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国际贸易实务操作篇一
《国际贸易实务操作》
进出口交易磋商
一笔具体的进出口交易磋商通常是从进出口商的一方向潜在的客户发函建立业务关系开始,其后通过询盘,发盘,还盘,接受等磋商过程(其中发盘和接受是必经的两个环节),最终达成交易。
一,建立业务关系
一般来说,建立业务关系的信函包括以下几个部分内容:
1,开头部分(一般包含两部分内容):
(1)10,说明如何取得对方的资料
首次主动与对方进行交往,说明信息来源非常必要。作为出口商,贸易信息的来源渠道很多,主要通过驻外商务参赞、商会、银行、第三家公司介绍;通过书刊,互联网获悉;在交易会上结识等。
(2),说明去函目的(通常建交信是以建立业务联系为目的)
二,介绍部分
必须让对方对本公司的基本情况和产品情况有大致了解,一般可以从以下几个方面介绍: 1,公司的基本情况介绍。主要是介绍本公司的性质,业务范围,宗旨以及某些相对优势。 2,公司产品介绍。一般是本公司经营产品的整体情况的介绍,也可以是对对方感兴趣的某类特定产品进行推荐性介绍。产品介绍一般包括产品质量,价格水平,销路等。同时,为了方便更详细了解本公司的产品,通常还附上产品目录,价目单或另邮样品等。 三,结尾部分
通常结尾部分包括盼对方尽快回音,下订单或告知意见并表示敬意等!
操作参考
一,拟写建交函
Dear Sir or Madam, Date: We learned from the Internet that you are in the market for jogging shoes with EVA sole,which just fall into our business scope.We are writing to enter into business relations with you on a basis of mutual benefits and common developments.
Our corporation,as a state-owned foreign trade organization,deals in the import and export of raw materials and relevant products for chemical industry.We have a Rubber Products Department,which
specialize in the export of various kinds of shoes made in China including jogging shoes with EVA sole of fashionable designs,comfortable feeling,and high popularity in America,Europe and Asia.We have established close business relationship with more than a dozen of shoe manufacturers so that the stable supplies, the quality guarantee as well as the flexible waves of doing business can be reached.
Enclosed is our latest catalogue on jogging shoes with EVA sole,which may meet with your demand. If there isn't,please let us know your specific requirements.We can also produce according to your designated styes.
It will be a great pleasure to receive your inquiries against which we will send you our best quotations.
We are looking forward to your prompt reply.
Yours faithfully,
ANHHUI CHEMICALS IMPORT AND EXPORT CORPORATION
二,操作材料
根据以下客户材料发来的传真及商品资料发盘,有效期为5天,另寄样品和目录。 FM:FLESHME(0061-46-4634764)
TO:SHENHUA(0086-21-64759723) June 2,2002
Dear Sir or Madam,
We have learned you are a leading exporter of ceramics from the Canton Trade Fair.
There is a steady demand here for high quality porcelain dinnerware. If your price competitive,quality superior, and delivery punctual,we will place an trial order and we are confident that our cooperation
will bring both of us considerable profits.
Please send us your catalogue and the detailed quotation based on FOBC3 Shanghai in July delivery,and together with sample for our testing.
Dinnerware in Stock for Small Orders Available by 30 Days L/C
商品资料:
XYA3022
--------------
Individual Packaging Details(Inner Packing)Paper box
Selling Unit set
Unit Per Inner Packing 1
Unit Per Export Carton 72
Export Carton Packing Material Cardboard
Dimension of Export Carton 60*35*36cm
Unit price FOB Shanghai USD 42.00 Min Order Unit 216
XYA3022
--------------
Individual Packaging Details(Inner Packing)Paper box
Selling Unit set
Unit Per Inner Packing 1
Unit Per Export Carton 60
Export Carton Packing Material Cardboard
Dimension of Export Carton 72*36*40cm
Unit price FOB Shanghai USD 68.00 Min Order Unit 180
操作要求及分析:根据对方的询盘写一封发发盘信,首先应对对方的询盘中的主要内容,
如询购的商品及其他条件。
首先要感谢对方的询盘;然后根据提供的商品资料和对方的询盘内容就有关具体商品货号准确阐明主要交易条件,包括品名规格,数量,单价,包装,运输,支付等,再次声明发盘的有效期为5天,说明另邮样品和商品目录,并顺便介绍产品的优点;最后表示希望尽早收到对方的答复。
操作参考
Dear Sir or Madam,
Thank you for your fax of June 2,2002 inquiring about our quality ceramics.
Since you have mentioned you'd like to place a trial order,we specially choose two items for small orders,We have pleasure in quoting as follows:
Art NO. Min Qty Unit Price(FOBC3 SHANGHAI)
XYA3022
DINNERWARE 216 sets USD 43.30 XYA3023
DINNERWARE 180 sets USD 70.10
Packing : XYA3022 1 set to a paper box ,72 sets to an export carton
XYA3023 1 set to a paper box ,60 sets to an export carton
Shipment: During July 2002 within 30 days after receipt of relevant L/C
Payment: By irrevocable 30 days' sight L/C
This offers is valid for 5 days
Under separate cover we are sending you the relative samples.You will be able to see for yourselves from these that the styles are elegant and novelty and that the material used is fine and smooth.
We also airmailing you our illustrated catalogue,from which you will be impressed that we are able to offer a very wide range of ceramics with delicate hand painting and quality glaze catering to different tastes.We would like to point out that we have been supplying dinnerware to the West Euripean and North American markets for a number of years and all our customers have shown every satisfaction with our products. We therefore believe that we have experience and expertise to supply you with ceramics that will command ready sales in Australia.
We now look forward to receiving your further instruction in the near future and wish to assure you of our best attention at all times.
Yours faithfully
一,拟写还盘函
1,操作材料:7月29号国外ABC公司来函询价电动自行车,7月30日我公司报价每辆110美元FOB上海,8月2日国外ABC公司来函称由于初次进入市场价格太高并还价105美元,8月2日经我公司讨论认为不同意降价,希望对方能够接受原报价。请根据上述情况拟写还盘函。
分析:我们首先应从确认对方来函入手,同时表明我方对对方还价的总体态度,然后我们可以通过对对方以产品初次进入市场为理由觉得价格太高进行反驳,强调我方报价是有竞争力的,并阐述其他理由,最后可以催促对方早日订货。
参考:
ABC Co.Ltd
Date:August 2,2002
Dear Sir or Madam,
Thanks for your letter of August 2,2002.We regret that we didn't agree on the price.You think only at a competitive price can a new product enter into a market.In fact,we have realized that when we made the offer.Through our study of your market situation,we are confident that
国际贸易实务操作篇二
《国际贸易实务操作题目和答案 (完整版)》
参 考 答 案
上 海 安 德 国 际 贸 易 公 司
SHANGHAI ANDE INTERNATIONAL TRADE CORP.
16(B) NO.1 BUILDING, 2005 LANE HUANGXING RD., SHANGHAI CHINA
FAX: 0086-21-65500055
TO: MASRI BRO. CO.,LTD. Date: March 2nd 2003
Dear Sirs,
Having learned that you are one of the reputable dealers in light industrial products in Egypt, we take the pleasure of introducing ourselves as an exporter of this line in China to see if we can enter into business relations with you.
Amalgamated by six enterprises trading companies, our corporation was founded in 1956. So far, our corporation has developed into one of the largest light industrial products trading corporations
nationwide. Good business relations with more than 100 customers in more than 20 countries or regions have been established. A considerable all-round sales network has also been formed and we have enjoyed a certain reputation for the excellent quality of both our export commodities and business services in the international market.
The main commodities we are now exporting are as follows:
All models of sewing machines, varieties of aluminum hardware and non-sticky frying pans, stainless steel hardware and tableware, glassware, garments made of various fabrics, household electrical appliance, sporting goods, shoes, etc.
By the way, we'd like to inform you that besides all kinds of traditional trade, we also perform many flexible ways of trade, such as joint venture, agency service, joint operation, compensation business, process according to customer's sample, and production on customers' trade mark, etc.
We take this opportunity to inform you that we wish to expand our business into Egyptian market. For your reference, our latest illustrated catalogs will be sent to you under separate cover. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you find any items interesting. You may rest assured that you will enjoy our best cooperation. Your early reply will be appreciated. With best regards. Yours faithfully,
SHANGHAI ANDE INTERNATIONAL TRADE CORP. manager assistant of Sales department XXXXXX
参 考 答 案
操作二:报价参考
上海安德国际贸易公司
Art No. S9420-7
1)实际成本=采购成本-退税收入
=350-350×9%/(1+17%)=323.0769(元/套) 2)20英尺集装箱装箱量:
25/(0.62×0.24×0.46) = 365.2408,取整,365箱 报价数量:365×1=365件
3)国内费用:(500+1100+350+50+600+2000+1000+1400)/365=19.1781(元/套) 4)出口运费:3140×8.25/365=70.9726(元/套) 5)出口报价:
FOBC3=(实际成本+国内费用)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率) =(323.0769+19.1781)/ [(1-5%-15%)×8.25] =51.86(美元/套)
CFRC3=(实际成本+国内费用+出口运费)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率) =(323.0769+19.1781 +70.9726)/[(1-5%-15%)×8.25] =62.61(美元/套)
CIFC3=(实际成本+国内费用+出口运费)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率-(1+加成率)×保费率)
=(323.0769+19.1781+70.9726)/[(1-5%-15%-110%×(0.6%+0.4%))×8.25] =63.48(美元/套)
Art No. S8310
1)实际成本=采购成本-退税收入
=60-60×9%/(1+17%)=55.3846(元/套) 2)20英尺集装箱装箱量:
25/(0.62×0.24×0.46) = 365.2408,取整,365箱 报价数量:365×10=3650件
3)国内费用:(500+1100+350+50+600+2000+1000+1400)/365×10=1.9178(元/套)
4)出口运费:3140×8.25/3650=7.0973(元/套) 5)出口报价:
FOBC3=(实际成本+国内费用)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率) =(55.3846+1.9178)/ [(1-5%-15%)×8.25] =8.68(美元/套)
CFRC3=(实际成本+国内费用+出口运费)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率) =(55.3846+1.9178+7.0973)/ [(1-5%-15%)×8.25] =9.76(美元/套)
CIFC3=(实际成本+国内费用+出口运费)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率-(1+加成率)×保费率)
=(55.3846+1.9178+7.0973)/ /[(1-5%-15%-110%×(0.6%+0.4%))×8.25] =9.89(美元/套)
Art No. S6320
1)实际成本=采购成本-退税收入
=120-120×9%/(1+17%)=110.7692(元/件) 2)20英尺集装箱装箱量:
25/(0.675×0.45×0.274)= 300.3815,取整,300箱 报价数量:300×6=1800件
3)国内费用:(500+1100+350+50+600+2000+1000+1400)/1800=3.8889(元/件) 4)出口运费:3140×8.25/1800=14.3917(元/件) 5)出口报价:
FOBC3=(实际成本+国内费用)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率) =(110.7692+3.8889)/ [(1-5%-15%)×8.25] =17.37(美元/件)
CFRC3=(实际成本+国内费用+出口运费)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率) =(110.7692+3.8889 +14.3917)/ [(1-5%-15%)×8.25] =19.55(美元/件)
CIFC3=(实际成本+国内费用+出口运费)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率-(1+加成率)×保费率)
=(110.7692+3.8889 +14.3917)/ [(1-5%-15%-110%×(0.6%+0.4%))×8.25] =19.83(美元/件)
ART NO.S5130
1)实际成本=采购成本-退税收入
=150-150×9%/(1+17%)=138.4615(元/件) 2)20英尺集装箱装箱量:
25/(0.675×0.45×0.274)= 300.3815,取整,300箱
报价数量:300×6=1800件
3)国内费用:(500+1100+350+50+600+2000+1000+1400)/1800=3.8889(元/件) 4)出口运费:3140×8.25/1800=14.3917(元/件) 5)出口报价:
FOBC3=(实际成本+国内费用)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率) =(138.4615+3.8889)/ [(1-5%-15%)×8.25] =21.57(美元/件)
CFRC3=(实际成本+国内费用+出口运费)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率) =(138.4615+3.8889+14.3917)/ [(1-5%-15%)×8.25] =23.75(美元/件)
CIFC3=(实际成本+国内费用+出口运费)/(1-佣金率-预期利润率-(1+加成率)×保费率)
=(138.4615+3.8889+14.3917)/ [(1-5%-15%-110%×(0.6%+0.4%))×8.25] =24.08(美元/件)
参 考 答 案
操作三:发盘参考
上 海 安 德 国 际 贸 易 公 司
SHANGHAI ANDE INTERNATIONAL TRADE CORP.
16(B) NO.1 BUILDING, 2005 LANE HUANGXING RD., SHANGHAI CHINA
FAX: 0086-21-65500055
TO: MASRI BRO. CO.,LTD. Date: March 12th 2003 DEAR SIRS,
We welcome your inquiry of March 7th and thank you for interest in our products.
We are glad to inform you that all the items listed in your inquiry are in stock. Our "Three Fives" brand stainless steel ware is highly tenacious, corrosion-resistant, antirust and never deformed from heat. Each
product undergoes several stringent polishing process to ensure smooth finish. Besides, all the tableware is sized well for African style. For unique designs, attractive color, good quality, you may rest assured that our products will be marketable in your country.
As we would like to extend our business with you, we quote you very low prices as follows: Server Set Art No. S9420-7: US$ 63.48 Per Set CIFC5 Alexandria US$ 51.86 Per Set FOBC5 Shanghai Tableware Art No. S8310 : US$ 9.89 Per Set CIFC5 Alexandria US$ 8.68 Per Set FOBC5 Shanghai Tea set Art No. S5130: US$ 24.08 Per Set CIFC5 Alexandria US$ 21.57 Per Set FOBC5 Shanghai Whistling kettle Art No. S6320: US$ 19.83 Per Piece CIFC5 Alexandria US$ 17.37 Per Piece FOBC5 Shanghai Minimum Quantity: One 20' FCL container each Art No.
Packing: Art No. S9420-7, one set per carton, total 365 cartons to a 20'FCL. Art No. S8310, 10 sets per carton, total 365 cartons to a 20'FCL. Art No. S6320, 6 pieces per carton, total 300 cartons to a 20'FCL. Art No. S5130, 6 sets per carton, total 300 cartons to a 20'FCL.
Shipment: To be made within one month after receipt of relevant L/C. Payment: By Irrevocable Sight Letter of credit.
Insurance: To be covered by the seller for 110% of the total invoice value against all risks and war risks of C.I.C.
We are quite confident to say that our prices and terms are competitive and we wish to inform you that as the demand is very high, the above quotation is valid only for 3 days. So it will be advisable for you to place orders as soon as possible.
We hope to receive your early reply and trust business will be smoothly established between our two firms.
Yours faithfully,
SHANGHAI ANDE INTERNATIONAL TRADE CORP. manager assistant of Sales department XXXXXX
参 考 答 案
操作四:还价参考
国际贸易实务操作篇三
《国际贸易实务与操作知识点自整理》
国际贸易实务与操作知识点梳理
第一章 国际贸易绪论
1. 判定贸易“国际性”的标准
1)订立合同的行为是否完成于不同的国家; 2)货物是否由一国运往另一国; 3)交易行为是否符合国际贸易惯例。
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(即1980年公约)采用单一的营业地标准判断贸易的国际性。即如果合同当事双方的营业地不同(属于不同国家),则认为贸易具有国际性。如果当事人有多处营业地,则公约规定采用最密切联系原则,之后再判定其国际性的问题。
当前主要的国际贸易惯例包括:《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》、《托收统一惯例》、《1932年华沙——牛津规则》、《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》等。
2.国际货物买卖特点:
困难大;复杂;风险大;营销手段及参与者多;函电、电子邮件往来为主要业务沟通方式;重视合同的签订和履行(遵循国际惯例)。
3.合同:指两个或两个以上当事人,以发生、变更或消除某种民事法律关系(即民事权利与义务关系,主要有财产所有权关系、债权关系、继承权关系)为目的而达成的协议。
4.货物买卖合同:指两个或两个以上当事人,就指定的货物所有权,由卖方有偿地转让给买方而达成的口同的或书面的买卖合同。双方的权利与义务是对等的。
5.国际货物买卖合同结构:
1)效力部分:即合同的开头和结尾部分,它规定了合同的效力范围和有效条件。
2)权利和义务部分:合同标的、货物买卖价格、卖方义务、买方义务四部分。 3)索赔与争议解决部分
6.合同有效性: 1)订约人的能力:自然人或法人;并不是一切自然人或法人的成员都具有订立合同的能力。 2)意思表示真实:(欺诈、胁迫、错误)
3)约因或对价:约因——即当事人签订合同的直接目的;
对价——即双方当事人存在相互给付的关系——英美法;
不当得利——指没有法律上的原因而取得他人财产或其他利益——德日 4)合同的形式:
大陆法——要式合同:指依照法律规定的形式和程序而成立的合同;
非要式合同:可用口头、书面或包括其他证明在内的形式而达成的合同。
7.进出口贸易的基本业务程序:
1)交易前的准备工作;2)交易磋商和签订合同工作;3)履行合同
第二章 货物的描述
1.货物品质的表示方法(实物、文字说明) (1)用实物样品表示
1)看货成交:双方根据货物的实际品质进行交易; 卖方所在地验货;多用于拍卖、
寄售和展卖业务。
2)凭样品买卖:以实物样品表示货物品质并以此作为交货依据而成交的买卖;适用于
品质稳定的产品。
注意事项:①凭样成交的确认样品是交接货物的品质依据,卖方要承担货样完全一
样的责任;
②向买方提交样品时,应制作样品备份,即复样;
③来样的处理:按照买方来样仿制两个对等样品,一个交由买方确认,一个备存;来样成交 凭卖方样品成交
④样品费的支付:取决于样品价值高低;成交时样品费用可在货款中扣除。 ⑤不是确认样时,应注明“仅供参考”字样; ⑥根据需要提供适当样品。
(2)用文字说明表示
1)凭规格买卖; 2)凭等级买卖;
3)凭标准买卖(国际标准、约定标准、国家标准)【采用时应注明标准的版本年份】 ★“良好平均品质”(F.A.Q.):指一定时期内某地出口商品的中等平均品质,我国习惯
称之为“大路货”。
★“上好可销品质”(G.M.Q):指卖方保证货物品质优良,符合商销条件。 4)凭商标或牌号买卖:适用于品质稳定、信誉良好并为消费者所熟悉的产品。 5)凭说明书和图样买卖; 6)凭产地名称买卖;
2. 品质条款注意
(1)品质机动幅度:(规定范围、极限、上下差异)
(2)品质公差:指的是国际上行业公认的允许产品品质出现的误差。 为了避免买卖双方对品质公差理解的差异,或者买卖双方需要改变公差范围,需要在合同中规定品质公差条款。
3.计量方法:(毛重、净重、法定重量、实物净重、公量、理论重量 )
(1)法定重量:指纯货物重量加上直接接触货物的包装材料所得的重量。它是海关征收从量税时的计量办法。
(2)公量:指先用科学的方法从货物中抽出所含的实际水分,然后加入标准水分而求得的重量。
4.数量条款:
(1)溢短装条款:买卖合同中规定卖方交货数量的机动条款。其规定权一般归卖方所有,但在FOB条件下,可以由派船的买方决定。适用于大宗且不用单个包装的货物。 切记:数量和金额要同时规定浮动比例,尤其信用证业务。 (2)约数:根据《跟单信用证统一惯例》,数量前有“约”或者“大约”字样的,允许有不超过10%的增减幅度。
5.包装条款注意事项:
(1)对包装的规定要明确具体,不宜笼统;
(2)要结合货物特点和不同运输方式选择包装要素; (3)明确包装物料提供与费用承担;
(买方有额外包装要求的,费用由买方承担并规定具体的支付办法;包装材料由买方供应的,应在包装条款中订明包装材料最迟到达卖方的时限和逾期到达的责任)
(4)明确装箱细数及其配比;
(5)明确唛头的指定,一般由卖方决定; (6)定牌、无牌和中性包装问题
1)定牌:是卖方按照买方要求在商品或包装上使用买方指定的商标或牌名的做法。 【定牌往往是利用买方知名度及其经营能力以扩大出口】 2)无牌:是买方要求在商品或包装上免除任何商标或牌名的做法。主要用于半制成品。 注:采用定牌和无牌时,在货物和包装上均应标明“中国制造”字样。
3)中性包装:是在商品和内外包装上不注明生产国别的包装。有定牌和无牌之分。
第三章 国际贸易术语
1.贸易术语:又称价格术语,它是用一个简短的概念或外文缩写字母来说明货物的价格构成和双方各自承担的责任、费用、风险,以及货物所有权转移的界限。
2.相关贸易术语的国际惯例
目前,世界上有较大影响的有关贸易术语的国际惯例主要有《1932年华沙——牛津规则》、《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》和《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》
二 FOB贸易术语、CIF贸易术语以及CFR贸易术语
国际贸易实务操作篇四
《国际贸易实务心得》
弹指间,一个学期的国际贸易实务课即将结束了.通过冯老师结合自身体会的悉心授课,使我深深体会到国际贸易学有多么的错综复杂。
学习国际贸易实务课前,我对国贸的认识是很表面的,认为就是单纯地做国际交易买卖.经过一个学期的学习后,我才领悟到,国际贸易学是一门覆盖面广(包括经济学、会计学、法律学、保险学、管理学等),细节颇多的交叉学科.课堂上老师除了给我们讲授纯粹的理论知识外,还会结合一些典型的贸易案例分析,感觉身临其境一样,不仅巩固了我的理论知识,还吸取了在以后业务上的经验.案例分析,让我领略到了,国际市场不只是一个聚宝合,稍有不慎,就会造成巨大的损失.这就要求业务员除了拥有一定的专业知识外,还需要细心谨慎,有高度的责任感。
做国际贸易除细心谨慎外,业务员还需要有丰富的知识面和实践经验.如买卖过程中,选择何种贸易贸易术语(FOB、CFR、FCA……)、选择购买何种保险(全额险、战争险……)、选择何种收款付款方式(信用卡、汇票、电汇……)、选择怎样的运输路线、面对贸易争端时,该选择何种方式处理(双方协商解决、法院起诉……)等等。还需熟悉每个国家的政治局面是否稳定、汇率是否经常波动以及那里人民的生活习惯和港口的环境分布情况等。
课堂上,老师除了给我们讲授贸易专业知识外,还教会我们怎样记些贸易专业术语.例如,国际贸易术语分为:E组(到达组)、F组(主要运费未付组)、C组(主要运费已付组)、D组(到达组).F组和C组为象征性交货(交货地点都在出口国的某个地点),E组和D组为实际交货。CFR是在FOB的基础上加运费,而CIF则在CFR的基础上加保险费。通过老师的指导性学习,使我对国易实务有了个系统的认识。 学习这门课程不但能了解国际贸易界讯息,同时也使我对国际贸易界有了个更加深刻的理解。
加入WTO后,在全球经济一体化日趋加强和知识经济正在兴起大浪潮中.全球范围内的科技竞争、贸易竞争已越演越烈。从根本上说,这是一场争夺21世纪经济制高点和和控制国际市场的斗争,即竞争的实质,归根到底是人才.最近的十多年里,中国经济取得令世界瞩目的伟大成就,在很大程度上是依赖于国际贸易。这不仅仅说明,国贸除具有挑战性外,还具有很大的诱惑力。通过对外贸易,扩大出口,为我国创汇,同时也快速推动了我国企业扩大再生产规模,从扩大了我国人民就业与再就业的机会。因此学好这门课程对我们的人生规划以及今后的就业是很有帮助作用的。
我们的上机实验结束了,经过了四周的模拟实习,让我认识到了贸易工作的复杂性,变化性,灵活性,困难性,也体会到了作为一名优秀的外贸工作者应加盖具备的基本业务素质和心理素质。