(7) 1953. Alike many Southerners, I came to seek my fortune 7. _______
in one of those pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories along
Eudid Avenue. Turned away from one prospective job after,
(8) I saw my nest egg $30 dwindle to nothing. As my funds 8. _______
(9) diminished and hunger expanded, I turned to pilfering food 9. _______
(10) and small number of cash. With the money, I surreptitiously10._______
purchased , fried and ate canned dog and cat food as my principal
ration for several weeks.
Above me towered the colossal edifice of society, and to
my mind the only way out was up. Into this edifice I early
(1) resolved to climb in. Up above , men wore black clothes 1._______
(2) and boiled shirts, and women dressed beautiful gowns. 2. _______
(3) Also, there were good things to eat, and there were plenty 3. _______
(4) to eat. This much for the flesh. Then there were the things 4. _______
(5) of the spirit. Up above me, I know, were unselfish of the 5. _______
spirit, clean and noble thinking, keen intellectual living.
(6) I knew all these because I read “Seaside Library” novels, in 6. _______
(7) which, despite the exception of the villains and adventuresses, 7. _______
(8) all men and women thought beautiful thoughts, talked 8. _______
(9) a beautiful tongue, and performed glorious deeds. In short, 9. _______
as I accepted the rising of the sun, I accepted that up above
(10) me was all that was fine and noble and gracious, and gave 10. _______
decency and dignity to life, all that made life worth living
and that remunerated one for his travail and misery.
pararphrase
1. The news media seems to operate on the philosophy that all news is bad news. (96)
2. But gadgets and sampling alone will never do the trick since these items are also subject to Murphy’s Law. (86) achive success comply with
3. Little girls adore Barbie because she is highly realistic(vivid) and eminently dress-upable. (109)
4. But increasingly, it is the technologically produced environment that matters for the individual. (109)
5. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to(you’d better) like what you do. (120)
6. The stronger the will, the more futile(useless) the task. (120)
7. The life story of the individual is first and foremost(of great importance) an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. (132)
8. Until we are intellitgent(clever enough to comprehend) as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating(complex) facts of human life must remain unintelligible(inexplicable). (132)
9. I learned, further, that brain was likewise(similarly) a commodity(goods). (146)
10. A brain seller was only at this prime when he was fifty or sixty years old. (146)
11.In unskilled or uncaring hands a handmade basket or boat can fall apart as quickly as baskets or boats made by machines. (86)
12. A single visit to a museum which displays artifacts used by simple preindustrial societies is sufficient to dispel the notion that qualify is dependent on technology. (85)
13. The acquired culture is not transmitted in our genes. (96)
14. Man-made things enter into and color his consciousness. (109)
15. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.” (120)
16. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their work. (120)
17. The idea of using a product once or for a brief period and then replacing it, runs counter to the grain of societies or individuals steeped in a heritage of poverty. (109)
18. Any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for consideration. (132)
19. If I could not live on the parlor floor of society, I could, at any rate, have a try at the attic. (146)
20. I had been in the cellar of society, and I did not like the place as a habitation. (146)
a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇三：新编英语教程第五册Unit 8(有备注)
a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇四：西工大新编英语教程 5 Unit 8
a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇五：新编英语教程5英译汉
1. Stories are told of scrupulous writers, like Flaubert, who spent days trying to get one or two sentences exactly right.
译文： 据说一丝不苟的作家，比如福楼拜（Flaubert），为了把一两句句子完全写正确，会花上几天的时间。
2. Choosing words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. 译文： 选择词语是领悟过程的一部分，是为自己、为读者和听众准确表达思想感情这个过程的一部分。
3. By using his dictionary, and above all by reading, a student can increase his sensitivity to these shades of difference and improve his ability to express his own meanings exactly. 译文： 通过查阅词典，更重要的是通过阅读，学生可以增强辨别词语意思细微差别的能力，并提高准确表达自己意思的能力。
4. The foreign student of English may be discouraged and dismayed when he learns that there are over 400,000 words in the English language, without counting slang. But let him take courage. More than half of these words are dead. They are not in current use. Even Shakespeare used a vocabulary of only some 20,000 words. The average Englishman today probably has a vocabulary range of from 12,000 to 13,000 words.
译文： 当得知不计俚语，英语单词总数超过40万个，学习英语的外国学生可能会灰心丧气。但是不要灰心，因为这些单词中的一大半已经死亡，不再通用了。即使是莎士比亚，使用的词汇量也不过2万。一般的现代英国人所掌握的词汇量大概是1.2万到1.3万。
Unit2
1. That the equipment of modern camping becomes yearly more sophisticated is an entertaining paradox for the cynic, a brighter promise for the hopeful traveler who has sworn to get away from it all.
译文： 现代的露营装备一年比一年先进，这令挖苦者好不尴尬，看了真是有趣。对于信誓旦旦要远离闹市的满怀希望的旅行者，眼前则更加光明了。
2. Idealists have objected to the practice of camping, as to the packaged tours, that the traveler abroad thereby denies himself the opportunity of getting to know the people of the country visited. 译文： 理想主义者反对露营，就像他们反对参团旅游那样，说这样一来，旅行者到了国外就没有机会了解当地人了。
3. Only good scouting is likely to preserve the freedoms so dear to the heart of the eternal Boy Scout. 译文： 只有遵守良好的野营纪律，才有可能保留童子军般野营者所珍视的自由。
4. The contemporary phenomenon of motor-car worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails. To this pleasure camping gives an exquisite refinement.
译文： 拥有自己的汽车能带来独立和自由的感觉，但这根本无法解释当代的汽车崇拜现象。露营则为这种愉快的感觉平添了几分精致。
1. This knack for going instinctively to the heart of a matter was the secret of his major scientific discoveries — this and his extraordinary feeling for beauty．
译文： 他的重大科学发现的秘密就在于这种天生的一针见血的才能，还有他那非凡的美感。
2. Thus we got to know not merely the man and the friend, but also the professional.
译文： 这样一来，我们不仅结识了爱因斯坦并与他成为朋友，而且还看到了其作为科学工作者的一面。
3. But the magic had been performed invisibly in the depths of Einstein’s mind, by a process we could not fathom． 译文： 但在无形中，爱因斯坦的思想深处施展出了魔法，这究竟是个怎样的过程，我们无法理解。
4. Political events upset the serenity of his life even more. When the Nazis came to power in Germany, his theories were officially declared false because they had been formulated by a Jew. His property was confiscated, and it is said a price was put on his head.
译文： 政治事件在更大程度上扰乱了他平静的生活。纳粹在德国当权时，当局宣布他的理论是假的，因为这些理论是一个犹太人提出来的；他的财产被没收；据说还悬赏缉捕他。
Unit4
1. Their own motives were foreign to me: to beat the other fellows, stand high, represent the honor of the school.
译文： 他们自己的学习动机却是我闻所未闻的：有人要击败其他同学，有人要出人头地，还有人要为学校争光。
2. School subjects which happened to bear on my outside interests I studied in school and out; I read more than was required, and I read for keeps, too.
译文： 要是学校的科目正好与我的课外兴趣相吻合，我不仅在课上学，而且在课下学。在读完规定的书籍后还另外找书读，读了还能记住。
3. For those conversations, so brilliant, so scholarly, and so consciously unknowing, seemed to me, silent in the background, to reveal the truth that even college graduates did not know anything, really. 译文： 因为在我看来，那些睿智、博学、而且“不知为不知”的谈话在潜移默化中揭示了这样一个真理：即使是大学毕业生也真的是一无所知。
4. I went exploring and dreaming alone around that city as I had the country around Sacramento, and the place I liked best was the ocean shore; there I lived over the lives of the Greek heroes and the Roman generals and all the poets of all the ages, sometimes with ecstasy, but never, as in my boyhood, with myself as the hero.
译文： 由于住在萨克拉门托市郊，我会独自围绕这座城市，一边探寻，一边幻想。我最中意的地方是海滩，在那里，我的身边有希腊英雄、罗马将军和各个时代的诗人，与他们的邂逅有时令我欣喜不已，但年纪尚小的我从没将自己想象成英雄。
Unit5
1. Much of human existence consists of efforts aimed at making sure that things don’t go wrong, fall apart, break down, or stop running until a decent interval has elapsed after their manufacture. 译文： 人类在很多时候都致力于确保东西不失灵、不散架、不损坏，在制造出来后的相当长一段时间内不会罢工。
2. A single visit to a museum which displays artifacts used by simple preindustrial societies is sufficient to dispel the notion that quality is dependent on technology.
译文： 只要去一次博物馆，参观一下前工业时代的简单社会所使用的器具，就足以摈弃质量取决于技术这个观点了。
3. Although many items were obtained through barter and trade, the connection between producer and consumer still remained intimate, permanent, and caring.
译文： 尽管很多物品是通过交易或买卖的途径获得的，生产者和消费者之间仍然保持着密切长久的联系，双方仍然相互体贴。
4. A man is not likely to fashion a spear for himself whose point will fall off in midflight; nor is a woman who weaves her own basket likely to make it out of rotted straw. Similarly, if one is sewing a parka for a husband who is about to go hunting for the family with the temperature at sixty below, all stitches will be perfect. 译文： 男人不可能给自己做一支投出去就掉矛尖的长矛，女人则不可能给自己编一个烂草做的篮子。类似的，如果丈夫为了养家要在零下60度的天气下出门狩猎，给他缝制风雪大衣时，必须针针完美。
Unit6
1. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces, very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better. 译文： 一般情况下，文明的进步是一点一滴的，每一点滴在任何某个时刻都难以清楚显现，但这些点滴作为一个整体却参与了历史的变迁，促进了社会的进步。
2. The result is that we are underinformed about positive developments and overinformed about disasters. 译文： 结果就是，我们对积极事件了解得太少，对灾难事件了解得太多。
3. It had better be a true portrait — and not a caricature — for it is this picture on which we will base our decisions and around which we will plan our future.
译文： 它最好是一张真正的肖像画，而不是一张漫画，因为它是我们决策的依据，也是我们筹划未来的基础。
4. The anchorman and the editor reacted as though they had been blamed for the existence of bad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said, are only responsible for reporting the news, not for creating it or modifying it.
译文： 主持人和编辑的反应就像是被指责有坏新闻。他们说，新闻从业者的职责是报道新闻，并不是制造新闻或篡改新闻。
Unit7
1. But increasingly, it is the technologically produced environment that matters for the individual. 译文： 对个人产生影响的是技术产生的环境，这种趋势正愈演愈烈。
2. Nothing could be more dramatic than the difference between the new breed of little girls who cheerfully turn in their Barbies for the new improved model and those who, like their mothers and grandmothers before them, clutch lingeringly and lovingly to the same doll until it disintegrates from sheer age. 译文： 新一代的小女孩欢天喜地地把她们旧的芭比娃娃拿去换来新改进版的芭比。昔日的女孩，比如她们的母亲和祖母，却对同一个娃娃恋恋不舍、百般眷爱，直到时间令娃娃支离破碎。没有什么比这种差别更有戏剧性了。
3. This mentality produces, among other things, a set of radically altered values with respect to property.
译文： 这种心态产生的一个结果是，对于财产的价值观发生了根本的改变。
4. What Mattel did not announce was that by trading in her old doll for a technologically improved model, the little girl of today, citizen of tomorrow’s super-industrial world, would learn a fundamental lesson about the new society: that man’s relationships with things are increasingly temporary. 译文： 马特尔公司没有公布的是，用旧娃娃换来一个技术上改进的新版娃娃后，今天的小女孩——即明天的超级工业化世界的公民——将学习一门关于新社会的基本课程：人和物的关系越来越不持久了。
Unit8
1. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. 译文： 在广义上，人可以分成三类：辛苦劳作而死的、担心忧虑而死的、百无聊赖而死的。 讲解： 原文有一个明显的平行结构：those who are „ those who are „ those who are „。译成汉语时也应该使用效果对等的平行结构。
2. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion.
译文： 当无聊感来报复时，他们疯狂地四处奔忙，企图就用喧哗和躁动来逃避。但这样做毫无用处。 讲解： 原文的结构比较紧凑，这是一个典型的需要拆译和调整顺序的句子。按照汉语的表达习惯，in vain适合放在最后，by mere clatter and motion适合提前，而avenging boredom硬译的话令人费解，不如用主谓结构译出并置于句首。
3. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation． 译文： 每天都是放假，而真正的假日来临时，他们却抱怨说这强行中断了有趣的工作过程。 讲解： 这句话中的ordinary holidays是相对于each day is a holiday这个语境的，如果译成“平常的假日”或“普通的假日”容易引起误解。按照汉语的表达习惯，译成“真正的假日”更佳。此外，enforced interruptions转译成动词结构也更容易组织译文。
4. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process.
译文： 因此，培养爱好和新的兴趣是一个公职人员的首要行动。但这不是一天就能做到的或是凭一时冲动就能迅速成就的。其他精神方面兴趣的培养更是一个漫长的过程。 讲解： 这一段话围绕兴趣爱好的培养，主题明确。翻译时也要注意抓住这个主题。另外，原句中某些因句法原因不可或缺的词语（例如a business）如果意思已经表达出来，是可以省去不译的。 Unit9
1. Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesn’t altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. 译文： 即使很多人指责电视善于营造表面形象，令表象夸张失实，也无法歪曲、掩盖或凭空捏造我们认识的领导者的气质。
2. Ronald Reagan’s training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the president and Carter the challenger. 译文： 罗纳德•里根曾经接受过演员的训练，这一点在他与卡特辩论时发挥了作用。在辩论时，他以轻松和蔼的形象让人感觉似乎他才是现任总统，卡特才是挑战者。
3. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did. 译文： 美国人想爬出经济萧条的泥潭，需要有人告诉他们能做到这一
点，这个人就是罗斯福。
4. Leadership is as much a question of timing as anything else. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917. And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message. 译文： 当领袖，掌握好时机很重要。领导者必须顺乎民心，应时上台。就像1940年上台的丘吉尔、1933年上台的罗斯福和1917年上台的列宁。一旦成为领袖，就必须发出简洁有力的信息。
a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇六：上外新编英语教程教案Unit_800t_PPT
a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇七：新编英语教程第五册(二)
a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇八：高级英语5 教案 unit8
Unit 8
Text I:
Why Nothings Works
Marvin Harris
I) Pre-reading Brainstorming:
Have you ever got anything which fails to work? What are the possible causes?
---Some possible causes of an object's failure to work: mishandling, overuse, faulty parts, faulty workmanship, fake product, inferior quality
Notes: Library Work
1. The Porno Indians belong to a North American Indian tribe that forms the second largest tribal group in California, U. S. A. The name "Porno" comes from a suffix that the Porno people add to many words in their language. The Pomo women's fine basketry is the artistic triumph of the people. Pomo basketry includes small masterpieces as well as large, colourfully decorated containers, and is considered among the world's finest.
2. In the summer, Eskimos used two kinds of boats for hunting and travel.
1) The kayak Pkaiaek/ was decked over except for a manhole that accommodated one person. Such craft had frames made of pieces of driftwood bound together. The frames were covered with dehaired sealskins sewn with waterproof stitching.
2) The umiak /'u:nugek/ was a large, open boat made by covering a driftwood frame with split walrus hides or sealskins.
II) Comprehension:
1) Main Idea:
No matter how advanced the technology, quality demands intelligent, motivated human thought and action(l.13-15) and the cleads to a constant quality problem. 2) Purpose of writing and Tone:
To trace the cause of the shoddy goods problem. 3) Organization and Development:
(P1)Theme: No matter how advanced the technology, quality
demands intelligent, motivated human thought and action; (P2-4)Some reflection about primitive cultures to help illustrate the theme;
(P5) In our era of industrial mass production and marketing, quality is a constant problem due to withering away of intimate sentimental and personal bonds. Key to Exercise of filling out the table (page 117):
1.Quality-control instruments need maintenance; gauges go out of order; X rays and laser beams need adjustment.
2.Quality is not dependent on technology alone.
3.Men made their own spears, bows and arrows. and projectile points; women wove their own baskets and . . . or fiber. And the whole of para. 4.
4. craft specialties adopted by different members of the band or village
5. management, the worker on the factory floor, the office help, the salespeople
Thread of Harris's causal analysis:
He first of all makes it clear that the cause is basically human rather than technological. Then instead of plunging immediately into such likely
causes as unskilled labor and lack of responsibility, he turns to look at what made the artifacts of primitive cultures so reliable in quality, the very lack of which is the cause of shoddy products in modern industrialized society. Process: In para. 3 Harris employs process to help explain the formation of social relationship between producer and consumer. The step-by-step explanation makes it easy for the reader to follow the author's flow of thoughts. Contrast: In the last two paragraphs, Harris employs contrast. The purpose is to reveal the wide difference in the quality of products made by the producer for himself or his kin, and of those made for unknown users. This contrast occurring towards the end of the essay naturally adds emphasis to the thesis.
4) Comprehension Questions:
1. What role does Murphy’s Law play in Harris’s writing?
--- Murphy's Law, which seems to be an answer to the question posed by the title "Why Nothing Works?" , is in fact no answer at all. But it calls the reader's attention to a phenomenon so common that it is often taken for granted. Thus it helps lead to what Harris intends to discuss in this passage: What causes things to go wrong so quickly? Can we do anything to prevent it?
2. Which sentence in para. 1 tells us that Harris thinks Murphy’s Law irresistible?
---The sentence "While Murphy's Law can never be wholly defeated, its effects can usually be postponed." tells us that Harris thinks the law is irresistible.
3. What is the meaning of the word “inputs” in “If these human inputs are assisted by ...”
---"Inputs", as the compounding indicates, means "what is put in. " In this context, the word refers to the efforts made and responsibility taken by human beings, to the "intelligence, skill, and commitment" they contribute to production.
4. For what reason (s) does the writer think that people nowadays honor the lable “handmade”?
---People have a high regard for handmade products because of their reliability and their association with a more personal relationship between the producer and the consumer.
5. What are the two developmental stages of “prehistory” in para.3? What remained unchanged in these two stages?
---1) People made things for themselves and for their close kin. 2) People obtained many items through barter and trade.
The connection between the producer and the consumer remained intimate, permanent, and caring.
6. Is there a topic sentence of para.4? What function does this para. perform in the passage?
---No. Not within the paragraph. The whole paragraph is an illustration of the sort of intimate relationship between the producer and the consumer mentioned in the previous paragraph.
7. What is the cause of shoddy goods?
---He has stated it explicitly in para. 5 --- ". . . because the intimate sentimental and personal bonds which once made us responsible to each other and to our products have withered away. "
8. Where is the thesis statement?
---Last sentence of the first paragraph.
9. What is your personal view of the cause of shoddy goods?
---Open to discussion. 5) Difficult Sentences for paraphrasing
1. Much of human existence consists of efforts aimed at making sure that things don’t go wrong, fall apart, break down, or stop running until a decent interval has elapsed after their manufacture.
---People spend much of their lifetime trying hard to keep things in good shape. They think a product, after leaving its factory, should last at least for a reasonably long period before ceasing to work.
2. But gadgets and sampling alone will never do the trick since these items are also subject to Murphy’s Law.
--- Quality-control instruments and testing devices are also governed by Murphy's Law, so they are not reliable.
3. A single visit to a museum which displays artifacts史前古器物 used by simple preindustrial societies is sufficient to dispel the notion that quality is dependent on technology.
---Look at the artifacts of the pre-industrial era exhibited in a museum and you will see that technology is not the factor that decides the quality of these items.
4. In unskilled or uncaring hands a handmade basket or boat can fall apart quickly as basket or boats made by machines.
---If a handmade basket or boat is made by an inexperienced or
irresponsible worker, it may break down as easily as machine-made baskets or boats.
5. I rather think that the reason we honor the label “handmade” is because it evokes not a technological relationship between producer and product but a social relationship between producer and consumer. ---My opinion is that it is the social relationship between producer and consumer rather than the technological relationship between producer and product that makes "handmade" items so highly regarded. 6) Difficult Sentences for Translation (E-C):
7) Key Words and Expressions:a
1. savant (l.1)---/s'vant/ a man of learning, especially a person with detailed knowledge in some specialized field
2. corollary (l.2)---an immediate inference from a proved proposition
3. forestall (l.7)---defeat, prevent by prior measures
4. commitment (l.8)---a pledge to follow certain beliefs or a certain course of action; devotion (to duty etc. )
a single visit to museum which displays artifacts used by篇九：平均数